Search Results (157)

The rapid adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) hub accentuates the mismatch between renewable-based hydrogen supply in Hebei and concentrated demand in Beijing and Tianjin. We develop a mixed-integer linear model that co-configures a hydrogen pipeline network and optimizes hourly flow schedules to minimize annualized cost and CO₂ emissions simultaneously. For 15,000 HFCVs expected in 2025 (137 t d⁻¹ demand), the Pareto-optimal design consists of 13 production plants, 43 pipelines and 38 refueling stations, delivering 50 767 t yr⁻¹ at 68% pipeline utilization. Hebei provides 88% of the hydrogen, 70% of which is consumed in the two megacities. Hourly profiles reveal that 65% of electrolytic output coincides with local wind–solar peaks, whereas refueling surges arise during morning and evening rush hours; the proposed schedule offsets the 4–6 h mismatch without additional storage. Transport distances are 40% < 50 km, 35% 50–200 km, and 25% > 200 km. Raising the green hydrogen share from 10% to 70% increases total system cost from USD 1.56 bn to USD 2.73 bn but cuts annual CO₂ emissions from 142 kt to 51 kt, demonstrating the trade-off between cost and decarbonization. The model quantifies the value of sub-day pipeline scheduling in resolving spatial–temporal imbalances for large-scale low-carbon hydrogen supply. Full article

The hydrogen energy industry is rapidly developing, positioning hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) as critical infrastructure for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Within these stations, hydrogen compressors serve as the core equipment, whose performance and reliability directly determine the overall system’s economy and safety. This article systematically reviews the working principles, structural features, and application status of mechanical hydrogen compressors with a focus on three prominent types based on reciprocating motion principles: the diaphragm compressor, the hydraulically driven piston compressor, and the ionic liquid compressor. The study provides a detailed analysis of performance bottlenecks, material challenges, thermal management issues, and volumetric efficiency loss mechanisms for each compressor type. Furthermore, it summarizes recent technical optimizations and innovations. Finally, the paper identifies current research gaps, particularly in reliability, hydrogen embrittlement, and intelligent control under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. It also proposes future technology development pathways and standardization recommendations, aiming to serve as a reference for further R&D and the industrialization of hydrogen compression technology. Full article

Driven by the growing availability of funding opportunities, electrolyzers have become increasingly accessible, unlocking significant potential for large-scale green hydrogen production. The goal of this investigation is to develop a techno-economic optimization framework for the design of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)-driven hydrogen production and refueling station, with the explicit objective of minimizing the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The system integrates PV generation, a proton-exchange-membrane electrolyzer, battery energy storage, compression, and high-pressure hydrogen storage to meet the daily demand of a fleet of fuel cell buses. Results show that the optimal configuration achieves an LCOH of 11 €/kg when only fleet demand is considered, whereas if surplus hydrogen sales are accounted for, the LCOH reduces to 7.98 €/kg. The analysis highlights that more than 75% of total investment costs are attributable to PV and electrolysis, underscoring the importance of capital incentives. Financial modeling indicates that a subsidy of about 58.4% of initial CAPEX is required to ensure a 10% internal rate of return under EU market conditions. The proposed methodology provides a reproducible decision-support tool for optimizing off-grid hydrogen refueling infrastructure and assessing policy instruments to accelerate hydrogen adoption in heavy-duty transport. Full article

The urgent global transition toward low-carbon energy systems has highlighted the need for systematic planning of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) to facilitate clean energy adoption. This study develops an integrated framework for regional HRS layout optimization and carbon emission assessment, considering population distribution, land area, and hydrogen demand. Using Hainan Province as a case study, the model estimates regional hydrogen demand, determines optimal HRS deployment, evaluates spatial coverage and refueling distances, and quantifies potential carbon emission reductions under various renewable energy scenarios. Model validation with Haikou demonstrates its reliability and applicability at the regional scale. Results indicate pronounced spatial disparities in hydrogen demand and infrastructure requirements, emphasizing that prioritizing station deployment in densely populated urban areas can enhance accessibility and maximize emission reduction. The framework offers a practical, data-efficient tool for policymakers and planners to guide early-stage hydrogen infrastructure development and supports strategies for regional decarbonization and sustainable energy transitions. Full article

