Search Results (3,890)

Isotopic disequilibrium during the formation of high-temperature (HT) metamorphic complexes by anatexis during continental collision is a process that deserves intense discussion since it is fundamental to understand the evolution of continental crust. The axial sector of the Iberian Variscan Belt (IVB) is known by the profusion of synorogenic granites that are sometimes clearly associated with the migmatites composing the HT metamorphic complexes. The Pedregal Migmatitic Complex is located in the autochthonous domain of the IVB and is composed of metatexites and diatexites associated to syntectonic two-mica granites. The anatectic process occurred by dehydration melting of muscovite and biotite with the growth of peritectic minerals such as garnet, K-feldspar, and sillimanite in metatexites; and K-feldspar, sillimanite, and hercynite in diatexites reaching the metamorphic peak at 313.5 ± 0.5 Ma. A process of residuum-melt separation during crustal melting is attested by the Pedregal migmatites, giving origin to metatexites and residual diatexites as indicated by field evidence and their geochemical signature. Zircon oxygen isotopes and inherited zircon ages point to the Douro-Beiras Supergroup metasedimentary sequence (Beiras group) as a possible protolith of the Pedregal diatexites. Conversely, the isotopic composition of the diatexites suggests isotopic disequilibrium caused by residual mineral phases (biotite, monazite and garnet). Full article

To obtain ultrahigh strength Cu alloy strip for board-to-board connectors, a CuNiSiMgMn multi-element high-solute alloy was designed, and high-temperature short-time solid solution was utilized to optimize the properties of this alloy. The evolution in microstructure and properties of the cold-rolled CuNiSiMgMn alloy strip during high-temperature short-time solid solution, aging, and further cold-rolling are investigated. The results reveal that there are high-density Ni_xSi precipitates and deformation defects in the original cold-rolled CuNiSiMgMn alloy strip. During a solid solution at 1000 °C, recrystallization primarily occurs between 15 and 30 s, while precipitate decomposition starts at a solid solution time of ~30 s and is almost complete 10 s later. With further increase in the solid solution time, the grain size of the alloy grows rapidly, but the residual precipitate particles exhibit little change. Upon aging at 500 °C for 2 h and a further 80% cold-rolling, nano-sized precipitates are formed, yielding high-strength alloy strips. The 80% cold-rolling increases the microhardness by 12% and decreases the electrical conductivity by 3% IACS. The strip solid solution-treated for 35 s exhibits the maximum strength, with a tensile strength of >950 MPa and a conductivity of >30% IACS. Further extension of the solid solution time decreases both the tensile strength and elongation. This work clarifies the critical time of recovery, recrystallization, and precipitate decomposition of the CuNiSiMgMn alloy during high-temperature solid solution and provides guidance for industrial production. Full article

The Mahuaping deposit is the largest Be-W-F deposit in the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan metallogenic belt, Sanjiang region, SW China, with more than 72,700 t WO₃, 41700 t BeO and 2.3 Mt CaF₂. Despite recent studies, the ore-forming process of the Mahuaping deposit remains poorly understood, limiting further insight into its genesis. In this study, a new muscovite Rb-Sr age and elemental compositions of beryl have been reported to constrain the mineralization age and evolution of ore-forming fluids. Muscovite Rb-Sr isochron dating reveals the mineralization age of the Mahuaping Be-W-F deposit is 28.0 ± 1.5 Ma, indicating the formation of the Mahuaping deposit is probably related to the magmatism caused by the sinistral shearing of crust in the Oligocene. LA-ICP-MS elemental mapping and spot analysis suggest the mechanisms for the incorporation of trace elements into the beryl lattice primarily involve two substitution types: Be²⁺ ↔ Li⁺ + Na⁺/Cs⁺ in the crystal core, and Al³⁺ ↔ (Fe²⁺/Mg²⁺) + (Na⁺/Cs⁺/Rb⁺) occurring in both the core and rim. The enrichment of Fe²⁺ is responsible for the blue coloration observed in beryl. The compositional variation from core to rim in beryl crystal indicates the initial ore-forming fluid of the Mahuaping deposit is reducing and acidic, and dominantly originated from magmatic fluids derived from the highly evolved magma. During the evolution, in addition to the continuous mixing of meteoric water, due to pulsating exsolution, the magmatic fluids were also replenished into the ore-forming fluid, enhancing water/rock interaction. Full article

