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Search Results (1,383)

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20 pages, 4906 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Smile Aesthetics in Dental Students: Perceptions of Tooth Colour Changes Due to Incisor Inclination and Micro- and Mini-Aesthetic Characteristics Assessed by Professionals and Laypersons
by Eugen Bud, Alexandru Vlasa, Anamaria Bud, Mariana Pacurar, Sorana Maria Bucur, Daniela Esian, Elena Stepco, Olga Cheptanaru, Bianca Gabriela Nenec and Andrei Cosmin Nenec
Dent. J. 2025, 13(8), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13080380 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated the relation between dental inclination, colorimetric variation, and aesthetic perception according to the modification of incisor inclination. Smile aesthetics, shaped by morphological factors and patient perception, are vital for social attractiveness and treatment success. This study aimed to [...] Read more.
Background: The present study investigated the relation between dental inclination, colorimetric variation, and aesthetic perception according to the modification of incisor inclination. Smile aesthetics, shaped by morphological factors and patient perception, are vital for social attractiveness and treatment success. This study aimed to assess the effect of varying head tilt on the perceived colour of upper central incisors by simulating changes in torque of the tooth, as well as evaluate factors influencing the perception of an aesthetic smile, including morphological characteristics and gingival aesthetic parameters. Methods: The study was comprised of three stages: colour analysis, evaluation of micro- and mini-aesthetic smile features, and an image-based assessment to determine evaluator perceptions and overall smile attractiveness. A sample of 50 students with complete, lesion-free anterior dentition was analysed. To simulate the effect of orthodontic torque changes during colour analysis, subjects tilted their heads downward and upward, representing palatal and buccal crown torque, respectively. Standardized macro-intraoral photographs were captured under controlled lighting conditions using a DSLR camera stabilized on a tripod in the different positions: the neutral head position (p0), 15° upward (p + 15), and 15° downward (p − 15). Digital colour analysis was conducted in the CIELAB colour space (L*, a*, b*). In the next stage, focusing on micro- and mini-aesthetic evaluation, an additional 50 smiles were generated using artificial intelligence via the SmileCloud program—one digitally enhanced smile per subject—complementing the initial set of 50 spontaneous smiles. These 100 smile images were evaluated by 50 laypersons and 50 dentists using a visual analogue scale via an online questionnaire, in order to assess perceptions, determine smile attractiveness, and quantify gingival aesthetic parameters. Results: The statistically significant regression results are as follows: those for the L* values in all three head inclinations: downward (−15 degrees), upward (+15 degrees), and total tilting (−15 to +15 degrees), as well as for the a* values for downward tilting and the b* values for total tilting. When the head is tilted downwards, the central incisors are positioned retrusively, and the L* b* values reveal a darker and more yellowish appearance, whereas, with the head tilted upwards, the central incisors protrude, and L* a* values indicate a brighter and more greenish appear. In the evaluation stage of the smile aesthetics study, no significant differences were observed in the judgments between laypersons and dentists or between males and females. Smiles with a high or average anterior line, parallel arc, upward lip curvature, visible first/second premolars, a smile index of 5.08–5.87, and symmetry score of 1.04 were rated as more attractive. Significant asymmetries were observed between upper dental hemi-quadrants in gingival contour and interdental papilla height, highlighting subtle morphological variations relevant to smile aesthetics. Conclusions: Aesthetic assessment revealed that the findings suggest a measurable impact of head position on dental colour perception and aesthetic evaluation. Evaluator variables including profession and gender exerted negligible effects on aesthetic perception, whereas smile attractiveness features and gingival aesthetic parameters demonstrate significant clinical applicability in patient management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Esthetic Dentistry)
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16 pages, 1993 KiB  
Systematic Review
Impact of Molar Teeth Distalization by Clear Aligners on the Temporomandibular Joint: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Kacper Galant, Sylwia Dąbrowska, Natalia Turosz and Konrad Małkiewicz
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5836; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165836 - 18 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: This review aimed to assess the association between upper molar distalization using clear aligners (CAs) and structural changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods: On February 20, 2025, the following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, BASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies [...] Read more.
