Search Results (358)

This article estimates the impact of government subsidies on productivity growth in South Africa, joining the ongoing debate among economists regarding the effectiveness of subsidies as a driver of industrial productivity. While some argue that subsidies address market failures, facilitate R&D, and improve efficiency, others criticise the attendant dependence, which reduces the incentive for industries to operate efficiently. This article contributes by examining the specific channels—efficiency and technical changes—through which subsidies affect productivity in South Africa. The analysis is based on a panel dataset comprising 64 three-digit industries observed between 1993 and 2023. Estimation is performed through an endogeneity robust panel stochastic frontier model, which treats subsidies as both an inefficiency driver and a technology variable. An additional estimation approach is proposed integrating the true fixed effects with a control function in a bid to account for both unobserved heterogeneity and idiosyncratic endogeneity. The results show that subsidies are detrimental to productivity, particularly through stifling technological progress. This result supports the view that subsidies reduce the incentive for beneficiaries to innovate. This evidence calls for a reevaluation and a possible restructuring of subsidy programmes in South Africa in a bid to mitigate their adverse effects on industrial productivity. Full article

Sustainable development is an inevitable derivative outcome of the advancement of social productive forces and the innovation of science and technology. In the current era, a multitude of global issues are intertwined. Sustainable development provides ideas and approaches of crucial value for resolving these difficult situations. This study constructs a micro-level indicator system to assess the quality of foreign direct investment and measures the quality of FDI in China from 2011 to 2022. Using the two-way fixed effects panel model, this study empirically tests the impact of FDI quality on China’s sustainable development and deeply examines the industry heterogeneity. The findings reveal that (1) micro-level FDI quality indicators avoid aggregation bias and lagged responses inherent in macro-level analyses, enabling precise and timely detection of foreign firms’ reactions to macroeconomic shifts. (2) Enhancing FDI quality exerts a positive and significant effect on China’s sustainable development, with notable variations across industries. (3) Further analysis shows that, first, in eastern coastal provinces, well-functioning market mechanisms amplify the positive externalities of high-quality FDI on resource allocation. Second, the moderating role of intellectual property protection in FDI’s human capital effects exhibits significant heterogeneity across industries. Full article

In the dual-carbon context, forestry green total factor productivity (FGTFP) serves as a key indicator of the quality and efficiency of forestry development. Based on New Economic Geography Theory, this study explores FGTFP and its spatial divergence under the constraint of carbon emissions. We analyzed panel data from 30 Chinese provinces between 2004 and 2022. The Directional Distance Function (DDF) model was applied to measure FGTFP, and the Global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) model was applied to measure FGTFP’s decomposition index. The Dagum Gini coefficient was employed to analyze the degree of spatial divergence of FGTFP and identify its sources. Using Porter’s model and Sustainable Development Theory, the geo-detector was applied to examine the driving factors of FGTFP and its decomposition index. The study’s findings indicate that (1) FGTFP in China generally trended upward from 2004 to 2022, with significant heterogeneity observed at both interprovincial and regional levels; (2) Technological Improvement (TI) was the primary driver of FGTFP growth in the eastern, northeastern and central regions, while Efficiency Change (EC) was the key driver in the western region; (3) FGTFP exhibited distinct spatial divergence patterns in China, with hypervariable density as the primary source, followed by interregional differentiation, and regional differentiation contributing the least; and (4) green energy transition factors consistently showed a significant “two-factor enhancement effect” and a “non-linear enhancement trend”, while external environmental factors exhibited strong interaction effects but demonstrated a “non-linear weakening trend”. Therefore, it is essential to promote the green transformation of production modes, facilitate structural adjustments and upgrades in the forestry industry, enhance regional collaboration, and advance the “dual enhancement” of technological progress and efficiency. Additionally, leveraging regional comparative advantages will promote coordinated development. Full article

