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This essay argues that female representations at Qusayr Amra reflect a deliberate adaptation of pre-Islamic artistic traditions, expressing evolving Umayyad ideas of beauty, gender, and hierarchy. By analyzing the interplay between visual imagery and written texts, including the Qur’an, it reevaluates the significance of female figures and the representational choices made in 8th-century Umayyad palaces in Bilad al-Sham. Drawing on scholars such as Garth Fowden and Nadia Ali, and informed by contemporary gender studies, this essay foregrounds how artistic choices regarding female imagery negotiate social ideals of belief, gender, and power. The analysis begins by examining the development of figurative imagery in early Islam and its cultural context. It then offers a close reading of a key fresco challenging assumptions about modesty and figural representation. Through comparative analysis with another Umayyad site, this study highlights the complexities and meanings of female depictions, revealing diverse interpretations across contexts. While Patron Walid II was not the sole author of these choices, his patronage was crucial in enabling a bold engagement with Islamic visual culture. In doing so, this essay offers new insights into the complexities of early Islamic visual culture and its negotiation of social values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Islam and the West)

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28 pages, 1103 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developmental Language Disorder and Risk of Dyslexia—Can They Be Told Apart?

by Aliki Chalikia, Asimina M. Ralli and Faye Antoniou

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091234 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Dyslexia frequently co-occur. Many studies suggest that children with Dyslexia may also struggle with oral language skills, while those with DLD may also face challenges in word decoding. Both groups of children typically exhibit deficits in phonological processing [phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN), verbal short-term memory (VSTM)] and verbal working memory (VWM). Despite the increasing number of comparative studies, few have systematically examined these overlaps in children at the early stages of literacy acquisition, and few studies have systematically assessed all oral language subsystems. This study investigates: (a) differences and similarities among children with DLD, children at Risk of Dyslexia (RfD), and typically developing children (TD) in phonological processing (phonological awareness—implicit and explicit—VSTM, RAN), VWM, oral language, and word decoding; (b) patterns of performance across groups; and (c) correlations between phonological processing and VWM skills with oral language and word decoding. The participants were 45 first graders (Mage = 6.8), equally divided into three groups (DLD, RfD, and TD children). Both special groups (DLD, RfD) performed significantly worse than the TD group across nearly all measurements. DLD children showed pronounced oral language and VSTM deficits, while RfD children primarily struggled with decoding and explicit phonological awareness. Group-specific correlations emerged. The findings are discussed in light of the theoretical models of the relationship between DLD and Dyslexia taking into account the specific developmental stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Learning Disabilities in Reading and Writing: Current Issues in Assessment and Intervention)

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20 pages, 5554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sources and Transport of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Surface and Groundwater Within a Dominated Greenhouse Agriculture Catchment: Insights from Multi-Tracer

by Haoyang Wang, Shuang Song, Wei Xu and Fu-Jun Yue

Water 2025, 17(18), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182681 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Intensive greenhouse agriculture significantly alters dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in aquatic ecosystems, but related research remains scarce. To address this knowledge gap, this study employed an integrated approach combining Excitation–Emission Matrix Parallel Factor Analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS), and Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analyses with hydrochemical and stable water isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δD) to investigate the dynamic characteristics of DOM in surface water and groundwater in an intensive greenhouse agriculture catchment (XER) in northern China. Water chemistry and isotope results consistently demonstrated mixing between surface water and groundwater, which was attributed to irrigation pumping. Four fluorescent components were identified via EEM-PARAFAC (C1 and C4 are humic components, while C2 and C3 are tryptophan components), with microbial decomposition of organic fertilizers and domestic wastewater discharge being important sources. Compared with tryptophan components, terrestrial humic substances in groundwater preferentially change in the parallel river direction, while microbial humic substances are more sensitive in the vertical direction, as confirmed by 2D-COS. SOM analysis validated the EEM-PARAFAC results through component plane visualization, demonstrating both DOM inter-component relationships and their correlations with inorganic ions. These results provide critical scientific support for developing sustainable water resource management strategies and optimizing organic fertilizer use in greenhouse agricultural systems, with important practical implications for protecting groundwater quality in intensively cultivated catchments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollution Mechanisms and Source Apportionment of Typical Pollutants in Aquatic Environments)

