Search Results (9)

The growing interest in probiotic bacteria within the food industry is driven by their recognized health benefits for consumers. However, preserving their therapeutic viability and stability during gastrointestinal transit remains a formidable challenge. Hence, this research aimed to enhance the viability of Lactobacillus reuteri through microencapsulation using a binary polysaccharide mixture composed of low acyl gellan gum (LAG), high acyl gellan gum (HAG), and calcium for the microencapsulation of L. reuteri. To achieve this, the Box–Behnken design was applied, targeting the optimization of L. reuteri microencapsulated to withstand simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The microcapsules were crafted using the internal ionic gelation method, and optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design. The model demonstrated robust predictive power, with R² values exceeding 95% and a lack of fit greater than p > 0.05. Under optimized conditions—0.88% (w/v) LAG, 0.43% (w/v) HAG, and 24.44 mM Ca—L. reuteri reached a viability of 97.43% following the encapsulation process. After 4 h of exposure to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and intestinal fluid (SIF), the encapsulated cells maintained a viable count of 8.02 log CFU/mL. These promising results underscore the potential of biopolymer-based microcapsules, such as those containing LAG and HAG, as an innovative approach for safeguarding probiotics during gastrointestinal passage, paving the way for new probiotic-enriched food products. Full article

The present study investigated the efficacy of edible coatings formulated with gellan gum and lemon peel extract (LPE) in preserving the postharvest quality of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). Selected fruits exhibiting uniform ripeness and free from defects were sanitized and coated with solutions containing different HAG/LAG (high- and low-acyl gellan gum) ratios, incorporating 4.0% (w/v) LPE. Physicochemical and physiological parameters, including soluble solids content, weight loss, pH, titratable acidity, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and ethylene production, skin redness (a*/b* ratio), and decay incidence, were systematically assessed under storage conditions of 25 °C and 70% relative humidity. HAG-coated fruits showed the lowest weight loss (1.08%), higher soluble solids (7.11 °Brix), and greater firmness (3.11 N/mm²) compared to uncoated controls. Moreover, they exhibited reduced oxygen consumption (0.06 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹), ethylene production (3.10 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹), and decay rate (2%). Redness was better preserved, and decay rates were substantially (p < 0.05) reduced throughout the storage period. These findings highlight the potential of HAG-based edible coatings enriched with LPE as an innovative postharvest technology to extend shelf life, maintain quality attributes, and reduce postharvest losses in cherry tomatoes. Full article

Despite the wide variety of plant-based products, developing high-protein products with a desirable texture remains a key challenge for the food industry. Polysaccharide and plant-protein gels offer a cost-effective strategy for meeting the growing demands of vegan and vegetarian markets. This study aimed to develop mixed pea protein–polysaccharide gels with tailored textural properties for plant-based products. The gels were prepared using pea protein and different polysaccharides, including low-acyl gellan gum (GGLA), carrageenan (CA), pectin (PEC), and high-acyl gellan gum (GGHA), along with 60 mM NaCl or CaCl₂. The dispersions were heated to 80 °C for 30 min under mechanical stirring, followed by a pH adjustment to 7.0 with NaOH (0.1 M). The samples were then analyzed via oscillatory temperature sweep rheometry, confocal microscopy, and uniaxial compression. Self-supporting and non-self-supporting gels were obtained from the various formulations, comprising pure polysaccharide and mixed gels with diverse textures for food applications. The developed gels show a strong potential for use in meat analogs, cheeses, cream cheeses, and sauces, offering the flexibility to fine-tune their mechanical and sensory properties based on the product requirements. Combining biopolymers enables customized texture and functionality, addressing critical gaps in plant-based food innovation. Full article

This study aimed to prepare a black goji berry enzyme (BGBE) using high acyl gellan gum as a substitute for aqueous slurry, followed by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) for 48 h, pasteurization, and subsequent fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum (SC) for 48 h to obtain the optimal BGBE sample. The anthocyanin content and in vitro antioxidant activity were significantly enhanced. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of BGBE on alcoholic liver injury (ALD) in mice. An animal model of alcoholic liver injury was established, and the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the serum and liver were analyzed. Furthermore, histopathological examination was performed using hematoxylin–eosin staining. The results indicated that BGBE significantly improved the liver histopathological condition in mice, markedly reducing the serum levels of ALT, AST, TG, TC, and the hepatic MDA levels (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing the levels of SOD, ADH, and ALDH (p < 0.05). The therapeutic effect of BGBE on alcoholic liver injury appears to be associated with its antioxidant properties. Full article

In this study, active coatings based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were prepared using liposomes filled with an aqueous extract of Melissa officinalis retained in high acyl gellan gum (HAG), low acyl gellan gum (LAG), and their mixture (HAG/LAG). The objective was to investigate the effect of these coatings on postharvest preservation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. The tomato fruits were divided into four groups: (i) coating with HAG-based liposomes (WL-HAG), (ii) coating with LAG-based liposomes (WL-LAG), (iii) coating with HAG/LAG-based liposomes (WL-HAG/LAG), and (iv) control group treated with sterile water. Over a period of 10 days, various quality attributes, such as respiration rate, soluble solids, titratable acidity, luminosity, weight loss, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide, total phenols, and DPPH scavenging ability, were studied. The results indicated that the WL-HAG coatings significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the respiration rate, hydrogen peroxide, and MDA content compared to the control fruits and other coatings. Therefore, WL-HAG could be considered a promising option to enhance postharvest preservation of tomato fruits in the Colombian fruit and vegetable industry. Full article