Background: This review aimed to assess the association between upper molar distalization using clear aligners (CAs) and structural changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods: On February 20, 2025, the following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, BASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies were included if they reported on orthodontic treatment with CAs involving upper molar distalization and presented TMJ parameter measurements before and after treatment. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies was used to assess the risk of bias. The collected data were analyzed using the paired t-test, mean difference assessment, and Spearman correlation matrix. Results: A total of 4 articles out of 238 records retrieved were included in the review. The mean age of patients was 23.18–29.80 years, and the treatment duration was 1.90–2.21 years. The most important changes were in the posterior and superior joint spaces (PJS and SJS) (p < 0.05), with SJS increasing in two studies (0.56 and 0.7 mm) and PJS increasing in one and decreasing in another (−0.94 and 0.36 mm). Conclusions: Limited evidence suggests that molar distalization with CAs may influence TMJ dimensions to a small extent. However, the results are inconsistent and require further validation with high-quality studies to draw firm conclusions. Registration: The review was pre-registered using the OpenScience Framework (OSF) on 17 April 2025—osf.io/9xyr8. No funding or conflicts of interest were reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics: State of the Art and Perspectives)
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12 pages, 938 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Predictability of Dentoalveolar Expansion with Different Aligner Systems in Orthodontics: A Longitudinal Clinical Study in Adult Patients
by Oscar Suarez, Alfonso Alvarado-Lorenzo, Elena Calzadilla-Suárez, Giuseppe Scuzzo, Jhonny León-Valencia, Carlos Colino-Paniagua, Jose Manuel Granero-Marín and Pedro Colino-Gallardo
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 9074; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169074 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 53
Abstract
Aligners represent a therapeutic option in orthodontics, offering advantages such as aesthetics, comfort, and individualized prescriptions for each patient. However, the predictability of maxillary expansion is subject to variability. The objective of this article is to evaluate the efficacy and predictability of aligners [...] Read more.
Aligners represent a therapeutic option in orthodontics, offering advantages such as aesthetics, comfort, and individualized prescriptions for each patient. However, the predictability of maxillary expansion is subject to variability. The objective of this article is to evaluate the efficacy and predictability of aligners in maxillary expansion. One hundred adult patients were included in this study, divided into four groups, each assigned to a different brand of clear aligners: Angel Aligners, Invisalign, Spark, or Hey Smile. Digital models were obtained at three stages: initial STL (T1), prediction (T2), and final (T3) (before the first refinement). The models were measured to obtain linear distances between canines, first bicuspids, second bicuspids, and first molars. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 28.0. The best predictability was obtained in the lower arch (68.900%) for second bicuspids, while the worst accuracy was for canines (39.290% in the upper arch using Invisalign). Angel aligner showed the highest percentage of predictability (60.002%) among the evaluated brands, followed by Hey Smile (59.895%), Spark (59.275%), and Invisalign (57.153%). The results show that clear aligners are an effective treatment for transverse movements in both arches. However, further research is needed to improve predictability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Materials and Technologies in Orthodontics)
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32 pages, 3096 KiB  
Review
Orthodontic Perspectives in the Interdisciplinary Management of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
by Silvia Müller-Hagedorn, Véronique Abadie and Theodosia Bartzela
Children 2025, 12(8), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12081066 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent, multifactorial, and often underdiagnosed condition with significant consequences for cognitive and behavioral development. Early detection and timely multidisciplinary interventions are essential, particularly in children with craniofacial anomalies or syndromes associated with increased OSA risks, [...] Read more.