This paper investigates the evolution of the microstructure, mechanical performances, and corrosion resistance of selective laser melting (SLM) 304 steel under different intermittent stretching deformation step sizes, revealing the underlying evolution patterns. The results indicate that the intermittent deformation step size significantly affects the microstructure and performance of SLM 304 steel. Larger step sizes result in more complete molten pool contours, less deformation of grain and cellular structures, and a lower martensite volume fraction; smaller step sizes lead to distorted molten pools, fragmented grains, exacerbated cellular structure distortion, and increased martensite content. In terms of mechanical performances, tensile strength, nano-hardness, and elastic modulus decrease with increasing step size, while elongation increases accordingly. Corrosion resistance improves with larger step sizes, with specimens exhibiting more complete and thicker oxide films on the surface and superior pitting resistance; continuous stretching specimens exhibit the worst corrosion resistance, while the original specimens are the best. Intermittent deformation optimizes properties by regulating microstructure, providing a basis for the design of high-performance SLM 304 steel. This study provides theoretical support for the design and application of additive manufacturing stainless steel components, facilitating the engineering and industrial application of SLM technology in high-end equipment manufacturing. Full article

Ticks serve as primary vectors for a wide array of RNA viruses, yet the diversity and distribution of tick-associated RNA viruses remain incompletely characterized in Hebei province. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic metatranscriptomic investigation of 986 ticks representing six species, collected from the diverse ecological landscapes of Hebei Province in northern China. Our analysis recovered 25 complete or near-complete viral genomes spanning 12 families, including Phenuiviridae, Flaviviridae, and Nairoviridae. Of critical public health significance, we identified Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) in both Haemaphysalis longicornis and Dermacentor nuttalli. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed marked geographic stratification where strains from the coastal plains clustered with the dominant Genotype F, while those from the mountainous north formed a characteristic and divergent lineage phylogenetically linked to isolates from Inner Mongolia. Furthermore, a novel viral agent provisionally named Zhangjiakou Hepacivirus was discovered in Haemaphysalis japonica. This virus shared less than 80% nucleotide identity with the rodent-associated Hepacivirus P, consistent with a rodent origin and possible cross-species transmission. Collectively, these findings reveal descriptive variation associated with vector identity, physiological status, and ecological context in shaping viral evolution and underscore the need for continuous metagenomic surveillance to mitigate emerging tick-borne disease risks within a One Health framework. Full article

The selection of deformation mechanisms in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) metals is strongly influenced by both crystallographic orientation and macroscopic deformation constraints. In commercially pure titanium, plastic deformation under constrained loading conditions involves a complex interplay between dislocation slip and deformation twinning, whose respective activation cannot be fully described by classical stress-based criteria. In this study, the mechanical origin of slip and twinning variant selection in commercially pure titanium subjected to plane strain compression is investigated experimentally. Plane strain compression is used as a canonical loading condition representative of constrained deformation paths encountered in sheet metal forming. Interrupted in-situ electron backscatter diffraction is combined with slip trace and twin variant analyses to identify the active deformation mechanisms at the grain scale. Resolved shear stress calculations show that stress-based criteria provide a necessary first-order condition for the activation of both slip and twinning systems. While the Schmid factor reasonably predicts part of the observed slip activity, it fails to uniquely determine the selection of active twinning variants. A kinematic analysis reveals that twinning variant selection is governed by the compatibility between the deformation induced by twinning and the macroscopic strain constraints imposed by plane strain compression. Only variants whose deformation accommodates compression along the loading axis, extension along the free in-plane direction, and minimal strain along the constrained in-plane direction are preferentially activated. These results demonstrate that deformation mechanism selection in HCP titanium under constrained loading conditions results from a combined effect of resolved shear stress and kinematic compatibility. The proposed framework provides a physically grounded basis for interpreting deformation-induced texture evolution and offers clear perspectives for the development of crystal plasticity models incorporating twinning under complex strain paths. Full article

Appointment-based lock scheduling can mitigate congestion at inland ship locks, but the inherent uncertainty in vessel arrivals frequently causes severe schedule degradation, disrupting the original lockage plans. To address this challenge, we develop an optimization framework that quantifies arrival-time uncertainty using a deep ensemble to generate generates reliable prediction intervals, and embeds a rescheduling mechanism for missed appointments within a multi-objective model. The model is solved with a hybrid heuristic that combines Differential Evolution, Variable Neighborhood Search, and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (DE–VNS–NSGA-II). Compared to conventional evolutionary techniques, hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approaches, and recent advanced algorithms (GSAA-RL and ADEA-KC), the proposed algorithm effectively overcomes premature convergence in highly constrained discrete scheduling spaces by leveraging DE for robust global exploration and VNS for deep local refinement. In simulations with 143 vessels, the approach reduced average waiting time by 18.51% (28.63 h to 23.33 h), lowered the schedule adjustment rate by 9.02% (0.331 to 0.301), and decreased lock-utilization loss by 5.06% (0.413 to 0.392) relative to a standard baseline. The results demonstrate more stable schedules and more efficient use of lock capacity under uncertainty, providing a data-driven decision-support tool for lock operators to dynamically mitigate disruptions and reallocate passage quotas at inland navigation hubs. Full article

The electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers a sustainable route for converting greenhouse gases into high-value fuels; however, its efficiency has long been constrained by the thermodynamic stability of CO₂ molecules and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this work systematically investigates the catalytic performance of Ni₅ and alloy Ni₄Cu clusters anchored on divacancy graphene (DVG) for CO₂RR. The results demonstrate that the introduction of Cu atoms significantly enhances the interfacial binding energy between the cluster and the support (shifting from −6.2 eV to −7.5 eV). Charge density difference analysis combined with Bader charge analysis further reveals that interfacial charge transfer and the formation of Ni–C bonds serve as the electronic origin of this improved stability. Free energy calculations show that, compared to Ni₅/DVG, Ni₄Cu/DVG substantially reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step for formic acid (HCOOH) formation from 1.18 eV to 0.26 eV, thereby significantly optimizing the reaction kinetics. Crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis demonstrates that Cu doping modulates metal–oxygen bond strength in the key *OCHO intermediate (ICOHP: Ni-O bonds at −0.697 eV/−0.976 eV vs. Cu-O bonds at −0.408 eV/−0.492 eV), optimizing the adsorption–desorption balance and steering selectivity toward HCOOH. This work elucidates the atomic-scale electronic and bonding mechanisms underlying Ni–Cu synergistic effects, providing theoretical guidance for designing efficient non-noble metal CO₂RR electrocatalysts. Full article

Campylobacter spp. constitutes a significant global public health hazard as it is a leading cause of reported foodborne diseases. Human infection is predominantly acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food, unpasteurized milk and untreated water, prompting the widespread implementation of chemical disinfection across several sectors, from healthcare, domestic environments, and food-processing to animal husbandry. While these biocidal agents encompass multiples classes with different modes of action and efficacy, growing evidence suggests that their extensive and repeated use may unintentionally promote bacterial persistence, tolerance and adaptive responses. Although biocide resistance has been documented in several foodborne pathogens, data on biocide tolerance in Campylobacter spp. remain limited. Available studies report variable degrees of reduced susceptibility to commonly used biocides among isolates originating from poultry production, food-processing environments, and water systems. Importantly, while biocide-induced adaptive responses in Campylobacter spp. may potentially overlap with antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, the extent to which these agents drive co-selection, persistence, or dissemination requires further elucidation. Evidence remains limited on the effects of long-term and repeated exposure under realistic processing conditions, the interplay between stress-induced gene regulation and stable genetic changes, and the contribution of mobile genetic elements, biofilm formation, and microbial communities in shaping antimicrobial resistance evolution. In light of the global health burden imposed by campylobacteriosis and the rising challenge of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter, this review brings together current evidence on the role of biocides in shaping bacterial survival, adaptation, and resistance mechanisms. Full article

The Early Cretaceous Hongshanwan landform in the Lanzhou Basin hosts distinctive multicolored rhythmic sedimentary layers, yet the factors controlling their coloration remain debated. This study integrates mineralogical observations, whole-rock geochemistry, and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology to investigate the controls on sediment coloration and basin evolution. Sharp and stratigraphically consistent color boundaries indicate that coloration was largely established during sedimentation and early diagenesis, with limited influence from late-stage weathering. Geochemical data suggest that the sediments were predominantly derived from intermediate-to-mafic igneous rocks under low-to-moderate chemical weathering and dominantly oxidizing conditions. Reddish-brown strata are mainly colored by fine-grained authigenic hematite formed during early diagenesis, whereas bluish-gray and pale-yellow layers inherit their colors from calcareous and mafic components with limited post-depositional alteration. Detrital zircon age distributions reveal three principal age populations (1322–1994 Ma, 331–376 Ma and 217–286 Ma), providing first-order constraints on provenance evolution and episodic sediment supply linked to multiple orogenic cycles in a back-arc foreland basin setting. Overall, the multicolored stratigraphy reflects a coupled influence of provenance composition, depositional redox state, diagenetic processes, and tectonic forcing, offering new insights into the origin and evolution of continental red-bed systems in inland basins of northern China. Full article