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27 pages, 2156 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Shear Strength of Sand–Recycled Rubber Mixtures Against Steel: Ring-Shear Testing and Machine Learning Prediction

by Rayed Almasoudi, Hossam Abuel-Naga and Abolfazl Baghbani

Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3276; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183276 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Soil–structure contacts often govern deformation and stability in foundations and buried infrastructure. Rubber waste is used in soil mixtures to enhance geotechnical performance and promote environmental sustainability. This study investigates the peak and residual shear strength of sand–steel interfaces, where the sand is mixed with recycled rubber. It also develops predictive machine learning (ML) models based on the experimental data. Two silica sands, medium and coarse, were mixed with two rubber gradations; however, Rubber B was included only in limited comparative tests at a fixed content. Ring-shear tests were performed against smooth and rough steel plates under normal stresses of 25 to 200 kPa to capture the full τ–δ response. Nine input variables were considered: median particle size (D₅₀), regularity index (RI), porosity (n), coefficients of uniformity (C_u) and curvature (C_c), rubber content (RC), applied normal stress (σ_n), normalised roughness (R_n), and surface hardness (HD). These variables were used to train multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest regression (RFR) models. The models were trained and validated on 96 experimental data points derived from ring-shear tests across varied material and loading conditions. The machine learning models facilitated the exploration of complex, non-linear relationships between the input variables and both peak and residual interfacial shear strength. Experimental findings demonstrated that particle size compatibility, rubber content, and surface roughness significantly influence interface behaviour, with optimal conditions varying depending on the surface type. Moderate inclusion of rubber was found to enhance strength under certain conditions, while excessive content could lead to performance reduction. The MLR model demonstrated superior generalisation in predicting peak strength, whereas the RFR model yielded higher accuracy for residual strength. Feature importance analyses from both models identified the most influential parameters governing the shear response at the sand–steel interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Trends and Future Prospects of Sustainable Green Building Materials)

16 pages, 1271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrafast Photochemical Dynamics of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes Investigated by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

by Hojeong Yoon, Juhyang Shin, Seongchul Park and Manho Lim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 8835; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26188835 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) are the most abundant nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in NO-producing cells and can be used as a platform for photochemical vehicles for NO donors. However, not much is known about the photochemical dynamics of DNICs. This study investigates the photoexcitation dynamics of a mononuclear DNIC ligated with 2-mercaptoethanol, [(HOCH₂CH₂S)₂Fe(NO)₂]⁻, in D₂O solution through femtosecond infrared spectroscopy. Approximately 70% of the excited [(HOCH₂CH₂S)₂Fe(NO)₂]⁻ at 400 nm relaxes back to the ground state with a time constant of 270 ps, and the remaining dissociates NO⁻ with a time constant of 630 ps. The resulting mononitrosyl iron complex, [(HOCH₂CH₂S)₂Fe(NO)(D₂O)₂], formed by a rapid coordination of D₂O molecule to the nascent photoproduct, [(HOCH₂CH₂S)₂Fe(NO)], reacts with the abundant thiolate, HOCH₂CH₂S⁻, in solution, producing [(HOCH₂CH₂S)₃Fe(NO)]⁻ with a rate constant of 1.3 × 10⁷ M⁻¹s⁻¹. The detailed photochemical dynamics described herein lays the groundwork for the development of NO⁻ donors using DNICs with controlled and tunable photoreactivity for potential therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics)

22 pages, 1302 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Intelligent Design Method for Product Remanufacturing Based on Remanufacturing Information Reuse

by Chao Ke, Yichen Deng, Shijie Liu and Hongwei Cui

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2899; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092899 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Design for remanufacturing (DfRem) is a green design mode that ensures good remanufacturability at the end-of-life (EOL) of the product. However, the diversity of service environments and operating modes makes it difficult to generate accurate DfRem solutions for the smooth implementation of remanufacturing. Moreover, the historical remanufacturing process contains a great deal of information conducive to DfRem. It will greatly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of remanufacturing design by feeding effective remanufacturing information back into the product design process. Unfortunately, there is a lack of direct correlation between them, which prevents remanufacturing information from effectively guiding DfRem. To improve the accuracy of DfRem solutions and the utilization rate of remanufacturing information, an intelligent design method for product remanufacturing based on remanufacturing information reuse is proposed. Firstly, rough set theory (RST) is used to identify key remanufacturability demand, and the quality function development (QFD) is used to establish a relationship between remanufacturability demand and engineering characteristics, which can accurately obtain the design objectives. Then, the correlation between remanufacturability demand, remanufacturing information, and DfRem parameters is analyzed, and the ontology technology is applied to construct the DfRem knowledge by ingratiating remanufacturing information. In addition, case-based reasoning (CBR) is applied to search for design cases from DfRem knowledge that best match the design objectives, and gray relational analysis (GRA) is used to calculate the similarity between design knowledge. Finally, the feasibility of the method is verified by taking an ordinary lathe as an example. This method has been implemented as a DfRem interface application using Visual Studio 2022 and Microsoft SQL Server 2022, and the research results indicate that this design method can accurately generate a reasonable DfRem scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Methods for Green Manufacturing)