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent, multifactorial, and often underdiagnosed condition with significant consequences for cognitive and behavioral development. Early detection and timely multidisciplinary interventions are essential, particularly in children with craniofacial anomalies or syndromes associated with increased OSA risks, to prevent long-term complications. This narrative review explores the orthodontists’ role in the interdisciplinary management of pediatric OSA, focusing on early screening for craniofacial risk factors and implementing interceptive orthodontic interventions that support favorable airway development and growth modulation. Through early and frequent interaction with pediatric patients, orthodontists are well-positioned to identify clinical signs of airway-related abnormalities and craniofacial risk factors such as mandibular and maxillary retrognathism, maxillary constriction, and high-arched palatal vaults. Orthodontic interventions such as rapid maxillary expansion (RME), mandibular advancement, and myofunctional therapy may improve airway patency in selected cases. These approaches should be coordinated and integrated within the multidisciplinary team, including orthodontists, pediatricians, sleep specialists, ENT specialists, and speech-language pathologists. Furthermore, caregivers’ involvement and patients’ compliance are keys to success. Despite encouraging clinical observations, current evidence is limited by heterogeneity and a lack of long-term outcome data. Future research should prioritize well-designed prospective trials, explore the effectiveness of combined therapeutic strategies, and support the development of standard diagnostic protocols. Equally important is a stronger focus on early diagnosis and preventive measures to enhance patient outcomes and long-term treatment strategies. Integrating orthodontists into early OSA care is essential for optimizing outcomes and reducing long-term morbidity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Paediatric Sleep Medicine)
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17 pages, 6124 KiB  
Article
Biocompatibility Evaluation of Surface-Modified Orthodontic Wires Using Graphene Layer
by Joanna Rygas, Maria Szymonowicz, Agnieszka Rusak, Magdalena Wawrzyńska, Piotr Kuropka, Vitalii Boiko, Bartosz Mielan, Dariusz Hreniak and Maciej Dobrzyński
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167804 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 466
Abstract
The biocompatibility of orthodontic archwires is crucial for ensuring patient safety and the long-term success of orthodontic treatment. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of stainless steel (SS) and nickel–titanium (Ni-Ti) orthodontic archwires, as well as stainless steel metal brackets, before and after the [...] Read more.
The biocompatibility of orthodontic archwires is crucial for ensuring patient safety and the long-term success of orthodontic treatment. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of stainless steel (SS) and nickel–titanium (Ni-Ti) orthodontic archwires, as well as stainless steel metal brackets, before and after the application of a graphene coating. The assessment was based on the materials’ effects on a fibroblast cell line and on the development of a foetal chicken egg embryo. Fibroblasts that had been in temporary contact with steel and NiTi archwires after CW-CVD (cold wall chemical vapour deposition) treatment exhibited changes in morphology in the presence of the material. The materials exhibited moderate cytotoxicity. For metal brackets, the treated samples caused stronger cytotoxic changes in the culture. Unlike graphene-coated implants, where cells were found to directly adhere to the surface, the embryonic tissues did not treat the non-graphene-coated implants as an adhesive material. This study suggests that depositing carbon-based coatings, including graphene, on stainless steel archwires may reduce the cytotoxicity of orthodontic components. Using graphene increases adhesion of the implant surface to membrane-derived cells and the embryonic yolk and does not inhibit the further development of the chicken egg embryo. Full article
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10 pages, 487 KiB  
Article
Anterior vs. Posterior Bite Raisers: Assessment of Quality of Life and Pain Experience
by Francesca Silvestrini-Biavati, Andrea Abate, Elis Kola, Maria Elena Grecolini, Valentina Lanteri and Alessandro Ugolini
Children 2025, 12(8), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12081040 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 190
Abstract
Objective: This retrospective study aims to assess the impact of bite-raising on patients’ quality of life and to compare the outcomes of anterior versus posterior build-ups. Materials and Methods: A total of 94 young adolescents treated with fixed orthodontic were selected and divided [...] Read more.
Objective: This retrospective study aims to assess the impact of bite-raising on patients’ quality of life and to compare the outcomes of anterior versus posterior build-ups. Materials and Methods: A total of 94 young adolescents treated with fixed orthodontic were selected and divided into two groups: the anterior bite raisers group (ABG) and the posterior bite raisers group (PBG). To enable comparison with untreated individuals, a control group (CG) of 50 subjects was also included. Pain intensity was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), while oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was measured through the OHIP-14 questionnaire (Italian validated version) before treatment and during each appointment for the first 3 months after build-ups placement. Results: Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment without bite raisers (CG) reported lower OHIP-14 