The aim was to develop a series of handwashing gels containing a standardised extract of the aerial part of Gypsophila trichotoma as well as an essential oil from Xanthium strumarium fruits. The saponins present in the extract are a suitable alternative to synthetic sulphate surfactants and have better skin tolerance, and with the addition of essential oil, a higher antibacterial activity of the gels thus developed is achieved. The elaborated gels were characterised by good spreadability and a pH close to the physiological for healthy skin (pH 5.5), which is a prerequisite for improved skin tolerability. The dynamic rheological studies showed that the extract fraction increase was not associated with gel viscosity change, and it was only a function of the gelling agent concentration. The gels’ foam-forming ability increased with the increasing extract concentrations. The comparative evaluation of the antibacterial activity of elaborated gels vs. plain gel based on coco glucoside against a panel of selected pathogens demonstrated that the newly developed formulations have superior antibacterial effects. Based on the good technological characteristics and the results of antimicrobial testing of the washing gels thus developed, it can be concluded that they are promising candidates as personal hygiene products. Full article

This study examines the fermentation performance of featured bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus-ATCC-4356, Lactobacillus helveticus-ATCC-15009, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus-ATCC-11842, Lacticaseibacillus casei-ATCC-393, Streptococcus thermophilus-ATCC-19258 (ST), and Bifidobacterium bifidum-ATCC-29521 (BB)) used in fermented dairy products and their impact on product quality. The main focus is on evaluating the metabolic activities, organic acid production, viscosity values, and sensory properties of probiotic strains such as L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. helveticus, B. bifidum, and S. thermophilus. The strains were activated in a sterile milk medium and incubated until they reached a pH of 4.6. Then, pH, microbial enumeration, organic acid, sugar composition, vitamins A, D, E, K1, and K2 (menaquinone-7), and viscosity values were measured in the bacteria. Organic acid, sugar composition, and vitamins A, D, E, K1, and K2 (menaquinone-7) were analyzed with the HPLC method. Additionally, sensory analyses were performed, and volatile compounds were examined. L. casei demonstrated superiority in lactic acid production, while L. helveticus showed high lactose consumption. L. bulgaricus stood out in galactose metabolism. The highest viscosity was observed in products produced by B. bifidum. Differences in viscosity were attributed to exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and acid production capacity. A total of 62 volatile compounds were identified, with the highest levels of aromatic components found in products containing B. bifidum. The most preferred product, based on panel evaluations, was the fermented dairy product produced with L. acidophilus. As for aroma profiles, it was determined that the phenethyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1 butanol, and ethanol compounds are associated with B. bifidum, the hexanoic acid and 2-methylbutanal compounds are associated with the L. acidophilus, the hexanoic acid, 2-methylbutanal, 2-furanmethanol, and acetaldehyde compounds are associated with the L. bulgaricus, and the hexanoic acid, 2-methylbutanal, 2-heptanone, acetoin, and d-limonene are associated with the L. casei. On the other hand, the L. helveticus strain is associated with the hexanoic acid, 2-methylbutanal, and 2-heptanone, and the S. termophilus strain is associated with the hexanoic acid, hexanol, acetoin, 2,3-pentanedione, 1-butanol, and 3-methyl-2-butanone volatile aroma compounds. The determination of fat-soluble vitamins is particularly important for vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. In this study, the bacterial sources of these vitamins were compared for the first time. The menaquinone-7 production by L. helveticus was determined to be the highest at 0.048 µg/mL. The unique metabolic capacities of these prominent cultures have been revealed to play an important role in determining the aroma, organic acid content, viscosity, and overall quality of the products as a whole. Therefore, the findings of this study will provide the right strain selection for a fermented dairy product or a different non-dairy-based fermented product according to the desired functional properties. It also provides a preliminary guide for inoculation in the right ratios as an adjunct culture or co-culture for a desired property. Full article

