Learning Disabilities in Reading and Writing: Current Issues in Assessment and Intervention

A special issue of Behavioral Sciences (ISSN 2076-328X). This special issue belongs to the section "Child and Adolescent Psychiatry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2026 | Viewed by 3902

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University, 157 72 Athens, Greece
Interests: learning disabilities in reading and writing; the psychoeducational assessment and intervention of reading and writing difficulties; psychosocial adjustment in school settings; the differentiated instruction and inclusive education of students with LD

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Learning disabilities represent a spectrum of disorders, with the most prominent being reading and writing disabilities. Over the years, a considerable research base has emerged on the identification and treatment of LDs, providing a greater understanding of the cognitive, neurobiological, and environmental factors related to these disorders. In addition, researchers have made significant progress in identifying predictive indicators for tracking students at risk for LD. Different types of reading and writing disabilities have been recognized based on uneven patterns of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive profiles to explain difficulties in achievement across various academic domains. Moreover, students with LDs often have poorer emotional adjustment and school functioning, usually exhibiting behavioral problems and adaptation difficulties through their lifespan.

The relationship of emotional adjustment and school functioning with cognitive functioning and learning disabilities has not yet been sufficiently specified. In addition, the co-occurrence of LDs with other neurological and psychosocial disabilities (e.g., ADHD, developmental language disorder) indicates that approaches to making an assessment should be broad and comprehensive, including both inclusionary and exclusionary diagnostic criteria. In the future, it is likely that other indicators—neurobiological, genetic, or behavioral—will be included in order to improve identification accuracy.

Additionally, research has shown that effective intervention for learning disabilities should address the multifaceted nature and comorbidity of LDs and provide more holistic and multidisciplinary interventions (e.g., educational, psychological, occupational therapy, pharmacological, parent counselling, etc.) than skill training in reading and writing. It includes both individual targeted and direct instruction, as well as classroom interventions through differentiated instructions based on the response to intervention (RTI) model.

This Special Issue aims to broaden scientific knowledge in the field of learning disabilities in reading and writing, particularly pertaining to their diagnosis and intervention based on up-to-date approaches and multiple theoretical perspectives. We welcome international original research reviews and empirical studies using quantitative and qualitative methodologies, which address issues related to innovative approaches in the assessment and diagnoses of LDs in reading and/or writing and evidence-based individualized and classroom interventions with LD students of all levels of education. 

Dr. Diamanto N. Filippatou
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • reading learning disabilities
  • writing learning disabilities
  • predictive indicators for LD
  • cognitive, neurobiological and psychological assessment of LD
  • subtypes of LD in reading and writing
  • psychoemotional school adjustment and LD in reading and writing
  • individualized psychoeducational intervention
  • classroom intervention and differentiated instruction