scores compared to those with anterior (ABG) and posterior (PBG) bite raisers. In both ABG and PBG, the most commonly reported side effects included difficulty eating, oral pain, and feelings of embarrassment in social situations—similar to those reported by the control group. However, participants in the ABG also reported challenges in pronouncing certain words. Furthermore, the ABG experienced higher levels of physical pain, physical disability, and psychological discomfort compared to both the PBG and CG. Patients in the ABG reported more build-ups detachments or breakages than patients in PBG (ABG 32% vs. PBG 18%, p < 0.01). Build-ups were removed due to adequate overbite correction significantly before in the ABG (4.2 ± 0.9 months) than in the PBG (6.1 ± 1.4 months, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Anterior bite raisers have a significantly greater impact on patients’ quality of life compared to posterior bite raisers, leading to increased difficulties in eating and speech, higher levels of physical pain and disability, greater psychological discomfort, and more intense pain following build-ups placement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dentistry & Oral Medicine)
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13 pages, 1582 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Mandibular Trabecular Bone Structure in Hypodivergent Growth Patterns Using Fractal Analysis
by Gizem Boztaş Demir, Rüveyda Doğrugören, Kübra Gülnur Topsakal, Gökhan Serhat Duran and Serkan Görgülü
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(8), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9080517 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the trabecular structure in hypodivergent individuals using fractal analysis, with a particular focus on specific mandibular regions. This study aims to assess the impact of hypodivergent growth patterns on bone microarchitecture. This research involved a [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the trabecular structure in hypodivergent individuals using fractal analysis, with a particular focus on specific mandibular regions. This study aims to assess the impact of hypodivergent growth patterns on bone microarchitecture. This research involved a methodological approach using panoramic radiographs to assess trabecular structure at specific regions of the mandible using fractal analyses. The dimensions of the fractals were calculated with the use of the box-counting technique by the software Image J (v1.53c; Bethesda, MD, USA, National Institutes of Health), while the statistical evaluations were carried out with the Jamovi Software (The Jamovi Project, version 2.3.21.0). The study found significant differences in fractal dimension values between hypodivergent individuals and the control group, particularly in the condyle and angulus regions, indicating a less complex trabecular structure in hypodivergent individuals. This study concludes that individuals with a hypodivergent growth pattern exhibit alterations in trabecular bone structure within the mandibular condyle and angulus regions, characterized by reduced complexity. These findings suggest that increased occlusal forces and mechanical stress associated with this growth pattern may contribute to changes in trabecular architecture. Understanding these variations is essential for orthodontic and maxillofacial diagnosis, treatment planning, and biomechanical considerations, particularly in cases requiring vertical dimension management or anchorage control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractal Analysis in Biology and Medicine)
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12 pages, 924 KiB  
Article
Houttuynia cordata Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity Against Interleukin-1β-Induced Inflammation in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells: An In Vitro Study
by Ryo Kunimatsu, Sawako Ikeoka, Yuma Koizumi, Ayaka Odo, Izumi Tanabe, Yoshihito Kawashima, Akinori Kiso, Yoko Hashii, Yuji Tsuka and Kotaro Tanimoto
Dent. J. 2025, 13(8), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13080360 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disorder that affects the supporting structures of the teeth. The gingival epithelium plays a crucial role as a physical and immunological barrier, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to microbial pathogens. Modulation of gingival epithelial function [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is a chronic infectious inflammatory disorder that affects the supporting structures of the teeth. The gingival epithelium plays a crucial role as a physical and immunological barrier, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to microbial pathogens. Modulation of gingival epithelial function has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of periodontal disease. Houttuynia cordata, a perennial herb traditionally used in Asian medicine, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties, with documented benefits in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. However, its potential therapeutic role in oral pathologies, such as periodontitis, remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of H. cordata extract on interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated primary gingival keratinocytes (PGKs) subjected to IL-1β-induced inflammatory stress, simulating the conditions encountered during orthodontic treatment. Methods: Inflammation was induced in PGKs using IL-1β, and the impact of H. cordata extract pretreatment was assessed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoblotting. Results: H. cordata extract significantly downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-8, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in IL-1β-stimulated PGKs without inducing cytotoxicity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that H. cordata holds promise as a preventive agent against periodontitis by attenuating inflammatory responses in gingival epithelial tissues. We believe that our findings will inform the development of prophylactic interventions to reduce periodontitis risk in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities)