19 pages, 2485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Revealed Genes Associated with the Formation of Different Fruit Colors in Fragaria pentaphylla

by Xianan Yang, Shiqi Tian, Chenxue Zhao, Jianxin Li, Lianjun Wang, Xuedong Tang and Ruixue Guo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091097 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Fragaria pentaphylla, a unique wild strawberry species in China, is rich in various fruit colors and a valuable resource for studying color genes. Fruits of different colors from F. pentaphylla were selected as the experimental material. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were employed to identify key genes responsible for the development of different fruit colors. Metabolite analysis revealed that 3249 metabolites were detected, including nine differential metabolites related to anthocyanin synthesis and five biological pathways. Additionally, an analysis combining transcriptome and metabolome data showed that the structural genes FpDFR, FpCHS, FpCHI, and FpUFGT were upregulated in red fruit, with significantly higher expression levels compared to pink and white fruits, actively promoting anthocyanin production in red fruit. Conversely, genes FpANR and FpLAR were upregulated in white fruit, enhancing catechin synthesis and inhibiting anthocyanin formation. The gene FpPAL was upregulated in pink fruit. Transcription factors FpbHLH18, FpMYB1, FpMYB24, and FpMYB114 collaborate with structural genes to enhance the synthesis of anthocyanins in red fruit. The findings improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control anthocyanin production in F. pentaphylla. The identified key candidate genes may be utilized in the molecular breeding of strawberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

11 pages, 601 KB

Open AccessReview

Urinary Incontinence in Young Gymnastics Athletes: A Scoping Review

by Alice Higounenc, Alice Carvalhais, Ágata Vieira and Sofia Lopes

Sports 2025, 13(9), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090319 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is increasingly reported among young nulliparous women, especially those engaged in high-impact sports. This may increase the risk of developing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) later in life. This scoping review aims to synthesise current evidence on UI in gymnasts, identify the gymnastics modalities with the highest prevalence of UI, and examine the outcomes measures and interventions considered for UI. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, Scielo, EBSCO, PEDro, and NIH. Studies published in English or Portuguese between January 2012 and May 2023 were included. Review articles, qualitative studies, and conferences abstracts were excluded. Studies were analysed according to the PRISMA-ScR framework. Results: Out of 169 identified studies, 4 were included. SUI emerged as the most prevalent type of UI, particularly in artistic and trampoline modalities. All the studies used the ICIQ-UI-SF to assess UI. Reported outcomes included prevalence of UI and SUI, impact on quality of life and athletic performance, as well as knowledge about UI and pelvic floor. No studies investigated treatments for UI. Conclusions: The prevalence of SUI is high among gymnasts (70%), especially in artistic and trampoline disciplines. Although there is outcome heterogeneity across studies, all used the ICIQ-UI-SF. There is a critical gap regarding interventions for UI in this population. Full article

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17 pages, 3115 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Strength, Stable, and Energy-Efficient Bacterial Nanocellulose Composite Films for Building-Integrated Photovoltaics Facade System

by Chenguang Wang, Libin Deng and Yanjie Zhou

Coatings 2025, 15(9), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15091063 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) composite films have emerged as promising candidates for sustainable building materials, yet their practical application in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) facade systems is hindered by insufficient mechanical strength, poor environmental stability, and limited energy efficiency. Here, we developed bacterial nanocellulose/zinc oxide–phenolic resin (BNC/ZnO–PF) composite films with high-strength, stability, and energy efficiency for BIPV facade system through a simple strategy. Specifically, we first prepared BNC films, then in-situ grew ZnO nanoparticles on BNC films via ultrasound assistance, and finally hot-pressed the BNC/ZnO films with PF resin. The BNC/–PF composite films exhibit high mechanical strength (tensile strength of 93.8 MPa), exceptional sturdiness (wet strength of 92.3 MPa), and thermal properties, demonstrating their durability for long-term outdoor applications. Furthermore, the BNC/ZnO–PF composite films show high transparency (86.47%) and haze (82.02%) in the visible light range, enabling effective light propagation and scattering, as well as soft, uniform, and large-area light distribution. Meanwhile, a low thermal conductivity of 21.7 mW·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ can effectively impede the transfer of high outdoor temperatures into the room, significantly reducing the energy consumption demands of heating and cooling systems. Coupled with its ability to en-hance the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of solar cells by 12.9%, this material can serve as the core encapsulation layer for BIPV facades. While enabling build-ing-integrated photovoltaic power generation, through the synergistic effect of light management and thermal insulation, it is expected to reduce comprehensive building energy consumption, providing a new solution for building energy efficiency under carbon neutrality goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films)