This paper analyzes the potential of hydrogen technologies in transport, placing it within the context of global environmental and energy challenges. Its primary purpose is to evaluate the prospects for the implementation of these technologies at international and national levels, including Poland. This study utilizes a literature review and an analysis of the results of a highly limited, exploratory pilot survey measuring public perception of hydrogen technology in transport. It is critical to note that the survey was conducted on a small, non-representative sample and exhibited a strong geographical bias, primarily collecting responses from Europe (50 people) and North America (30 people). This study also details hydrogen vehicle types (FCEV, HICE) and the essential infrastructure required (HRS). Despite solid technological foundations, the development of hydrogen technology heavily relies on non-technical factors, such as infrastructure development, support policy, and social acceptance. Globally, the number of vehicles and stations is growing but remains limited, with the pace of development correlating with the involvement of countries. The pilot survey revealed a generally positive perception of the technology (mainly due to environmental benefits) but highlighted three key barriers: limited availability of refueling infrastructure—51.5% of respondents strongly agreed on this obstacle, high purchase and maintenance costs, and insufficient public awareness. Infrastructure subsidies and tax breaks were identified as effective incentives. Hydrogen technology offers a potentially competitive and sustainable transport solution, but it demands significant systemic support, intensive investment in large-scale infrastructure expansion, and comprehensive educational activities. Further governmental engagement is crucial. The severe limitations resulting from the pilot nature of the survey should be rigorously taken into account during interpretation. Full article

Green hydrogen offers a promising yet underexplored pathway for agricultural decarbonisation, requiring technological readiness and coordinated action from policymakers, industry, and farmers. This paper integrates techno-economic modelling with stakeholder engagement (semi-structured interviews and an expert workshop) to assess its potential. Analyses were conducted for farms of 123 hectares and clusters of 10 farms, complemented by seven interviews and a workshop with nine sector experts. Findings show both opportunities and barriers. While on-farm hydrogen production is technically feasible, it remains economically uncompetitive due to high levelised costs, shaped by seasonal demand variability and low utilisation of electrolysers and storage. Pooling demand across multiple users is essential to improve cost-effectiveness. Stakeholders identified three potential business models: fertiliser production via ammonia synthesis, cooperative-based models, and local refuelling stations. Of these, cooperative hydrogen hubs emerged as the most promising, enabling clusters of farms to jointly invest in renewable-powered electrolysers, storage, and refuelling facilities, thereby reducing costs, extending participation to smaller farms, and mitigating risks through collective investment. By linking techno-economic feasibility with stakeholder perspectives and business model considerations, the results contribute to socio-technical transition theory by showing how technological, institutional, and social factors interact in shaping hydrogen adoption in agriculture. With appropriate policy support, cooperative hubs could lower costs, ease concerns over affordability and complexity, and position hydrogen as a practical driver of agricultural decarbonisation and rural resilience. Full article

The full multilayer high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel plays an important role in hydrogen refueling stations. However, these vessels may fail after a certain period due to crack formation, necessitating periodic inspections. Among the various parts, the butt joints connecting the thick-walled nozzles and hemispherical heads represent critical and challenging areas for inspection. In this study, a one-shot multi-receiver defect detection and localization method is developed based on the ultrasonic phased array method. In order to verify the feasibility of the method, the interaction between the ultrasonic wave and the crack defects at the key position of the butt joint is analyzed based on finite element, enabling the accurate localization of crack tips; an experimental specimen was designed and fabricated, and a corresponding phased array detection test was conducted to validate the method. Full article