Transparent soil (TS) presents immense potential for root phenotyping due to its ability to facilitate high-resolution imaging. However, challenges related to transparency, mechanical properties, and cost hinder its development. Herein, we introduce super-transparent soil (s-TS) prepared via the droplet method using low acyl gellan gum and hydroxyethyl cellulose crosslinked with magnesium ions. The refractive index of the hydroxyethyl cellulose solution (1.345) closely aligns with that of water (1.333) and the low acyl gellan gum solution (1.340), thereby significantly enhancing the transmittance of hydrogel-based transparent soil. Optimal transmittance (98.45%) is achieved with polymer concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 wt.% and ion concentrations between 0.01 and 0.09 mol·L⁻¹. After 60 days of plant cultivation, s-TS maintains a transmittance exceeding 89.5%, enabling the detailed visualization of root growth dynamics. Furthermore, s-TS exhibits remarkable mechanical properties, withstanding a maximum compressive stress of 477 kPa and supporting a maximum load-bearing depth of 186 cm. This innovative approach holds promising implications for advanced root phenotyping studies, fostering the investigation of root heterogeneity and the development of selective expression under controlled conditions. Full article

In order to avoid hemolysis caused by direct dietary of kidney tea saponin, complex gels based on gellan gum (GG) and soybean isolate protein (SPI) loaded with saponin were created in the present study by using a self-assembly technique. Studies were conducted on the rheological characteristics, encapsulation effectiveness, molecular structure, microstructure, and hypoglycemic activity of GG/SPI-saponin gels. Increasing the concentration of SPI helped to enhance the strength and energy storage modulus (G′) of the gels, and the incorporation of high acylated saponin allowed the whole gel to undergo sol–gel interconversion. The encapsulation efficiency showed that GG/SPI-saponin was 84.52 ± 0.78% for saponin. Microstructural analysis results suggested that GG and SPI were bound by hydrogen bonds. The in vitro digestion results also indicated that saponin could be well retained in the stomach and subsequently released slowly in the intestine. In addition, the in vitro hypoglycemic activity results showed that the IC₅₀ of encapsulated saponin against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were at 2.4790 mg/mL and 1.4317 mg/mL, respectively, and may be used to replace acarbose for hypoglycemia. Full article

The β-carotene emulsion system using high-acyl gellan gum (HA) as an emulsifier was fabricated and systematically studied. The stability and stabilizing mechanism of the emulsion using medium-chain triglyceride as oil phase with a water-oil mass ratio of 9:1 under different physicochemical conditions of heat, pH, and ions were investigated by analyzing mean particle size (MPS), emulsion yield (EY), and dynamic stability. The effects of the HA-β-carotene emulsion system on the bioaccessibility of β-carotene in vitro were conducted. During the simulated oral digestion stage (SODP) and simulated gastric digestion stage (SGDP), the emulsion systems stabilized with different HA contents showed good stability, and the changes of MPS and zeta potential (ZP) were within 2.5 μm and 3.0 mV, respectively. After entering the simulated intestinal digestion phase (SIDP), β-carotene was released from oil droplets and formed micelles with bile salts, phospholipids, etc. HA-β-carotene emulsion can enhance the release rate of free fatty acid (FFA), which ultimately affects the β-carotene bioaccessibility. These results indicate that HA can be used to prepare carotene emulsion and improve its bioavailability. The study provides a reference for the application of HA as a natural emulsifier and the delivery of β-carotene. Full article

Long-term stability of gellan gum (GG) at physiological conditions is expected, as very low concentration of divalent ions are required for crosslinking, as compared to alginate—which is extensively used for tissue engineering (TE) applications. Hence, GG is proposed as an ideal candidate to substitute alginate for TE. Deacylated (low acyl; LA) GG forms brittle gels, thus only low concentrations were used for cell encapsulation, whereas acylated (high acyl; HA) GG forms weak/soft gels. 3D bioprinting using pure LAGG or HAGG is not possible owing to their rheological properties. Here, we report development and characterization of bioprintable blends of LAGG and HAGG. Increase in HAGG in the blends improved shear recovery and shape fidelity of printed scaffolds. Low volumetric swelling observed in cell culture conditions over 14 days indicates stability. Volumetric scaffolds were successfully printed and their mechanical properties were determined by uniaxial compressive testing. Mesenchymal stem cells bioprinted in blends of 3% LAGG and 3% HAGG survived the printing process showing >80% viability; a gradual decrease in cell numbers was observed over 21 days of culture. However, exploiting intrinsic advantages of 3D bioprinting, LAGG/HAGG blends open up numerous possibilities to improve and/or tailor various aspects required for TE. Full article