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13 pages, 2630 KiB  
Article
Photodynamic Therapy in the Management of MDR Candida spp. Infection Associated with Palatal Expander: In Vitro Evaluation
by Cinzia Casu, Andrea Butera, Alessandra Scano, Andrea Scribante, Sara Fais, Luisa Ladu, Alessandra Siotto-Pintor and Germano Orrù
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080786 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against oral MDR (multi-drug-resistant) Candida spp. infections related to orthodontic treatment with palatal expanders through in vitro study. Methods: PDT protocol: Curcumin + H2O2 was [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against oral MDR (multi-drug-resistant) Candida spp. infections related to orthodontic treatment with palatal expanders through in vitro study. Methods: PDT protocol: Curcumin + H2O2 was used as a photosensitizer activated by a 460 nm diode LED lamp, with an 8 mm blunt tip for 2 min in each spot of interest. In vitro simulation: A palatal expander sterile device was inserted into a custom-designed orthodontic bioreactor, realized with 10 mL of Sabouraud dextrose broth plus 10% human saliva and infected with an MDR C. albicans clinical isolate CA95 strain to reproduce an oral palatal expander infection. After 48 h of incubation at 37 °C, the device was treated with the PDT protocol. Two samples before and 5 min after the PDT process were taken and used to contaminate a Petri dish with a Sabouraud field to evaluate Candida spp. CFUs (colony-forming units). Results: A nearly 99% reduction in C. albicans colonies in the palatal expander biofilm was found after PDT. Conclusion: The data showed the effectiveness of using aPDT to treat palatal infection; however, specific patient oral micro-environment reproduction (Ph values, salivary flow, mucosal adhesion of photosensitizer) must be further analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics)
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53 pages, 2360 KiB  
Systematic Review
Growth Prediction in Orthodontics: ASystematic Review of Past Methods up to Artificial Intelligence
by Ioannis Lyros, Heleni Vastardis, Ioannis A. Tsolakis, Georgia Kotantoula, Theodoros Lykogeorgos and Apostolos I. Tsolakis
Children 2025, 12(8), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12081023 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 590
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Growth prediction may be used by the clinical orthodontist in growing individuals for diagnostic purposes and for treatment planning. This process appraises chronological age and determines the degree of skeletal maturity to calculate residual growth. In developmental deviations, overlooking such diagnostic details [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Growth prediction may be used by the clinical orthodontist in growing individuals for diagnostic purposes and for treatment planning. This process appraises chronological age and determines the degree of skeletal maturity to calculate residual growth. In developmental deviations, overlooking such diagnostic details might culminate in erroneous conclusions, unstable outcomes, recurrence, and treatment failure. The present review aims to systematically present and explain the available means for predicting growth in humans. Traditional, long-known, popular methods are discussed, and modern digital applications are described. Materials and methods: A search on PubMed and the gray literature up to May 2025 produced 69 eligible studies on future maxillofacial growth prediction without any orthodontic intervention. Results: Substantial variability exists in the studies on growth prediction. In young orthodontic patients, the study of the lateral cephalometric radiography and the subsequent calculation of planes and angles remain questionable for diagnosis and treatment planning. Skeletal age assessment is readily accomplished with X-rays of the cervical vertebrae and the hand–wrist region. Computer software is being implemented to improve the reliability of classic methodologies. Metal implants have been used in seminal growth studies. Biochemical methods and electromyography have been suggested for clinical prediction and for research purposes. Conclusions: In young patients, it would be of importance to reach conclusions on future growth with minimal distress to the individual and, also, reduced exposure to ionizing radiation. Nevertheless, the potential for comprehensive prediction is still largely lacking. It could be accomplished in the future by combining established methods with digital technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approaches in Pediatric Orthodontics)
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17 pages, 3785 KiB  
Article
The Role of Stable Anatomical Landmarks in Automated 3D Model Superimposition: A Closer Look
by Tommaso Castroflorio, Samuele Avolese, Fabrizio Sanna and Simone Parrini
Bioengineering 2025, 12(8), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12080839 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 421
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the concordance of automated 3D superimposition methods applied to digital models, with a focus on methods that consider stable palatal regions as geometric reference landmarks versus those that do not. Design and setting: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study using [...] Read more.
