Search Results (74)

This paper presents a comprehensive optimization framework for modern distribution systems, integrating distribution system reconfiguration (DSR), soft open point (SOP) operation, photovoltaic (PV) allocation, and energy storage system (ESS) management to minimize daily active power losses. The proposed approach employs a novel hybrid metaheuristic algorithm, the Cheetah-Grey Wolf Optimizer (CGWO), which synergizes the global exploration capabilities of the Cheetah Optimizer (CO) with the local exploitation strengths of Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). The optimization model addresses time-varying loads, renewable generation profiles, and dynamic network topology while rigorously enforcing operational constraints, including radiality, voltage limits, ESS state-of-charge dynamics, and SOP capacity. Simulations on a 33-bus distribution system demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework across eight case studies, with the full DER integration case (DSR + PV + ESS + SOP) achieving a 67.2% reduction in energy losses compared to the base configuration. By combining the global exploration of CO with the local exploitation of GWO, the hybrid CGWO algorithm outperforms traditional techniques (such as PSO and GWO) and avoids premature convergence while preserving computational efficiency—two major drawbacks of standalone metaheuristics. Comparative analysis highlights CGWO’s superiority over standalone algorithms, yielding the lowest energy losses (997.41 kWh), balanced ESS utilization, and stable voltage profiles. The results underscore the transformative potential of coordinated DER optimization in enhancing grid efficiency and reliability. Full article

With the advent of 3D printing, advancements in optimizing structures and innovations to 3D print new materials for electric machines are being developed. Conventional structures are being replaced by lattice structures which provide better properties. From plastics to metals, recent achievements have been made in the 3D printing of soft and hard magnetic materials. Hard magnetic materials are mostly printed by mixing them with ferrites or using a binder material. This paper focuses on all the different methods and compositions to 3D print metals and soft and hard magnetic materials. Although research is still undergoing to expand the use of different magnetic materials, we still have some limitations in their use in electric machines e.g., mixing hard magnetic materials with other materials for 3D printing weakens their electromagnetic properties. Some 3D printing processes provide a comparatively low mechanical strength. With research being undertaken to overcome these challenges, recent 3D-printed magnetic materials for the use in electric machines are discussed in this paper. Apart from materials, different optimization strategies are also introduced that increase the efficiency of the 3D-printed parts e.g., process optimization, topology optimization, and thermal optimization. Process optimization includes different multi-material strategies to reduce the time taken, print multiple parts in one process, and improve the properties of the part. Topology optimization revolves around optimized designs. The properties of electric machines are enhanced by using optimized shapes of rotor, stator, and coils. During the operation of electric machines, there is always some heat generation. The efficient removal of this heat from the system can increase the efficiency of the part. Thermal optimization to efficiently dissipate the heat to the atmosphere is achieved by using phase-changing materials (PCMs), by installing cooling systems, or by introducing optimized structures with better thermal properties. All these developments are discussed in this paper. Full article

The phononic crystals composed of soft materials have received extensive attention owing to the extraordinary behavior when undergoing large deformations, making it possible to provide tunable band gaps actively. However, the inverse designs of them mainly rely on the gradient-driven or gradient-free optimization schemes, which require sensitivity analysis or cause time-consuming, lacking intelligence and flexibility. To this end, a deep learning-based framework composed of a conditional variational autoencoder and multilayer perceptron is proposed to discover the mapping relation from the band gaps to the topology layout applied with prestress. The nonlinear superelastic neo-Hookean model is employed to describe the constitutive characteristics, based on which the band structures are obtained via the transfer matrix method accompanied with Bloch theory. The results show that the proposed data-driven approach can efficiently and rapidly generate multiple candidates applied with predicted prestress. The band gaps are in accord with each other and also consistent with the prescribed targets, verifying the accuracy and flexibility simultaneously. Furthermore, based on the generalization performance, the design space is deeply exploited to obtain desired soft structures whose stop bands are characterized by wider bandwidth, lower location, and enhanced wave attenuation performance. Full article

As an extension of quasi-continuity in general topology, we define soft quasi-continuity. We show that this notion is equivalent to the known notion of soft semi-continuity. Next, we define soft weak quasi-continuity. With the help of examples, we prove that soft weak quasi-continuity is strictly weaker than both soft semi-continuity and soft weak continuity. We introduce many characterizations of soft weak quasi-continuity. Moreover, we study the relationship between soft quasi-continuity and weak quasi-continuity with their analogous notions in general topology. Furthermore, we show that soft regularity of the co-domain of a soft function is a sufficient condition for equivalence between soft semi-continuity and soft weakly quasi-continuity. Furthermore, we provide several results of soft composition, restrictions, preservation, and soft graph theorems in terms of soft weak quasi-continuity. Full article