14 pages, 669 KB

Open AccessArticle

Catalyst-Free Assembly of δ-Lactam-Based Hydrazide–Hydrazone Compounds from 3-Arylglutaconic Anhydrides and Aldazines

by Anna Ananeva, Elizaveta Karchuganova, Dar’ya Spiridonova, Grigory Kantin and Olga Bakulina

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 8834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26188834 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

A novel general approach to cyclic hydrazide–hydrazone compounds with a dihydropyridine-2-one core has been developed, involving annulation of symmetrical aldazines with 3-arylglutaconic anhydrides. This approach provides the benefits of straightforward and catalyst-free procedures, diastereoselectivity, and the ability to switch between two isomeric dihydropyridine-2-one cores based on the reaction temperature. Several post-modifications were performed on the side functional groups and the core to demonstrate the synthetic potential of the resulting products. This approach significantly expands the chemical diversity of medicinally relevant N-functionalized δ-lactams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Natural and Inspired-Natural Products)

29 pages, 2031 KB

Open AccessReview

Perfluorinated and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds in the Atmosphere: A Review

by Haoran Yang, Ying Liang, Shili Tian, Xingru Li and Yanju Liu

Atmosphere 2025, 16(9), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091070 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic organic compounds with extremely high chemical stability and environmental persistence that are widely used in the industrial sector and in consumer goods. Their strong C-F bonds make them difficult to degrade, meaning they can migrate through the atmosphere and settle over long distances, posing long-term risks to the global ecological environment and human health. This article systematically reviews the classification, physicochemical properties, concentration levels, spatial distribution, migration and transformation behaviors, and health and ecological impacts of PFASs in the atmosphere, along with related analytical detection techniques and pollution control methods. Studies show that short-chain PFASs are more likely to migrate through the atmosphere due to their high water solubility and volatility, while long-chain PFASs tend to be adsorbed onto particulate matter and display stronger bioaccumulation. Although atmospheric research on PFASs lags behind that focused on their dynamics in water and soil, the existing data still reveal a difference in their distribution and regional pollution characteristics in the gas and particle phases. Toxicological studies have confirmed that PFAS exposure is associated with liver injury, immunosuppression, developmental toxicity, and cancer risk and can threaten ecological security through the food chain. Currently, governance technologies are confronted with the challenges of low efficiency and high cost. In the future, it will be necessary to combine multi-media models, new analytical techniques, and international collaboration to promote the development of source control and innovative governance strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry, Environmental Effects, and Source Analysis of Particulate Matters)

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20 pages, 2967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Techno-Functional Properties of Extruded Corn Starch Snacks Enriched with Huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis): Effects of Extrusion Parameters and Process Optimization

by Betsabé Hernández-Santos, Jesús Rodríguez-Miranda, José M. Juárez-Barrientos, Juan G. Torruco-Uco, Emmanuel J. Ramírez-Rivera, Erasmo Herman-Lara, Carlos A. Gómez-Aldapa and Ariana González-García

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2898; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092898 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of extrusion temperature (ET), feed moisture content (FMC), and the proportion of huitlacoche relative to corn starch (HCP/Starch) on the physicochemical, techno-functional, and color properties of an extruded snack, using response surface methodology to optimize processing conditions and product quality. A Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology were used to model and optimize the process. The responses analyzed included residence time (RT), specific mechanical energy (SME), expansion index (EI), bulk density (BD), texture (Tex), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), pH, and color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°, and ΔE). Results showed that the huitlacoche proportion significantly affected BD, Tex, WSI, and color, while ET and FMC mainly influenced EI, SME, and other techno-functional traits. Multi-response optimization indicated that 150.4 °C, 15.8 g/100 g FMC, and 10–20 g/100 g HCP/Starch maximized EI (2.27) and minimized BD (0.40 g/cm³), Tex (17.5 N), and SME (347.6 J/g). The overall performance was summarized by global desirability (0.83–0.88), a metric that combines all responses into a single scale (0 = poor; 1 = is the most desired goal). The optimized conditions produced snacks with acceptable hydration capacity, pH, and color, supporting huitlacoche as a viable functional ingredient. These findings demonstrate the potential of this traditional resource for developing sustainable, value-added, and health-oriented extruded foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Process Detection and Control Technologies for Optimizing Food Processing)

25 pages, 2766 KB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Micro(nano)plastics on Anaerobic Digestion and Their Influencing Mechanisms

by Xinghua Qi, Hezhen Wang, Yixuan Li, Jing Liu, Jiameng Sun, Wanli Zhang, Wanli Xing and Rundong Li