Objective: To evaluate the concordance of automated 3D superimposition methods applied to digital models, with a focus on methods that consider stable palatal regions as geometric reference landmarks versus those that do not. Design and setting: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study using digital model files of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in a university clinical setting. Participants: Sixty-one patients were prospectively enrolled and divided into three groups based on the type of orthodontic treatment they received: (20) non-extractive orthodontic treatment without intermaxillary elastics, (21) intermaxillary elastics, and (20) control subjects with no orthodontic movement. The inclusion criteria included the availability of complete pre- and post-treatment digital casts and the absence of significant craniofacial anomalies. Methods: Three superimposition methods were tested: (1) superimposition according to palate and palatal ridges, (2) best-fit superimposition of arches in occlusion, and (3) best-fit superimposition of individual arches. Discrepancies were identified by comparing the spatial positions derived from each method. Within three spatial axes, deviations of ±0.5 mm and ±1.15° were not considered significant. Bland–Altman plots were used to quantify palatal rugae based and non-based spatial differences between methods. Differences in the superimposition results between the three patient groups were evaluated using ANOVA tests. Results: Differences in spatial position between the superimposition methods often exceeded the acceptable range. The results were compared between the three patient groups with a statistical significance of α = 0.05. In the present study, the high reliability of the superimposition method based on the palate and palatal ridges was observed. Conclusion: Superimposition methods based on the palate and palatal rugae provide superior accuracy in determining treatment-related changes in upper arch digital models. These findings illustrate the need for appropriate selection of superimposition techniques based on the study objective of using clinically relevant techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Trends and Future Perspectives in Orthodontic Treatment)
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15 pages, 394 KiB  
Review
Contemporary Approaches to Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review of Orthodontic and Non-Orthodontic Interventions in Children and Adults
by Janvier Habumugisha
Oral 2025, 5(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5030055 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 629
Abstract
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder in both pediatric and adult populations, characterized by substantial morbidity encompassing cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and metabolic impairments. Management strategies vary by age group and underlying etiology, with orthodontic and non-orthodontic interventions playing key roles. [...] Read more.
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder in both pediatric and adult populations, characterized by substantial morbidity encompassing cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and metabolic impairments. Management strategies vary by age group and underlying etiology, with orthodontic and non-orthodontic interventions playing key roles. This narrative review synthesizes the current evidence on orthodontic and non-orthodontic therapies for OSA in pediatric and adult populations, emphasizing individualized, multidisciplinary care approaches and highlighting future research directions. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies on diagnosis and management of OSA in children and adults from 2000 to 2025. Results: In pediatric patients, treatments such as rapid maxillary expansion (RME), mandibular advancement devices (MADs), and adenotonsillectomy have shown promising outcomes in improving airway dimensions and reducing apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). For adults, comprehensive management includes positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, oral appliances, maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery, and emerging modalities such as hypoglossal nerve stimulation. Special attention is given to long-term treatment outcomes, adherence challenges, and multidisciplinary approaches. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for individualized therapy based on anatomical, functional, and compliance-related factors. As the understanding of OSA pathophysiology evolves, orthodontic and adjunctive therapies continue to expand their role in achieving durable and patient-centered outcomes in sleep apnea management. Full article
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16 pages, 3418 KiB  
Article
Forces and Moments Generated by Direct Printed Aligners During Bodily Movement of a Maxillary Central Incisor
by Michael Lee, Gabriel Miranda, Julie McCray, Mitchell Levine and Ki Beom Kim
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8554; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158554 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the forces and moments exerted by thermoformed aligners (TFMs) and direct printed aligners (DPAs) on the maxillary left central incisor (21) and adjacent teeth (11, 22) during lingual bodily movement of tooth 21. Methods: An [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to compare the forces and moments exerted by thermoformed aligners (TFMs) and direct printed aligners (DPAs) on the maxillary left central incisor (21) and adjacent teeth (11, 22) during lingual bodily movement of tooth 21. Methods: An in vitro setup was used to quantify forces and moments on three incisors, which were segmented and fixed onto multi-axis force/moment transducers. TFM were fabricated using 0.76 mm-thick single-layer PET-G foils (ATMOS; American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA) and multi-layer TPU foils (Zendura FLX; Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA). DPAs were fabricated using TC-85 photopolymer resin (Graphy Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Tooth 21 was planned for bodily displacement by 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm, and six force and moment components were measured on it and the adjacent teeth. Results: TC-85 generated lower forces and moments with fewer unintended forces and moments on the three teeth. TC-85 exerted 0.99 N and 1.53 N of mean lingual force on tooth 21 for 0.25 mm and 0.50 mm activations, respectively; ATMOS produced 3.82 N and 7.70 N, and Zendura FLX produced 3.00 N and 8.23 N of mean lingual force for the same activations, respectively. Bodily movement could not be achieved. Conclusions: The force systems generated by clear aligners are complex and unpredictable. DPA using TC-85 produced lower, more physiological force levels with fewer side effects, which may increase the predictability of tooth movement and enhance treatment outcome. The force levels generated by TFM were considered excessive and not physiologically compatible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics)
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14 pages, 6123 KiB  
Article
Effects of Near-Infrared Diode Laser Irradiation on Pain Relief and Neuropeptide Markers During Experimental Tooth Movement in the Periodontal Ligament Tissues of Rats: A Pilot Study
by Kanako Okazaki, Ayaka Nakatani, Ryo Kunimatsu, Isamu Kado, Shuzo Sakata, Hirotaka Kiridoshi and Kotaro Tanimoto
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157404 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
Pain following orthodontic treatment is the chief complaint of patients undergoing this form of treatment. Although the use of diode lasers has been suggested for pain reduction, the mechanism of laser-induced analgesic effects remains unclear. Neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin [...] Read more.