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 285 KB  
Article
Syntactic Awareness Skills in Children with Dyslexia: The Contributions of Phonological Awareness and Morphological Awareness
by Kyriakoula M. Rothou and Constantinos Symeon A. Nisiotis
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101368 - 7 Oct 2025
Abstract
Research has shown that children with dyslexia have syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to typically developing readers. Considering the theoretical connections among phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and syntactic awareness, the present study explored (a) whether Greek-speaking children with dyslexia face syntactic awareness difficulties [...] Read more.
Research has shown that children with dyslexia have syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to typically developing readers. Considering the theoretical connections among phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and syntactic awareness, the present study explored (a) whether Greek-speaking children with dyslexia face syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to typically developing readers, and (b) to what extent phonological and non-phonological language skills contribute to syntactic awareness performance. Measures of syntactic awareness, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and receptive vocabulary were administered among 8.7-year-old children with and without dyslexia. The children with dyslexia had syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to the typically developing readers. Phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and reading status were significant predictors of syntactic awareness performance. Phonological and morphological awareness made a more substantial contribution to syntactic awareness performance in the typically developing readers. Notably, reading status (i.e., children with dyslexia versus typically developing readers) was highlighted as a significant mediator of the relationship between phonological awareness and syntactic awareness and between morphological awareness and syntactic awareness. Taken together, it could be suggested that both phonological awareness difficulties and morphological awareness difficulties of Greek-speaking children with dyslexia might explain syntactic awareness difficulties. These findings are discussed in light of current research on the nature of syntactic deficits in dyslexia. Full article
28 pages, 1103 KB  
Article
Developmental Language Disorder and Risk of Dyslexia—Can They Be Told Apart?
by Aliki Chalikia, Asimina M. Ralli and Faye Antoniou
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15091234 - 10 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Dyslexia frequently co-occur. Many studies suggest that children with Dyslexia may also struggle with oral language skills, while those with DLD may also face challenges in word decoding. Both groups of children typically exhibit deficits in phonological processing [...] Read more.
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Dyslexia frequently co-occur. Many studies suggest that children with Dyslexia may also struggle with oral language skills, while those with DLD may also face challenges in word decoding. Both groups of children typically exhibit deficits in phonological processing [phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN), verbal short-term memory (VSTM)] and verbal working memory (VWM). Despite the increasing number of comparative studies, few have systematically examined these overlaps in children at the early stages of literacy acquisition, and few studies have systematically assessed all oral language subsystems. This study investigates: (a) differences and similarities among children with DLD, children at Risk of Dyslexia (RfD), and typically developing children (TD) in phonological processing (phonological awareness—implicit and explicit—VSTM, RAN), VWM, oral language, and word decoding; (b) patterns of performance across groups; and (c) correlations between phonological processing and VWM skills with oral language and word decoding. The participants were 45 first graders (Mage = 6.8), equally divided into three groups (DLD, RfD, and TD children). Both special groups (DLD, RfD) performed significantly worse than the TD group across nearly all measurements. DLD children showed pronounced oral language and VSTM deficits, while RfD children primarily struggled with decoding and explicit phonological awareness. Group-specific correlations emerged. The findings are discussed in light of the theoretical models of the relationship between DLD and Dyslexia taking into account the specific developmental stage. Full article
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24 pages, 2743 KB  
Article
Reading Ability and Mental Health: Mediating Roles of Depressive Symptoms and Behavior Problems in Chinese School-Age Children
by Xinle Yu, Kusheng Wu, Xuanzhi Zhang, Jiayu Liu, Qianfei Gu, Menghan Yu and Yanhong Huang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081032 - 29 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Background: Developmental dyslexia (DD) affects reading ability and exacerbates mental health challenges among children. This study examines the relationships between reading ability, depressive symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in Chinese school-age children, focusing on potential mediating effects. Methods: A case–control study [...] Read more.
Background: Developmental dyslexia (DD) affects reading ability and exacerbates mental health challenges among children. This study examines the relationships between reading ability, depressive symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in Chinese school-age children, focusing on potential mediating effects. Methods: A case–control study was conducted with 44 dyslexic children and 81 controls from Shantou, China. Assessments included phonological processing tasks for reading ability, the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRS) for depressive symptoms, and the Child Behavior Checklist/6–18 (CBCL/6–18) for behavior problems. Mediation analyses were performed using the PROCESS macro 4.1 for SPSS. Results: Dyslexic children showed significantly poorer reading ability (all phonological tasks, p < 0.001), higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (40.9% vs. 17.3%, p < 0.01), and greater behavior problems (internalizing and externalizing, both p < 0.001) compared to controls. Both depressive symptoms and behavior problems significantly mediated the effects of reading ability on each other, forming a feedback loop that further impairs reading skills. Externalizing behavior problems showed the strongest mediation effect, explaining up to 33.53% of the relationship between depressive symptoms and reading ability. Conclusions: The study reveals a complex interaction between reading ability, depressive symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in Chinese school-age children, suggesting the need for integrated interventions targeting educational and psychological aspects. Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify causal relationships and refine intervention strategies. Full article
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