Climate warming poses a significant threat to China’s national food security as grain production encounters the daunting challenge of climate change. Thus, promoting the shift of agriculture toward climate-smart practices has become an inevitable choice. This study investigated climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices using agricultural and environmental indicators that affect the technical efficiency of grain farming in Northeast China. The study employs the stochastic frontier analysis approach to estimate the efficiency of the production function and highlight the significant factors that affect efficiency. The entropy weight method was also used to analyze the climate-smart agricultural development index (CSA-DI) and climate-smart balanced development index (CSA-BDI) in Northeast China. The provincial panel data from 1980 to 2017 revealed an increasing trend for the CSA-DI and CSA-BDI. Although the region has achieved initial results in systematicity and coordination, there is still room for improvement in food security and climate change adaptation. Based on these results, this study proposes policy recommendations for CSA technologies and the promotion of comprehensive projects to endorse climate-smart agriculture for regional shared benefits and responsibilities. Full article

China has commenced a high-quality development phase, necessitating significant promotion of the digital economy (DE), which includes green advancement as its foundation. Transitioning from a DE into high-quality development requires advancing the concept of new quality productivity (NQP), which unequivocally delineates the direction of Chinese socio-economic progress. Therefore, this study developed a new quality productivity indicator model encompassing three components aligning with NQP: (i) scientific and technological, (ii) green, and (iii) digital productivity. The analysis investigated the crucial role of the NQP in achieving the “double carbon” goal within the DE by utilizing panel data from 30 Chinese provinces between 2012 and 2022. Consequently, the DE substantially reduced carbon emissions (CEs) and exhibited a notable spatial spillover effect. The impact coefficient of the DE on CEs is −0.0583, which is significant at the 1% level. The direct effect and indirect effect analysis revealed that the inhibition effect of the DE on regional CEs was −0.0725 and −0.0964, respectively (significant at the 1% level). The heterogeneity outcomes denoted lower carbon emissions in non-resource-based regions due to the DE. Nevertheless, this process did not exhibit the same impact on resource-based regions. Furthermore, the NQP functioned as the intermediary factor in the correlation between DE development and CEs. This outcome then led to three critical recommendations: (i) the complete release of the digital dividend, (ii) enhanced government attention toward low-carbon environmental protection, and (iii) the establishment of a green technology innovation platform to achieve higher rates of NQP development. Full article

As one of the most dynamic natural elements, water resources play a vital role in both ecological and economic activities. The rational allocation of water resources is essential for the sustainable development of human society. Using data from prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2013 to 2022, this study employs the Cobb–Douglas (C-D) production function to measure the degree of water resource allocation distortion across provinces and cities. Additionally, a panel data model is applied to analyze the influencing factors. The key findings are as follows: The issue of excessive water resource allocation is widespread in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, with the highest degree of distortion observed in the middle reaches, where the average distortion index reaches 1.43—significantly higher than that in the upstream (1.15) and downstream (1.20) regions. Water resource endowment, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and rising water prices contribute significantly to improving water resource allocation, whereas increased industrial water use efficiency and excessive government intervention exacerbate allocation distortions. Regionally, the influencing factors exhibit broadly similar effects across provinces. In sectoral analysis, only the estimated coefficients of water resource policies show directional differences, whereas other factors have no significant impact on allocation distortion. By identifying the extent and causes of water resource misallocation, this study provides empirical evidence to support region-specific water management strategies, aiming to enhance resource efficiency and promote sustainable development. Full article

This study explores the production and valorization of hemp seed cake protein concentrate (HPC) as a functional ingredient to enhance the nutritional quality and sensory attributes of choux pastry products, specifically éclairs. By integrating varied concentrations of HPC (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) into traditional formulations, the physicochemical properties, proximate composition, amino acid profile, and sensory characteristics of the resulting pastries were assessed. Sensory attributes were assessed using the check-all-that-apply (CATA) method, where a trained panel selected applicable descriptors from a predefined list. Results indicated that the incorporation of HPC significantly increased protein content from 8.23% in the control sample (HPC0%) to 11.32% in the HPC20% formulation and improved moisture retention, leading to greater exterior and interior éclairs volume, increasing from 42.15 cm³ to 51.5 cm³ and from 18.34 cm³ to 38.47 cm³, respectively. Furthermore, sensory evaluation revealed pronounced differences in attributes such as flavor, appearance, and mouthfeel, with optimal sensory profiles noted at 10% HPC inclusion. The amino acid analysis demonstrated a balanced composition, particularly of essential amino acids, emphasizing HPC’s potential as a valuable protein source, with significant contributions from leucine (8.17 g/100 g protein), isoleucine (5.56 g/100 g protein), and phenylalanine (6.31 g/100 g protein), as well as notable levels of immunoactive amino acids such as arginine (10.92 g/100 g protein) and glutamic acid (20.16 g/100 g protein). These findings highlight the significant nutritional benefits of HPC enrichment, supporting the development of healthier bakery products and contributing to sustainable food practices within the industry. Full article