The authors of this paper introduce and discuss three weaker forms of soft faint continuity: soft faint semi-continuity, soft faint pre-continuity, and soft faint $\beta$-continuity. They characterize each of them in several ways. They also demonstrate how they are preserved under some restrictions. Moreover, they prove that a soft function is also soft faint semi-continuous (resp. soft faint pre-continuous, soft faint $\beta$-continuous) if its soft graph function is also soft faint semi-continuous (resp. soft faint pre-continuous, soft faint $\beta$-continuous). Moreover, they show that a soft function is soft faint semi-continuous (resp. soft faint pre-continuous, soft faint $\beta$-continuous) iff it is soft semi-continuous provided that it has a soft regular codomain. Finally, the symmetry between our new ideas and their analogous topological ones is investigated. Full article

Additive manufacturing of soft magnetic materials is a promising technology for creating topologically optimized electrical machines. High-performance electrical machines can be made from high-silicon-content FeSi alloys. Fe-6.5wt%Si material has exceptional magnetic properties; however, manufacturing this steel with the classical cold rolling methodology is not possible due to the brittleness of this material. Laser powder bed fusion technology (L-PBF) offers a solution to this problem. Finding the optimal printing parameters is a challenging task. Nevertheless, it is crucial to resolve the brittleness of the created materials so they can be used in commercial applications. The temperature dependence of magnetic hysteresis properties of Fe-6.5wt%Si materials is presented in this paper. The magnetic hysteresis properties were examined from 20 °C to 120 °C. The hysteresis measurements were made by a precision current generator–based hysteresis measurement tool, which uses fast Fourier transformation–based filtering techniques to increase the accuracy of the measurements. The details of the applied scalar hysteresis sensor and the measurement uncertainties were discussed first in the paper; then, three characteristic points of the static hysteresis curve of the ten L-PBF-manufactured identical toroidal cores were investigated and compared at different temperatures. These measurements show that, despite the volumetric ratio of the porosities being below 0.5%, the mean crack length in the samples is not significant for the examined samples. These small defects can cause a significant 5% decrement in some characteristic values of the examined hysteresis curve. Full article

Mesoporous/hierarchical zeolites (HZs) are a relatively new group of materials, and interest in their application in catalysis is continuously growing. This paper presents recent achievements in the application of mesoporous zeolites in catalytic reactions of nitrogen pollutant conversion. The analysis presented includes processes such as selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with ammonia (NH₃-SCR, DeNO_x), selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH₃-SCO, AMO_x), and catalytic decomposition of N₂O. Different zeolite topologies and methods of their modification focused on mesoporosity generation (e.g., desilication, dealumination, steaming, self-assembly techniques, and application of hard and soft templates) are reviewed and compared with respect to catalytic processes. Special attention is paid to the role of porous structure and acidity, as well as the form of deposited transition metals, in the catalytic activation of modified zeolites in the elimination of nitrogen pollutants from flue gases. Full article

In this paper, we present a novel family of soft sets named “soft ${\omega }_{\delta }$-open sets”. We find that this class constitutes a soft topology that lies strictly between the soft topologies of soft $\delta$-open sets and soft ${\omega }^0$-open sets. Also, we introduce certain sufficient conditions for the equivalence between this new soft topology and several existing soft topologies. Moreover, we verify several relationships that contain soft covering properties, such as soft compactness and soft Lindelofness, which are related to this new soft topology. Furthermore, in terms of the soft interior operator in certain soft topologies, we define four classes of soft sets. Via them, we obtain new decomposition theorems for soft $\delta$-openness and soft $\theta$-openness, and we characterize the soft topological spaces that have the soft “semi-regularization property”. In addition, via soft ${\omega }_{\delta }$-open sets, we introduce and investigate a new class of soft functions named “soft ${\omega }_{\delta }$-continuous functions”. Finally, we look into the connections between the newly proposed soft concepts and their counterparts in classical topological spaces. Full article

Introduction: Flatfoot is a condition commonly seen in children; however, there is general disagreement over its incidence, characterization and correction. Painful flatfoot accompanied with musculoskeletal and soft tissue problems requires surgery to avoid arthritis in adulthood, the most common surgical approach being two osteotomies to the calcaneus and medial cuneiform bones of the foot. Objectives: This study focuses on the parametrization of these two bones to understand their bone morphology differences in a population sample among 23 normal subjects. Population differences could help in understanding whether bone shape may be an important factor in aiding surgical planning and outcomes. Methods: A total of 45 sets of CT scans of these subjects were used to generate surface meshes of the two bones and converted to be iso-topological meshes, simplifying the application of Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, allowing the main sources of variation between the subjects to be quantified. Results: For the calcaneus, 16 Principal Components (PCs) and, for the medial cuneiform, 12 PCs were sufficient to describe 90% of the dataset variability. The quantitative and qualitative analyses confirm that for the calcaneus PC1 describes the Achilles attachment location and PC2 largely describes the anterior part of the bone. For the medial cuneiform, PC1 describes the medial part of the bone, while PC2 mainly describes the superior part. Conclusion: Most importantly, the PCs did not seem to describe the osteotomy sites for both bones, suggesting low population variability at the bone cutting points. Further studies are needed to evaluate how shape variability impacts surgical outcomes. Future implications could include better surgical planning and may pave the way for complex robotic surgeries to become a reality. Full article

