Search Results (444)

Metals like Li, Sn, W, Nb and Ta accumulate mostly during the magmatic–hydrothermal transition and subsequent hydrothermal alteration of highly fractionated granites, especially greisenization. Evaluation of about 450 bulk-rock analyses, 1500 LA-ICP-MS analyses of quartz and 1600 EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses of mica from parental granites and related greisens and quartz–mica veins from four typical areas of European Variscan granite plutons with greisen mineralization (Beauvoir, France; Panasqueira, Portugal; and Cínovec and Nejdek, Erzgebirge, Czech Republic) illustrate diversity in initial magma composition (S- vs. A-types), in style of greisenization (pervasive greisenization in granite cupolas vs. vein-like greisen strings along joints), and in chemical evolution of quartz and micas during magmatic–hydrothermal transition. The contents of all monitored elements in quartz and mica from greisen and veins are of very high variability, with principal differences among studied localities. Generally, very low contents of Al (<100 ppm), Ti (<1 ppm) and Li (<10 ppm) or, on the contrary, extremely high contents of Al (>1000 ppm) or Li (>100 ppm) in quartz may indicate its hydrothermal origin. Contents of Sn, W, Nb, and Ta in micas tend to become depleted during greisenization, this trend is more pronounced in Nb and Ta than in Sn and W. Transition from magmatic to hydrothermal crystallization leads to an increase in the Ta/Nb values in mica: from 0.20 to 0.24 in S-type magmatic systems, and from 0.13 to 0.34 at Cínovec as a representative of A-type granites. Whether granite belongs to the S- or A-type is not essential for the development of greisenization. Full article

Previous studies have predominantly examined parental acceptance, parental control, and aggression separately, often focusing on one parenting dimension or one parental figure at a time. This study investigated the associations between maternal, paternal, and parental acceptance and control and five distinct forms of aggression (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility, and general aggression) among Turkish emerging adults. A convenience sample of 487 emerging adult university students (381 females, 106 males) completed the Personal Information Form, the Parenting Styles Questionnaire, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation analyses, and hierarchical regression analyses. Results indicated that maternal acceptance and parental acceptance were negatively associated with physical aggression, verbal aggression, hostility, and general aggression, whereas paternal acceptance was negatively associated with hostility and general aggression. Maternal control, paternal control, and overall parental control consistently emerged as significant positive predictors of physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility, and general aggression. These findings suggest that parental control is associated with higher levels of various forms of aggression among Turkish emerging adults, whereas parental acceptance is associated with lower levels of aggression, with differential effects of maternal and paternal parenting. Overall, our findings indicate that parenting influences on aggression during emerging adulthood are multifaceted, varying by parenting dimension, parental figure, and form of aggression. Interventions for emerging adults should prioritize reducing excessive parental control as a universal target regardless of parental source, while fostering parental acceptance (particularly maternal acceptance) may be associated with additional protective effects for most but not all forms of aggression. Full article

Parental emotional expressivity toward their child is an integral component of creating a family emotional climate, which is the primary context in which children develop social–emotional skills. The current study sought to empirically test Darling and Steinberg’s model that parent attitudes that make up parenting style effect parental emotional expressivity during parent–child interaction. Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), the authors examined the compounding effects of maternal authoritarian attitudes measured soon after birth on maternal emotional expressivity toward their infant across three time points (child at 6, 15, and 24 months old). Hierarchical linear modeling analyses (HLMs) demonstrated that a mother’s (n = 1165, M_age = 28.2 years) authoritarian attitudes were associated with both decreased positive expressivity and increased negative expressivity toward their child at 6 months of age. Mothers who held more authoritarian attitudes at baseline demonstrated an increased rate of growth in negative expressivity toward their child over time. Maternal race and income were also significantly associated with the linear rate of growth of negative expressivity over time but not in positive expressivity. This suggests that authoritarian attitudes measured when the child is 1 month old continue to impact parent behavior up to 23 months later. This pattern suggests a potential window for effective universal prevention efforts in promoting nurturing parent behavior and promoting positive parent–child relationships. A possible target of prevention intervention could be providing parents with components of a modularized emotion regulation curriculum. The content could help parents to regulate their negative expressivity toward the child and focus on the message they want to convey to the child related to the child’s specific behavior. Full article