The discovery of new natural products remains a cornerstone of therapeutic innovation, and effective analytical tools for rapid dereplication can significantly accelerate this process. Using Isotopic Fine Structure (IFS) mass spectrometry, we rapidly identified three new dimeric benzofluorene glycosides, lomaiviticins F–H (1–3), from a marine-derived Micromonospora sp. bacterium. These compounds were isolated and structurally elucidated through advanced spectroscopic techniques, including FT-ICR-MS and NMR. Lomaiviticins F–H exhibit unique structural features, notably the 4-O-methyl-l-angolosamine moieties, which differentiate them from previously known lomaiviticins A–E. The discovery of these compounds highlights distinct biosynthetic linkages within the lomaiviticin family, particularly the C2–C2′ conjoining bonds characteristic of the dimers. Compounds 1–3 were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines; the resulting IC₅₀ values confirmed that the dimeric diazofluorenes of lomaiviticins A and B are critical for anticancer activity. These findings emphasize the utility of IFS in expediting natural product discovery while providing valuable insights into structural and functional characterizations of bioactive compounds. Full article

As one of the effective ways to achieve “carbon neutrality”, examining the impact of green finance (GF) on carbon emission efficiency (CE) is of great significance for promoting low-carbon development in China. Moreover, the digital economy is a key catalyst in achieving China’s “dual-carbon” targets, as its “greening” characteristic is considered instrumental in promoting urban low-carbon development. However, the effects of the digital economy (Dig) stage on GF on urban CE have not been sufficiently studied. Using panel data from 276 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2021 and constructing a theoretical model based on the Cobb–Douglas production function, this paper analyzes the impact of GF on urban CE. The empirical results indicate that (1) GF can improve CE, and the two have a positive U-shaped relationship, which is still valid after robustness tests. (2) The heterogeneity results indicate that the impact of GF on CE is more significant in non-resource-based cities, low-carbon pilot cities, and cities with higher financial development levels. (3) GF significantly improves urban CE by driving green technology innovation (Gti) and energy efficiency improvement (Eei). (4) The effects of GF on CE have a dual-threshold effect based on the Dig. When the Dig level is excessively high, the positive effect of GF on urban CE will be weakened. Full article

Raw goat and ewe’s milk samples were used for the isolation of seven lactic acid bacteria new strains. After testing hemolytic activity and resistance to antibiotics, specific functional properties were evaluated; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis FBM_1321 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei FBM_1327 strains resulted in the highest cholesterol assimilation percentages ranging from 28.78 to 30.56%. In addition, strong adhesion capacity to differentiated Caco-2 cells (1.77–21.04%) was mapped, and the lactobacilli strains exhibited strong antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogens compared to lactococci. The strains were able to grow at low pH and high NaCl concentrations, conditions that prevail in food systems (cell counts ranged from 1.77 to 8.48 log CFU/mL after exposure to pH 3 and from 5.66 to 9.52 log CFU/mL after exposure to NaCl concentrations up to 8%). As a next step, freeze-dried immobilized Lc. paracasei FBM_1327 cells on oat flakes were used for the preparation of functional yoghurt and ayran products. Cell loads of the functional strain remained high and stable in both products (7.69 log CFU/g in yoghurt and 8.56 log CFU/g in ayran after 30 days of storage at 4 °C) throughout their shelf life. No significant changes in the volatile profile were noticed, and the new products were accepted by the panel during the sensory evaluation. Full article