In ecologically fragile and geomorphologically complex mountainous regions, ensuring a smooth transition from poverty alleviation to multidimensional sustainable rural development remains a key issue in regional governance. Focusing on the Qinba Mountains, a typical former contiguous poverty-stricken region in China covering 18 prefecture-level cities in six provinces, this study uses 2009–2023 prefecture-level panel data to examine the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of coordinated rural revitalization. An integrated framework of “multi-dimensional evaluation–spatiotemporal tracking–attribution diagnosis” is developed by combining the improved AHP–entropy-weight TOPSIS method, the Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) model, spatial Markov chains, spatial autocorrelation, and the Geodetector. The results show pronounced subsystem asynchrony. Livelihood and Well-being Security (U5) improves steadily, while Level of Industrial Development (U1), Civic Virtues and Cultural Vibrancy (U3), and Rural Governance (U4) also rise but with clear spatial differentiation; by contrast, Quality of Human Settlements (U2) fluctuates in stages under ecological fragility. Overall, the coupling coordination level advances from the Verge of Imbalance to Intermediate Coordination, yet the regional pattern remains uneven, with eastern basin cities leading and western deep mountainous cities lagging. State transitions display both policy responsiveness and path dependence: the probability of retaining the original state ranges from 50.0% to 90.5%; low-level neighborhoods reduce the upward transition probability to 25%, whereas medium-to-high-level neighborhoods raise the upward transition probability of low-level cities from 36.36% to 53.33%. Spatial dependence is also evident, with Global Moran’s I increasing, with fluctuations, from 0.331 in 2009 to 0.536 in 2023; high-value clusters extend along the Guanzhong Plain–Han River Valley corridor, while low-value clusters remain relatively locked in mountainous border areas. Driving mechanisms show clear stage-wise succession. At the single-factor level, the explanatory power of Road Network Density (F6) declines from 0.639 to 0.287, whereas Terrain Relief Amplitude (F1) becomes the dominant background constraint in the later stage (q = 0.772). Multi-factor interactions are generally enhanced. In particular, the traditional infrastructure-led pathway weakens markedly, with F1 ∩ F6 = 0.055 in 2023, while the interaction between terrain and consumer market vitality becomes dominant, with F1 ∩ F7 = 0.987 in 2023. On this basis, three major pathways are identified: government fiscal intervention and transportation accessibility improvement, capital agglomeration and market demand stimulation, and human–earth system adaptation and ecological value realization. These findings provide quantitative evidence for breaking spatial lock-in and improving cross-regional resource allocation in ecologically constrained mountainous regions. Full article

In real-world scenarios, multivariate time series data typically presents a variety of complex characteristics simultaneously, including long-term trends, multiple seasonality, sudden event disturbances and random noise. Owing to remarkable discrepancies among different variables in dimensions, periodic stability and other aspects, and the gradual evolution of these periodic characteristics over time, models are confronted with numerous challenges in handling non-stationarity, multi-scale dynamic variations and heterogeneous fusion of variables. To tackle these problems, this paper proposes a time–frequency parallel fusion framework—TFDG-Net (Time–Frequency Dual-Branch Gated Fusion Network). This framework models the prior information in the frequency domain and the temporal query network in the time domain in parallel, and introduces a channel-wise gating mechanism to achieve more flexible adaptive fusion after data inverse normalization. Such a design enables the model to operate collaboratively on the original physical scale, which not only improves the long-term prediction capability for periodically stable variables, but also effectively suppresses the interference of noise and event-driven factors, thus significantly enhancing prediction accuracy and the robustness of the training process. In multiple long-term prediction benchmark tests covering fields such as energy and finance, compared with various mainstream models, TFDG-Net reduces the mean squared error and mean absolute error by an average of 12.0% and 7.8% respectively. Full article

