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H-Ferritin Produced by Myeloid Cells Is Released to the Circulation and Plays a Major Role in Liver Iron Distribution during Infection

by Ana C. Moreira, Tânia Silva, Gonçalo Mesquita, Ana Cordeiro Gomes, Clara M. Bento, João V. Neves, Daniela F. Rodrigues, Pedro N. Rodrigues, Agostinho A. Almeida, Paolo Santambrogio and Maria Salomé Gomes

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(1), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010269 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4280

Abstract

During infections, the host redistributes iron in order to starve pathogens from this nutrient. Several proteins are involved in iron absorption, transport, and storage. Ferritin is the most important iron storage protein. It is composed of variable proportions of two peptides, the L- and H-ferritins (FTL and FTH). We previously showed that macrophages increase their expression of FTH1 when they are infected in vitro with Mycobacterium avium, without a significant increase in FTL. In this work, we investigated the role of macrophage FTH1 in M. avium infection in vivo. We found that mice deficient in FTH1 in myeloid cells are more resistant to M. avium infection, presenting lower bacterial loads and lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines than wild-type littermates, due to the lower levels of available iron in the tissues. Importantly, we also found that FTH1 produced by myeloid cells in response to infection may be found in circulation and that it plays a key role in iron redistribution. Specifically, in the absence of FTH1 in myeloid cells, increased expression of ferroportin is observed in liver granulomas and increased iron accumulation occurs in hepatocytes. These results highlight the importance of FTH1 expression in myeloid cells for iron redistribution during infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Iron Metabolism, Ferritin and Hepcidin Research)

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17 pages, 21705 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Key-Value Data Placement for ZNS SSD

by Gijun Oh, Junseok Yang and Sungyong Ahn

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11842; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411842 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6536

Abstract

Log-structured merge-tree (LSM-Tree)-based key–value stores are attracting attention for their high I/O (Input/Output) performance due to their sequential write characteristics. However, excessive writes caused by compaction shorten the lifespan of the Solid-state Drive (SSD). Therefore, there are several studies aimed at reducing garbage collection overhead by using Zoned Namespace ZNS; SSD in which the host can determine data placement. However, the existing studies have limitations in terms of performance improvement because the lifetime and hotness of key–value data are not considered. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a technique to minimize the space efficiency and garbage collection overhead of SSDs by arranging them according to the characteristics of key–value data. The proposed method was implemented by modifying ZenFS of RocksDB and, according to the result of the performance evaluation, the space efficiency could be improved by up to 75%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue System Software Issues in Future Computing Systems)

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