The concepts of soft faint continuity as a weaker form of soft weak continuity and soft faint ${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuity as a weaker form of soft weak ${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuity are introduced. Numerous characterizations of them are given. We further demonstrate that, under soft restrictions, they are retained. Moreover, we show that a soft function is soft faintly continuous (respectively, soft faintly ${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuous) if its soft graph function is soft faintly continuous (respectively, soft faintly ${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuous). In addition, we show that a soft function with a soft almost regular (respectively, soft extremally disconnected) co-domain is soft faintly continuous iff it is soft almost continuous (respectively, soft $\delta$-continuous). Furthermore, we show that soft faintly continuous surjective functions are soft set-connected functions, and as a corollary, we demonstrate how soft faintly continuous functions sustain soft connectivity. Finally, we studied the symmetry between our new notions and their topological counterparts. Full article

This paper introduces two novel concepts of mappings over soft topological spaces: “soft somewhat-r-continuity” and “soft somewhat-r-openness”. We provide characterizations and discuss soft composition and soft subspaces. With the use of examples, we offer numerous connections between these two notions and their accompanying concepts. We also offer extension theorems for them. Finally, we investigated a symmetry between our new concepts with their topological analogs. Full article

Soft continuity can contribute to the development of digital images and computational topological applications other than the field of soft topology. In this work, we study a new class of generalized soft continuous functions defined on the class of soft open sets modulo soft sets of the first category, which is called soft functions with the Baire property. This class includes all soft continuous functions. More precisely, it contains various classes of weak soft continuous functions. The essential properties and operations of the soft functions with the Baire property are established. It is shown that a soft continuous with values in a soft second countable space is identical to a soft function with the Baire property, apart from a topologically negligible soft set. Then we introduce two more subclasses of soft functions with the Baire property and examine their basic properties. Furthermore, we characterize these subclasses in terms of soft continuous functions. At last, we present a diagram that shows the relationships between the classes of soft functions defined in this work and those that exist in the literature. Full article

To address the complexity of daily problems, soft set theory has emerged as a valuable tool, providing innovative mathematical techniques to manage vast amounts of data and ambiguity. The study of soft topology involves the investigation of various properties of soft sets and functions, as well as the development of new mathematical models and techniques for addressing uncertainty. The main motivation of this paper is to delve deeper into the subject and devise new methodologies to address real-world challenges more effectively and unlock the full potential of soft sets in various applications. In this paper, we present a novel soft topology, which is constructed using soft single points on a nonempty set V in relation to a topology on $V.$ We investigate and study the behaviors and properties associated with this particular type of soft topology. Furthermore, we shed light on the soft separation axioms with this type of soft topology and investigate whether these axioms are inherited from the corresponding ordinary topology or not. Our study is concerned with examining the connection between ordinary topologies and the soft topologies generated that arise from them, with the aim of identifying their interdependencies and potential implications. By studying the connection between soft topologies and their corresponding ordinary topologies, researchers are able to gain a deeper understanding of the properties and behaviors of these structures and develop new modeling approaches for dealing with uncertainty and complexity in data. Full article

Soft $\omega$-$\theta$-continuity and soft weak-${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuity as two new concepts of continuity are presented and investigated. The investigation of the links between these forms of soft mappings and their general topological relatives is given. With the help of examples, it is investigated that soft $\omega$-$\theta$-continuity lies strictly between soft $\theta$-continuity and soft weak-continuity, while soft weak-${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuity lies strictly between soft continuity (i.e., soft ${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuity) and soft weak-continuity. A number of conditions for the equivalence between soft $\omega$-$\theta$-continuity and soft weak continuity (i.e., soft $\omega$-$\theta$-continuity and soft $\theta$-continuity, soft weak-${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuity and soft weak-continuity, soft weak-${\theta }_{\omega }$-continuity and soft continuity) are obtained. Additionally, soft $\theta$-closure and soft ${\theta }_{\omega }$-closure operators are used to characterize our new types of soft mappings. Full article

In this paper, we study soft sets of the first and second Baire categories. The soft sets of the first Baire category are examined to be small soft sets from the point of view of soft topology, while the soft sets of the second Baire category are examined to be large. The family of soft sets of the first Baire category in a soft topological space forms a soft $\sigma$-ideal. This contributes to the development of the theory of soft ideal topology. The main properties of these classes of soft sets are discussed. The concepts of soft points where soft sets are of the first or second Baire category are introduced. These types of soft points are subclasses of non-cluster and cluster soft sets. Then, various results on the first and second Baire category soft points are obtained. Among others, the set of all soft points at which a soft set is of the second Baire category is soft regular closed. Moreover, we show that there is symmetry between a soft set that is of the first Baire category and a soft set in which each of its soft points is of the first Baire category. This is equivalent to saying that the union of any collection of soft open sets of the first Baire category is again a soft set of the first Baire category. The last assertion can be regarded as a generalized version of one of the fundamental theorems in topology known as the Banach Category Theorem. Furthermore, it is shown that any soft set can be represented as a disjoint soft union of two soft sets, one of the first Baire category and the other not of the first Baire category at each of its soft points. Full article