Microorganisms 2025, 13(9), 2118; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092118 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Micro(nano)plastics are important emerging contaminants and a current research hotspot in the environmental field. Micro(nano)plastics widely exist in various organic wastes such as waste sludge, food waste (FW) and livestock manure and often enter into digesters along with anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment of these wastes, thereby exerting extensive and profound influences on anaerobic process performance. This study reviews sources of micro(nano)plastics and their pathways entering the anaerobic system and summarizes the quantities, sizes, shapes and micromorphology of various micro(nano)plastics in waste sludge, FW, livestock manure, yard waste and municipal solid waste. The current advances on the effects of multiple micro(nano)plastics mainly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) with different sizes and quantities (or concentrations) on AD of organic wastes in terms of methane production, organic acid degradation and process stability are comprehensively overviewed and mechanisms of micro(nano)plastics affecting AD involved in microbial cells, key enzymes, microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes are analyzed. Meanwhile, coupling effects of micro(nano)plastics with some typical pollutants such as antibiotics and heavy metals on AD are also reviewed. Due to the extreme complexity of the anaerobic system, current research still lacks full understanding concerning composite influences of different types, sizes and concentrations of micro(nano)plastics on AD under various operating modes. Future research should focus on elucidating mechanisms of micro(nano)plastics affecting organic metabolic pathways and the expression of specific functional genes of microorganisms, exploring the fate and transformation of micro(nano)plastics along waste streams including but not limited to AD, investigating the interaction between micro(nano)plastics and other emerging contaminants (such as perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulphonate) and their coupling effects on anaerobic systems, and developing accurate detection and quantification methods for micro(nano)plastics and technologies for eliminating the negative impacts of micro(nano)plastics on AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Solutions for Sustainable Resource Recovery and Environmental Remediation)

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26 pages, 8071 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Energy Logistics Vehicle Promotion: A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Perspective

by Xiaowei Hai, Chunye Ma and Chanchan Zhao

Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8164; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188164 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

In the severe context of global warming and the energy crisis, the low-carbon economy has become an inevitable trend in global development. This paper focuses on the logistics industry, a significant domain of carbon emissions, and regards the promotion of new energy logistics vehicles as a crucial breakthrough for the industry to achieve energy savings and emission reductions. From the perspective of an evolutionary game involving the government, logistics vehicle enterprises, and logistics enterprises, a practical and feasible strategy for promoting new energy logistics vehicles is proposed. Firstly, a tripartite evolutionary game model was developed under the dual-credit policy and auxiliary policies, and its strategy of asymptotic stability and Jacobian matrix analysis was conducted. Then, system dynamics (SD) was employed to simulate the model, aiming to explore the impact of key decision variables on the evolutionary outcomes. The results show that: (1) Appropriate auxiliary policy support can encourage logistics vehicle enterprises to produce new energy logistics vehicles and promote the transformation of the logistics industry to a low-carbon direction; (2) Through the optimization of the dual-credit policy and the enhancement of the value of points trading, logistics enterprises can be motivated to produce more new energy vehicles; (3) The promotion of cost reduction of new energy logistics vehicles and the enhancing of market competitiveness can improve the willingness of logistics enterprises to use new energy logistics vehicles; (4) The government should encourage logistics enterprises to use new energy logistics vehicles in multiple dimensions. Full article

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29 pages, 1698 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of Current Achievements in Dendrimers and Nanomaterials for Potential Detection and Remediation of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Contamination —Integration with Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing Technologies

by Agnieszka Gonciarz, Robert Pich, Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz, Witalis Pellowski, Jacek Miedziak, Sebastian Lalik, Marcin Szczepaniak, Monika Marzec and Agnieszka Iwan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181395 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Current scientific and technological developments indicate that the need for dendrimers and nanomaterials should be taken into account in aspects such as the detection and remediation of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) contamination. To evaluate the benefits of dendrimers in CBRN contamination, different characterization methods, toxicological evaluation, and recyclability must be used. The aim of this article is to systematize knowledge about selected nanomaterials and dendrimers as well as chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in accordance with the principles of green chemistry, engineering, technology and environmental safety. So far, many review articles on dendrimers and nanomaterials have focused on biomedical applications or environmental remediation. In this article, we discuss this topic in more detail, especially in relation to the integration of dendrimers with artificial intelligence and remote sensing technologies. We highlight interdisciplinary synergies—artificial intelligence for smarter design and remote sensing for deployment—that could bridge the gap between nanoscale innovation and real CBRN countermeasures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Bioimaging: 2nd Edition)

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