Pain following orthodontic treatment is the chief complaint of patients undergoing this form of treatment. Although the use of diode lasers has been suggested for pain reduction, the mechanism of laser-induced analgesic effects remains unclear. Neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), contribute to the transmission and maintenance of inflammatory pain. Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 plays a protective role against various stresses, including orthodontic forces. This study aimed to examine the effects of diode laser irradiation on neuropeptides and HSP 70 expression in periodontal tissues induced by experimental tooth movement (ETM). For inducing ETM for 24 h, 50 g of orthodontic force was applied using a nickel–titanium closed-coil spring to the upper left first molar and the incisors of 20 male Sprague Dawley rats (7 weeks old). The right side without ETM treatment was considered the untreated control group. In 10 rats, diode laser irradiation was performed on the buccal and palatal sides of the first molar for 90 s with a total energy of 100.8 J/cm2. A near-infrared (NIR) laser with a 808 nm wavelength, 7 W peak power, 560 W average power, and 20 ms pulse width was used for the experiment. We measured the number of facial groomings and vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) in the ETM and ETM + laser groups. Immunohistochemical staining of the periodontal tissue with SP, CGRP, and HSP 70 was performed. The number of facial grooming and VCM periods significantly decreased in the ETM + laser group compared to the ETM group. Moreover, the ETM + laser group demonstrated significant suppression of SP, CGRP, and HSP 70 expression. These results suggest that the diode laser demonstrated analgesic effects on ETM-induced pain by inhibiting SP and CGRP expression, and decreased HSP 70 expression shows alleviation of cell damage. Thus, although further validation is warranted for human applications, an NIR diode laser can be used for reducing pain and neuropeptide markers during orthodontic tooth movement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Photobiomodulation Therapy)
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14 pages, 602 KiB  
Systematic Review
Methods of Orthodontic Microimplant Surface Modifications Providing Antibacterial Properties: A Systematic Review
by Alicja Wądołowska, Joanna Lis, Beata Kawala, Anna Ewa Kuc, Gabriela Zdrodowska, Agnieszka Rożdżestwieńska-Sowa and Michał Sarul
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153575 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
The use of orthodontic microimplants in daily practice is now an indispensable part of orthodontic treatment. Unfortunately, the use of skeletal anchorage is associated with a relatively high risk of loss of microimplant stability because of inflammation developing in the surrounding soft tissues. [...] Read more.
The use of orthodontic microimplants in daily practice is now an indispensable part of orthodontic treatment. Unfortunately, the use of skeletal anchorage is associated with a relatively high risk of loss of microimplant stability because of inflammation developing in the surrounding soft tissues. The aim of this systematic review is to identify possible methods of orthodontic microimplant surface modifications providing antibacterial properties. The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Reviews databases were searched, and a literature review was conducted. The search was performed between 1 December 2024 and 31 December 2024. The authors used the PICO format to facilitate the search of abstracts and ensure that the relevant components of the question are well defined. The systematic review was written based on the principles detailed in PRISMA. The quality of the papers was assessed based on a tool developed by the authors. Three papers were rated Low Risk of Bias (RoB), four were rated Moderate RoB, and three were rated High RoB. All of the studies presented a method to increase the antibacterial properties of microimplants. More research with a unified methodology is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of the analyzed methods. ZnO, antibiotics, chlorhexidine, silver compounds, selenium, HA, and PEG polymerization plasma represent an interesting perspective for improving the antibacterial properties of orthodontic microimplants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Restorative Dental Materials and Fabrication Techniques)
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