An on-site hydrogen refueling station (HRS) directly supplies hydrogen to vehicles using an on-site hydrogen production method such as electrolysis. For the efficient operation of an on-site HRS, it is essential to optimize the entire process from hydrogen production to supply. However, most existing approaches focus on the efficiency of hydrogen production. This study proposes an optimal operation model for a renewable-energy-integrated on-site HRS, which considers the degradation of electrolyzers and operation of compressors. The proposed model maximizes profit by considering the hydrogen revenue, electricity costs, and energy storage system degradation. It estimates hydrogen production using a voltage equation, models compressor power using a shaft power equation, and considers electrolyzer degradation using an empirical voltage model. The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated through simulation. Comparison with a conventional control strategy shows an increase of over 56% in the operating revenue. Full article

The development of hydrogen refueling infrastructure plays a strategic role in enabling the decarbonization of the transport sector, especially along major freight and passenger corridors such as the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T). Despite the growing interest in hydrogen mobility, existing methodologies for the optimal location of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) remain fragmented and often overlook operational dynamics. Following a review of the existing literature on HRS location models and approaches, this study highlights key methodological gaps that hinder effective infrastructure planning. In response, a two-stage framework is proposed, combining a flow-based location model with a stochastic queueing approach to determine both the optimal placement of HRS and the number of dispensers required at each site. The method is applied to a real segment of the TEN-T network in Northern Italy. The results demonstrate the flexibility of the model in accommodating different hydrogen vehicle penetration scenarios and its utility as a decision-support tool for public authorities and infrastructure planners. Full article

Hydrogen is a sustainable, clean source of energy and a viable alternative to carbon-based fossil fuels. To support the transport sector’s transition from fossil fuels to hydrogen, a hydrogen refuelling station network is being developed to refuel hydrogen-powered vehicles. However, hydrogen’s inherent properties present a significant safety challenge, and there have been several hydrogen incidents noted, with severe impacts to people and assets reported from operational hydrogen refuelling stations worldwide. This paper presents the outcome of an analysis of hydrogen incidents that occurred at hydrogen refuelling stations. For this purpose, the HIAD 2.1 and H2tool.org databases were used for the collection of hydrogen incidents. Forty-five incidents were reviewed and analysed to determine the frequent equipment failures in the hydrogen refuelling stations and the underlying causes. This study adopted a mixed research approach for the analysis of the incidents in the hydrogen refuelling stations. The analysis reveals that storage tank failures accounted for 40% of total reported incidents, hydrogen dispenser failures accounted for 33%, compressors accounted for 11%, valves accounted for 9%, and pipeline failures accounted for 7%. To enable the safe operation of hydrogen refuelling stations, hazards must be understood, effective barriers implemented, and learning from past incidents incorporated into safety protocols to prevent future incidents. Full article

The resilience and sustainable development of modern power distribution systems faces escalating challenges due to increasing renewable integration and extreme events. Traditional single-system approaches often overlook the spatiotemporal coordination of cross-domain restoration resources. In this paper, we propose a multi-stage resilience enhancement method that employs transportation and hydrogen energy systems. This approach coordinates the pre-event preventive allocation and multi-stage collaborative scheduling of diverse restoration resources, including remote-controlled switches (RCSs), mobile hydrogen emergency resources (MHERs), and hydrogen production and refueling stations (HPRSs). The proposed framework supports cross-stage dynamic optimization scheduling, enabling the development of adaptive resource dispatch strategies tailored to the characteristics of different stages, including prevention, fault isolation, and service restoration. The model is applicable to complex scenarios involving dynamically changing network topologies and is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Case studies based on the IEEE 33-bus system show that the proposed method can restore a distribution system’s resilience to approximately 87% of its normal level following extreme events. Full article