The increasing global demand for sustainable water purification technologies has accelerated research on catalytic degradation and advanced oxidation processes for the removal of refractory pollutants. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research trends in catalytic water and wastewater treatment from 2010 to 2025, combining quantitative mapping with a qualitative synthesis of emerging technological directions. Bibliographic data were retrieved from the Scopus database and screened using the PRISMA framework, followed by analysis using VOSviewer (v1.6.20) and OriginPro (version 2023, OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA) to examine publication growth, citation patterns, international collaboration networks, and thematic evolution. A total of 1550 publications, including 1265 research articles and 285 review papers, were analyzed. The results show a significant increase in research output after 2015, reflecting growing global attention to water sustainability and environmental remediation. China, the United States, and India were identified as the leading contributors, with strong international collaboration networks. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed three dominant research themes: photocatalytic degradation and semiconductor engineering, Fenton and Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes, and emerging hybrid catalytic systems involving carbon-based materials and metal–organic frameworks. The analysis also indicates a recent shift toward multifunctional hybrid catalysts designed to improve efficiency, stability, and performance in complex wastewater systems. These findings highlight key scientific developments and suggest future research priorities, including green catalyst synthesis, reactor and process scale-up, AI-assisted catalyst design, and life-cycle sustainability assessment to support the transition from laboratory research to practical water treatment applications. Full article

Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread globally since 2021, causing extensive outbreaks in avian populations and repeated spillovers into diverse mammalian hosts, including humans. These cross-species transmission events highlight ongoing pandemic risks and underscore the need for vaccine strategies that reflect viral evolution at the human–animal interface. Despite the availability of licensed H5 vaccines and newly recommended World Health Organization (WHO) candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs), the extent to which these vaccines elicit cross-reactive antibody responses against contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including mammalian spillover isolates of avian origin, remains incompletely characterized. Method: In this study, ferret antisera were generated using four WHO-recommended H5 CVVs, including a clade 1 strain (A/Vietnam/1194/2004) and three clade 2.3.4.4b strains (A/Astrakhan/3212/2020, A/American wigeon/South Carolina/22-000345-001/2021, and A/Ezo red fox/Hokkaido/1/2022), formulated with alum adjuvant to reflect licensed vaccine formulation used in national preparedness programs. Antibody responses and cross-reactive activity were evaluated using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays against homologous vaccine strains and a feline-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 field isolate from Korea, A/Feline/Korea/SNU-01/2023. Results: Antisera induced by clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs showed cross-reactive antibody responses against homologous and heterologous clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and demonstrated measurable HI and MN responses against the feline-origin field isolate. In contrast, antisera raised against the clade 1 Vietnam CVV exhibited limited cross-reactivity against clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Overall, clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs generally showed higher antibody responses than the clade 1 vaccine strain across multiple panels. Conclusions: These findings provide descriptive insights into antigenic differences between clade 1 and clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and support the antigenic relevance of clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs for contemporary H5N1 strains. This study highlights the importance of ongoing antigenic evaluation to inform vaccine strain selection within a One Health framework. Full article

We develop a local, patchwise geometric framework that embeds a broad class of potential Hamiltonian dynamical systems into a family of Riemannian Hamilton patches built over an underlying Gutzwiller manifold. We adopt a conformal (Jacobi) ansatz and a frame-adapted reconstruction procedure, through which we construct, on each patch, a pulled-back metric, along with a reduced (truncated) connection (not a metric-compatible connection) and a corresponding dynamical curvature tensor governing geodesic deviation in the Hamilton coordinates. Then, using the Poisson–Hodge reconstruction, we reconstruct coordinate potentials, enforcing harmonic obstructions, and along with exactness and Jacobian nondegeneracy conditions, we obtain explicit elliptic bounds that control the connection and curvature residuals. On the basis of this construction, we formalize the notion of a Hamilton manifold such that reparametrized geodesics approximate Newton trajectories with controlled acceleration and tolerances. As a generalized structural framework, to promote the local Jacobi reconstructions to a coherent dynamical evolution and provide a dynamical closure, we introduce a patchwise hyperbolic geometric flow for the pullback metric coupled to a kinetic (Vlasov) closure that controls reconstruction and curvature residuals. Under natural regularity, ellipticity, and overlap-tolerance assumptions, together with precise estimates that control the reconstruction and curvature errors, we establish short-time well-posedness of the coupled Vlasov–hyperbolic geometric flow that defines the patchwise Hamilton manifold. Motivated by this construction of the Hamilton manifold with atlas-dependent time, we propose convergence and stability conjectures for dissipative and conservative (non-dissipative) hyperbolic geometric flows. On a single patch, these conjectures characterize local orbital stability (in the sense of coercivity modulo symmetry) and identify local linear instability when unstable linear modes are present. On a finite atlas (the Hamilton manifold with atlas-dependent time), we state conjectures under which local stability propagates to global stability, provided that overlap residuals remain uniformly sufficiently small. The framework identifies the geometric origin of local instability diagnostics used in Hamiltonian mechanics and outlines a practical strategy for verifying stability or instability, numerically or analytically, on finite coverings of configuration space (the Hamilton manifold). Full article