Search Results (5,777)

Plant viruses have been traditionally considered pathogens restricted to plant hosts. However, recent studies have shown that some plant viruses can infect and replicate in filamentous fungi and oomycetes, suggesting that their host range is broader than previously thought, and that their ecological interactions are more complex. In this study, we investigated the ability of the well-characterized positive-sense RNA plant virus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to replicate in four major phytopathogenic fungi from different taxonomic groups: Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Verticillium dahliae, and Monilinia fructicola. Using a recombinant TMV-based vector expressing a green fluorescent protein (TMV-GFP-1056) as reporter, we demonstrated that TMV can enter, replicate, and persist within the mycelia of B. cinerea and V. dahliae—at least through the first subculture. However, it cannot replicate in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and M. fructicola. RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved eukaryotic epigenetic mechanism that provides an efficient defence against viruses. We explored the role of RNAi in the interaction between TMV and the mycelia of V. dahliae and B. cinerea. Our results revealed a strong induction of the Dicer-like 1 and Argonaute 1 genes, which are key compounds of the RNA silencing pathway. This RNAi-based response impaired TMV-GFP replication in both fungi. Notably, despite viral replication and RNAi activation, the virulence of V. dahliae and B. cinerea on their respective host plants remained unaffected. These findings reinforce the emerging recognition of cross-kingdom virus transmission and interactions, which likely play a crucial role in pathogen ecology and viral evolution. Understanding these virus–fungus interactions not only sheds light on RNAi interference silencing mechanisms but also suggests that plant viruses like TMV could serve as simple and effective tools for functional genomic studies in fungi, such as in V. dahliae and B. cinerea. Full article

To address the brittle matrix failure frequently observed in filament-wound composite layers of onboard pressure vessels operating under cryogenic and high-pressure conditions, we studied a bisphenol-A epoxy resin (DGEBA) system modified with polyetheramine (T5000) and 3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3′,4′-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (CY179). The curing and rheological behavior of the modified resin were first evaluated, revealing a favorable processing, with viscosity suitable for wet-filament winding. Subsequently, its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and tensile properties were characterized over the 300 K–90 K range, demonstrating a linear increase in elastic modulus and tensile strength with decreasing temperature. Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) were then fabricated using this resin system, and both longitudinal and transverse tensile tests, along with microscopic fracture surface analyses, were conducted. The results showed that CFRP-0° specimens exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease in elastic modulus with decreasing temperature, whereas CFRP-90° specimens demonstrated pronounced cryogenic strengthening, with tensile strength and modulus enhanced by 52.2% and 82.4%, respectively. The findings provide comprehensive properties for the studied resin system and its CFRP under room temperature (RT) to cryogenic conditions, offering a basis for the design and engineering of cryo-compressed hydrogen storage vessels. Full article

The present study offers a systematic review of the current state of research on lattice structures manufactured by additive technologies for biomedical applications, with the aim of identifying common patterns, such as the use of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) for bone scaffolds, as well as technological gaps and future research opportunities. Employing the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology, the review process ensures methodological rigor and replicability across the identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion phases. Additionally, PRISMA was tailored by prioritizing technical databases and engineering-specific inclusion criteria, thereby aligning the methodology with the scope of this field. In recent years, a substantial surge in interdisciplinary research has underscored the promise of architected porous structures in enhancing mechanical compatibility, fostering osseointegration, and facilitating personalized medicine. A growing body of literature has emerged that explores the optimization of geometric features to replicate the behavior of biological tissues, particularly bone. Additive manufacturing (AM) has played a pivotal role in enabling the fabrication of complex geometries that are otherwise unachievable by conventional methods. The applications of lattice structures range from permanent load-bearing implants, commonly manufactured through selective laser melting (SLM), to temporary scaffolds for tissue regeneration, often produced with extrusion-based processes such as fused filament fabrication (FFF) or direct ink writing (DIW). Notwithstanding these advances, challenges persist in areas such as long-term in vivo validation, standardization of mechanical and biological testing, such as ISO standards for fatigue testing, and integration into clinical workflows. Full article