According to the international standard ISO 14687:2019 for hydrogen fuel quality, the maximum allowable concentration of water in hydrogen for use in refueling stations and storage systems must not exceed 5 µmol/mol. Therefore, an adsorption purification process following the electrolyzer is necessary. This study numerically investigates the adsorption of water and the corresponding water loading on zeolite 13X BFK, based on the mass flows entering the adsorption column from three 5 MW electrolyzers coupled to a 15 MW offshore wind turbine. As the mass flow is influenced by wind speed, a direct comparison between realistic wind speeds and adsorption loading is presented. The presented numerical discretization of the model also accounts for perturbations in wind speed and, consequently, mass flows. In addition, adsorption isobars were measured for water on zeolite 13X BFK within the required pressure and temperature range. The measured data was utilized to fit parameters to the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm. Full article

Current technical approaches find it challenging to reduce hydrogen production costs in combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) microgrids integrated with hydrogen refueling stations (HRS). Furthermore, the stability of such systems is significantly impacted by multiple uncertainties inherent on both the source and load sides. Therefore, this paper proposes a two-stage robust optimization for bi-level game-based scheduling of a CCHP microgrid integrated with an HRS. Initially, a bi-level game structure comprising a CCHP microgrid and an HRS is established. The upper layer microgrid can coordinate scheduling and the step carbon trading mechanism, thereby ensuring low-carbon economic operation. In addition, the lower layer hydrogenation station can adjust the hydrogen production plan according to dynamic electricity price information. Subsequently, a two-stage robust optimization model addresses the uncertainty issues associated with wind turbine (WT) power, photovoltaic (PV) power, and multi-load scenarios. Finally, the model’s duality problem and linearization problem are solved by the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) condition, Big-M method, strong duality theory, and column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that the strategy reduces the cost of both CCHP microgrid and HRS, exhibits strong robustness, reduces carbon emissions, and can provide a useful reference for the coordinated operation of the microgrid. Full article

This paper presents the design and implementation of an Intelligent Home Energy Management System in a smart home. The system is based on an economically decentralized hybrid concept that includes photovoltaic technology, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and a hydrogen refueling station, which together provide a reliable, secure, and clean power supply for smart homes. The proposed design enables power transfer between Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Home-to-Vehicle (H2V) systems, allowing electric vehicles to function as mobile energy storage devices at the grid level, facilitating a more adaptable and autonomous network. Our approach employs Double Deep Q-networks for adaptive control and forecasting. A Multi-Agent System coordinates actions between home appliances, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and hydrogen power devices to ensure effective and cost-saving energy distribution for users of the smart grid. The design validation is carried out through MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations using meteorological data from Tunis. Ultimately, the V2H/H2V system enhances the utilization, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of residential energy systems compared with other management systems and conventional networks. Full article

With the rapid development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the research on the throttling effect of high-pressure hydrogen is crucial to the safety of hydrogen circulation systems for fuel cells. This paper studies the Joule-Thomson coefficients (${\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{J}\mathrm{T}}$) of ten gas state equations. The four equations, Van Der Waals (VDW), Redlich-Kwong (RK), Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), and Beattie Bridgeman (BB), were selected for calculation. These were compared with the database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), aiming to determine the optimal state equation under different temperature and pressure conditions. The empirical formula of the ${\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{J}\mathrm{T}}$ pressure and temperature was compounded, and the temperature rise effect was further calculated using the empirical formula of compounding. The results show that the calculated value of ${\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{J}\mathrm{T}}$ by using the VDW equation in the low-pressure range (0–2 MPa) is closer to the value in the NIST database with an error less than 0.056 $\mathrm{K}·{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}}^{-1}$. The tendency of ${\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{J}\mathrm{T}}$ described by the RK equation corresponds to the NIST database; meanwhile, the maximum error in the SRK equation is 0.143916 $\mathrm{K}·{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}}^{-1}$. The BB equation is more applicable within the pressure range of 20 to 50 MPa with a maximum error of 0.042853 $\mathrm{K}·{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}}^{-1}$. The fitting error of the empirical formula is within 9.52%, and the relative error of the calculated temperature rise is less than 4%. This research might provide several technical ideas for the study of the throttling effect of hydrogen refueling stations and the hydrogen circulation system of on-board hydrogen fuel cells. Full article