As rural labor prices have risen constantly over the last two decades, Chinese grain production that relies heavily on manual labor has been subjected to considerable challenges and has experienced profound changes in land use patterns. Using a fixed effect model and translog profit function model, this paper investigates the effects of rising rural labor prices on land use patterns in Chinese grain production. The empirical results from 2004–2022 province-level panel data showed that the rising rural labor prices provided significant incentives to adjust the land use patterns of three staple grain crops. The increase in labor prices had a negative effect on the share of the planting area of rice and maize, while wheat experienced a substantial increase in its proportion of planting area in the context of rising labor prices. A further mechanism test based on 2004–2012 farm-level panel data revealed that the factor substitutions, especially labor substitution with fertilizer and machinery, were a significant contributor to the changes in land use patterns. In the spatial–temporal analysis, changes in land use patterns were found to be more pronounced in regions with more rolling terrain conditions but remained relatively stable across years. These findings highlight the importance of the development and promotion of labor-saving technologies in grain production, especially enhanced-efficiency fertilizer and small-sized agricultural machinery. In addition, agricultural subsidies targeted at farmers in hilly and mountainous regions might be a good way to mitigate potential land abandonment in the context of rising labor prices. Full article

Greek yogurt, a traditional food with roots in Ancient Greece, Mesopotamia, and Central Asia, has become a dietary staple worldwide due to its creamy texture, distinct flavor, and rich nutritional profile. The contemporary emphasis on health and wellness has elevated Greek yogurt as a functional food, recognized for its high protein content and bioavailable probiotics that support overall health. This study investigates the sensory attributes evaluated by a panel of 22 trained assessors and the consumer preferences driving the acceptance of Greek yogurt formulations. Samples with higher consumer acceptance were characterized by sensory attributes such as “high texture in the mouth, surface uniformity, creaminess, apparent homogeneity, mouth-filling, grip in the mouth, ease of pick-up with a spoon, milk cream flavor, sweetness, and dairy flavor” (Tukey’s test, p < 0.05). These attributes strongly correlated with consumer preferences, underscoring their importance in product optimization. The findings provide a framework for refining Greek yogurt formulations to address diverse market demands, achieving a balance between sensory excellence and practical formulation strategies. This research reinforces the significance of Greek yogurt as a culturally adaptable, health-promoting dietary component and a promising market segment for ongoing innovation. Full article

The inefficient allocation of resources in agricultural production not only affects the quality of agricultural development and the efficiency of resource utilization but also represents a pivotal issue that constrains the sustainable progress of agriculture. Considering the urgent societal need for the optimization and advancement of industries, investigating the issue of resource misallocation within agricultural production and its specific losses on AGTFP is profoundly important in advancing the pursuit of high-quality and sustainable agricultural development. This study employs the Cobb–Douglas function and the theory of price distortion to establish a model for quantifying losses in Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity (AGTFP). Drawing on provincial panel data from North China spanning the years 2006 to 2022, we analyze the characteristics of resource allocation and the corresponding losses in AGTFP. The findings suggest that AGTFP in North China has been gradually rising, accompanied by notable regional disparities in both the level of AGTFP and its growth rate. Nevertheless, due to the varying effects of distorted agricultural input factors, there exists different resource misallocation across North China. Despite some improvement in resource misallocation, this improvement has not been significant. Consequently, there is a loss of AGTFP in the North China region. If resource misallocation is effectively addressed, AGTFP losses could be reduced by at least 29%. It is anticipated that over the course of the next decade, AGTFP will rise and resource misallocation and AGTFP losses will diminish slightly, and it is crucial to step up efforts to enhance resource allocation. By ensuring adequate agricultural funding, enhancing agricultural efficiency, and optimizing energy inputs, it is possible to mitigate resource misallocation, thereby effectively diminishing AGTFP losses and fostering the sustainable advancement of agriculture. Full article