Engineering parts have increasingly higher requirements for geometric accuracy and shape deviation. In 3D printing, optimal physical and mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy are often sought, as parts produced with this technology are increasingly used not only for prototypes but also for responsible technical products. This requires precise studies of 3D printing parameters of engineering filaments. Accuracy is how close the measured size is to the CAD model. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers are characterized by high strength and stiffness. In this article, dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed parts made of carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide was studied. For this purpose, eight samples were produced in the shape of a rectangular prism with two types of through holes—hexagonal and round. The dimensional accuracy of the overall dimensions and the holes was studied. The data was processed statistically with the aim of building an adequate mathematical model that analytically synthesizes the expected dimensional accuracy for different combinations of the selected 3D-printed parameters. Full article

This study presents the results of experimental studies on the thermal conductivity of specimens made from selected pure polymer filaments manufactured with the use of FFF 3D-printing technology. The tested samples were made of polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). In particular, the effects of the infill patterns and infill density on the tested samples were examined in order to characterize the influence of these parameters on the materials’ effective thermal conductivity. Honeycomb and grid infill patterns of the tested samples with infill densities of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% were examined. The influence of temperature on thermal conductivity was studied as well. Thermal conductivity was measured using the guarded heat flow method, according to the ASTM E1530 standard within the defined temperature ranges of 20–60 °C for ABS and PET-G and 20–50 °C for PLA material. Samples of the tested materials were manufactured with the use of the Fused Filament Fabrication method (FFF), and filaments with a uniform black color were used. The obtained results were analyzed in terms of thermal conductivity variation after samples’ infill pattern and infill density modifications, which provides extended thermal property characterization of the polymeric filaments adopted for 3D printing. Full article

Talaromyces pinophilus is a filamentous fungus with notable lignocellulose-degrading capacity based on enzyme activities and protein secretion potential, making it a compelling candidate for industrial biotechnology applications. In this study, we present the genomic characterization of the highly cellulolytic strain Y117, a domesticated variant of T. pinophilus, based on whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis with eleven related strains. Comprehensive analysis of CAZymes, transcription factors, and secondary metabolite diversity in T. pinophilus strains revealed that the exceptional lignocellulose degradation capacity of Y117 is driven by its unique genomic architecture. Key genomic features that distinguish Y117 include (1) significant expansion of glycoside hydrolase (GH) and carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) families, (2) loss of fungal-RiPP-like clusters, and (3) absence of the developmental regulator BrlA. These genomic adaptations could indicate a metabolic trade-off favoring hydrolytic enzyme production over secondary metabolism and sporulation. Our findings provide fundamental insights into fungal lignocellulose degradation mechanisms while establishing Y117 as a promising chassis for metabolic engineering applications in industrial enzyme production and heterologous protein expression. Full article

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a commonly used 3D printing process characterized by its versatility in material selection; however, FDM’s layer-by-layer process often leads to lower strength properties. This study explores the mechanical properties of FDM 3D-printed composite materials printed with varying nozzle diameters, specifically on the influence of Carbon Fiber-reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA-CF) on tensile and flexural strength when reinforcing Polylactic Acid (PLA) parts. Composite samples were printed with varying ratios of PLA and PLA-CF, ranging from 0% to 100% PLA-CF in 20% increments, with layer groups stacked vertically, while also using three different nozzle diameters (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm). Tensile testing revealed a proportional increase in strength as PLA-CF content increased, indicating that carbon fiber reinforcement significantly enhances tensile performance. However, flexural testing demonstrated a decrease in bending strength with higher PLA-CF content, suggesting a trade-off between stiffness and flexibility. Mid-range ratios (40–60% PLA-CF) provided a balance between tensile and flexural properties. Finally, atomic force microscopy was utilized to provide a better understanding of the microscale morphology and surface properties of PLA and PLA-CF thin films. The results highlight the potential of PLA-CF/PLA composites to allow for more direct control over the tensile–flexural trade-off during the printing process, as opposed to manufacturing filaments with fixed fiber percentages. These results provide a path for tailoring the mechanical behavior of printed parts without requiring specialized filaments. Full article

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has attracted considerable attention in the field of wastewater treatment due to its numerous advantages. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the key factors influencing AGS particle size, highlighting the varying degrees of impact exerted by different factors. Particle size is a critical determinant in several aspects, including the removal efficiency of emerging contaminants, the energy consumption associated with the long-term stable operation of the system, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Smaller particles enhance the removal efficiency of emerging contaminants due to their larger specific surface area and increased number of reaction sites. In contrast, larger particles often lack internal structural mechanisms, which can facilitate the growth of filamentous bacteria, thereby undermining granule stability. Moreover, smaller AGS particles are linked to decreased simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) efficiency, leading to increased GHG emissions. Consequently, the optimal size range for AGS is generally between 1.0 and 2.0 mm. Full article

This review investigates how process parameters and material choices influence the mechanical performance of parts produced by material extrusion additive manufacturing, with a particular focus on Material Extrusion (ME). Through a systematic bibliometric analysis of literature between 2015 and 2025, the study identifies key factors affecting mechanical strength, anisotropy, and structural reliability, including printing temperature, speed, orientation, layer thickness, and interlayer bonding. Emphasis is placed on emerging techniques such as 4D printing, fiber-reinforced composites, and novel monitoring methods like real-time vibration sensing and thermal imaging, which offer promising pathways to improve part performance and process stability. Three research questions guide the analysis: (1) how printing parameters affect micro- to macrostructure and failure behavior, (2) how optimization strategies enhance part quality, and (3) how material and process selection aligns with functional requirements. The review highlights both advances and persistent limitations in process control, material compatibility, and anisotropic strength. It concludes with a call for further integration of predictive modeling, hybrid material systems, and closed-loop process monitoring to unlock the full potential of additive manufacturing in high-performance engineering applications. Full article

Background: Scedosporium apiospermum is a filamentous fungus increasingly recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts, though rare infections in immunocompetent individuals with structural lung disease have been reported. Its diagnosis and management remain challenging due to non-specific clinical presentation and intrinsic resistance to multiple antifungal agents. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 66-year-old immunocompetent woman with idiopathic bilateral non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, who presented with subacute cough and increased sputum production. Chest high-resolution CT revealed new subsolid and ground-glass infiltrates superimposed on stable bronchiectatic changes. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures isolated S. apiospermum as the sole pathogen. The patient was treated with oral voriconazole (200 mg BID) for 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week course of aerosolized amphotericin B. Clinical and radiological improvement was observed, and no relapse occurred during follow-up. Discussion: This case highlights the potential for S. apiospermum to cause clinically relevant pulmonary infection in structurally abnormal but immunocompetent lungs. Non-CF bronchiectasis may facilitate fungal colonization due to impaired mucociliary clearance and chronic mucus retention. Combined antifungal therapy involving systemic voriconazole and inhaled amphotericin B (though not yet standardized) was employed based on clinical rationale and the available literature, resulting in favorable outcomes. Conclusions:S. apiospermum pulmonary infection, although rare in immunocompetent hosts with bronchiectasis, should be considered in cases of new or persistent infiltrates. Early recognition and individualized antifungal strategies, including the potential role of inhaled agents, may improve clinical outcomes. This case reinforces the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in the management of complex fungal infections in chronic airway disease. Full article

Nylon filament is a widely used thermoplastic material in extrusion-based 3D printing, favored for its strength, durability, and excellent printability. It enables the fabrication of parts with complex geometries, high design flexibility, and cost-effective production, making it ideal for both prototyping and functional components. However, one significant drawback of nylon is its hygroscopic nature—it readily absorbs moisture from the surrounding environment, often at a rapid rate. This moisture uptake can negatively impact the filament’s performance during printing, leading to poor surface finish, reduced mechanical strength, and altered thermal behavior in the final printed parts. To better understand the effects of moisture absorption, this study investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of nylon parts printed using filaments with varying levels of moisture content. The nylon filament was conditioned in a controlled humidity chamber for different durations to simulate moisture exposure over time. Specimens were then printed using these conditioned filaments, and a series of tests were performed to assess their mechanical integrity and thermal stability. By analyzing the test results, the study aims to establish a correlation between filament moisture content and part quality, offering valuable insights into the degradation mechanisms and guiding best practices for filament handling and storage in nylon 3D printing applications. Full article

The actin cytoskeleton determines a huge number of intracellular processes, as well as maintaining the cell shape, transport, formation of intercellular contacts, etc. The actin cytoskeleton’s function is largely determined by actin-binding proteins. Here, the mutual influence of two actin-binding proteins, cofilin (cof) and tropomyosin (Tpm), is studied. In the present work, using various biochemical approaches, we reveal the effects of two TPM4 gene-derived isoforms (Tpm4.1 and Tpm4.2) in the presence of cofilin-1 and cofilin-2. The cofilin severing activity was estimated in F-actin and Tpm/F-actin complexes using viscosity measurements and electron microscopy. Both cofilins prompted the disassembly of F-actin filaments with Tpms attached to them, and the Tpm4.2 isoform demonstrated a better protective effect. We also estimated the ability of cofilin-1 and cofilin-2 to displace Tpms from actin filaments by using the co-sedimentation method. Both cofilin isoforms efficiently displaced Tpm4.1 and Tpm4.2 and bound to actin filaments. Both Tpms decreased the initial rate of actin polymerization in the presence of cofilin-1 and cofilin-2. Overall, we can assume that Tpm4.1 and Tpm4.2 do not affect the binding of cofilin to actin filaments, which may be important for cofilin to exhibit its severing activity and lead to the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Full article

Coffee pulp, the primary residue generated during the wet processing of Coffea arabica L., is frequently applied directly to fields as a crude soil amendment. However, this practice often lacks proper microbial stabilization, limiting its agronomic potential and posing risks due to the presence of phytotoxic compounds. In Colombia, disease-resistant varieties such as Coffea arabica L. var. Castillo and var. Cenicafé 1, developed by the National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafé), are the amongst the most widely cultivated varieties in the country; however, despite their widespread adoption, the microbial ecology of postharvest residues from these varieties remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to isolate and functionally characterize native microbial communities from the pulp of Coffea arabica var. Castillo and var. Cenicafé 1, and to evaluate their role in postharvest processing and organic waste management. Fresh pulp samples were collected from a wet-processing facility located in tropical mid-elevation zones. A total of 53 microbial isolates were recovered using culture-dependent techniques on selective media targeting yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and filamentous fungi. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) and ITS1 region was conducted to profile bacterial and fungal communities, revealing diverse microbial consortia dominated by Aspergillus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pichia, and Saccharomyces species. Enzymatic screening indicated high pectinolytic and cellulolytic activity. Composting trials using inoculated pulp showed a ~40% reduction in composting time and improved nutrient content. These findings support the use of native microbiota to enhance composting efficiency and postharvest valorization, contributing to more sustainable and circular coffee systems. Full article

Gongolaria usneoides is a native brown alga in Europa, known for its high release of phenolics into the water. Rugulopteryx okamurae is a native brown macroalga from Asia but invasive in Europe, causing significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts. It has been observed that in some regions where Gongolaria is present, there is less biomass of Rugulopteryx, and they are often epiphytized by red filamentous algae. The present study aimed to analyze whether phenolics released in the seawater by G. usneoides affect the photosynthetic and biochemical responses in R. okamurae. To analyze the resilience of R. okamurae, algae were cultivated for 5 days in water with different percentages of phenolics released by G. usneoides (exposure phase) (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 µg mL⁻¹) in laboratory (20 °C, a 12:12 photoperiod, and PAR 190 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ for a period of 115 h) and a period in the sun (4 h), followed 2 days cultured under phenolic-free water (recovery phase). Photosynthetic characteristics (Fv/Fm and ETR) and biochemical composition (phenolic, antioxidant activity, C, N and S) were measured (R. okamurae showed considerable photosynthetic declines without recovery when exposed to high concentrations of phenolics (225 and 300 µg mL⁻¹). It can be inferred that the presence of G. usneoides in nature and the release of phenolic compounds by this alga may be affecting the invasive alga R. okamurae, potentially serving as a natural means to decrease or weaken the invasive species. Full article

Soft–rigid interfaces in exoskeletons are key to balancing flexibility and structural support, providing both comfort and function. In our experience, combining Bioflex material with a rigid filament improves mechanical properties while allowing the exoskeleton to adapt to complex hand movements. Flexible components provide adaptability, reducing pressure points and discomfort during prolonged use. At the same time, rigid components provide the stability and force transfer necessary to support weakened grip strength. A key challenge in this integration is achieving a smooth transition between materials to prevent stress concentrations that can lead to material failure. Techniques for providing adhesion and mechanical locking are essential to ensure the durability and longevity of soft and rigid interfaces. One issue we have observed is that rigid filaments can restrict movement if not strategically placed, potentially leading to unnatural hand movement. On the other hand, excessive softness can reduce the force output needed for effective rehabilitation or assistance. Optimizing the interface design requires iterative testing to find the perfect balance between flexibility and mechanical support. In some prototypes, material fatigue in soft sections led to early failure, requiring reinforced hybrid structures. Addressing these issues through better material bonding and geometric optimization can significantly improve the performance and comfort of hand exoskeletons. The aim of this study was to investigate the transition between rigid and soft materials for exoskeletons. Full article