Background: Health-promoting lifestyle behaviors established during young adulthood play a crucial role in shaping long-term physical and mental health outcomes, including the risk of chronic disease, psychological well-being, and quality of life. Parenting styles represent an important psychosocial factor that may be associated with health-related behaviors; however, evidence regarding their association with multidimensional health-promoting lifestyles among university students remains limited. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 700 university students. Parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive) were assessed using validated self-report measures. Health-promoting lifestyle behaviors were measured with the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II), including six subscales: Health Responsibility, Physical Activity, Nutrition, Spiritual Growth, Interpersonal Relations, and Stress Management, as well as the overall HPLP II score. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between parenting styles and each HPLP II subscale and the total score. Results: All regression models were statistically significant (p < 0.001), explaining between 5.2% and 13.5% of variance across HPLP II subscales and 11.8% of variance in the total score. Authoritative parenting was significantly positively associated all health-promoting lifestyle domains (β = 0.22–0.33, p < 0.001), including physical activity, interpersonal relations, stress management, and overall health-promoting lifestyle. Permissive parenting was negatively associated with several domains, particularly physical activity, interpersonal relations, stress management, and the total HPLP II score (β = −0.07 to −0.12, p < 0.05). Authoritarian parenting showed weaker and more selective negative associations, most notably with nutrition and stress management. Conclusions: Parenting styles are significantly associated with health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among university students. Authoritative parenting was consistently associated with more favorable health-promoting lifestyle patterns across multiple domains, whereas permissive and authoritarian parenting may be linked to less favorable health behaviors. These findings suggest that perceived parenting styles are associated with health-related behaviors among university students. Full article

Although prior research has typically examined the relationship between parenting styles and left-behind children’s social adaptation using broad categories without identifying directly linked dimensions, the present study employed network analysis to conceptualise both as interconnected dimensional networks. Methods: A total of 2452 children (713 left-behind, 1739 non-left-behind) were included. Results: (1) The results revealed that interpersonal adaptation and learning adaptation were core dimensions in the SA networks of both groups. (2) In the combined PS-SA network for left-behind children, the core dimensions were interpersonal adaptation, learning adaptation, father’s rejection, and mother’s rejection; for non-left-behind children, they were interpersonal adaptation, learning adaptation, mother’s rejection, and mother’s emotional warmth. (3) Network comparisons further indicated that the connections between father’s rejection and interpersonal adaptation, father’s rejection and learning adaptation, and father’s emotional warmth and learning adaptation were stronger in the left-behind group, whereas the connections between mother’s emotional warmth and positive emotional adaptation, and between interpersonal adaptation and learning adaptation, were stronger in the non-left-behind group. Conclusions: these findings visualise and specify how distinct parenting dimensions relate to different facets of social adaptation, offering parents and schools potential targets for adaptation education tailored to left-behind children. Full article

Background: Puberty is a period of visible bodily change, heightened self-consciousness, and increased sensitivity to social evaluation. While prior studies have linked pubertal development to broad psychological outcomes, less attention has been given to adolescents’ social evaluative distress, defined here as discomfort when feeling looked at or talked about by others. Parenting style may also be relevant to this outcome. Methods: Using secondary survey data from 3591 secondary-school students in Shenzhen, China, this study employed Bayesian analysis to examine whether puberty stress, authoritarian parenting, and permissive parenting were associated with adolescents’ social evaluative distress, and whether authoritarian and permissive parenting moderated the association between puberty stress and social evaluative distress. Results: Puberty stress was positively associated with social evaluative distress, and authoritarian parenting was also positively associated with this outcome. Permissive parenting did not show a clear direct association. Neither authoritarian nor permissive parenting showed clear evidence of moderating the association between puberty stress and social evaluative distress. Conclusions: Social evaluative distress during adolescence appears to be associated more clearly with puberty stress and authoritarian parenting as direct correlates than with interaction effects between puberty stress and parenting style. The study extends existing literature by focusing on a narrower, socially focused form of adolescent distress in the Chinese context. Full article

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) commonly emerges during adolescence and disproportionately affects girls. In recent years, problematic social media use (PSMU) has been identified as a potential sociocultural risk factor for eating disorder symptoms; however, the psychosocial pathways linking PSMU to AN symptomatology remain insufficiently understood. This study examined the associations between PSMU and AN symptoms in adolescent girls and explored the roles of perceived parenting style and childhood traumatic experiences as explanatory pathways. Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based survey was conducted with 463 adolescent girls aged 13–18 years in İstanbul, Türkiye. Participants completed validated self-report measures assessing AN symptoms (Eating Attitudes Test–26), problematic social media use (Social Media Disorder Scale), perceived parenting style (Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire), and childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire). Structural equation modeling was used to examine direct and indirect associations between PSMU and AN symptoms, controlling for age, body mass index, and socioeconomic indicators. Indirect effects were tested using bias-corrected bootstrapping. Results: Problematic social media use was directly associated with greater AN symptom severity (β = 0.18, p < 0.001). Significant indirect associations were also observed via perceived parenting style (β = 0.06, 95% CI [0.03, 0.11]) and childhood traumatic experiences (β = 0.07, 95% CI [0.04, 0.12]). Childhood trauma accounted for a larger proportion of the indirect association, while parenting style contributed a smaller but significant pathway. When both pathways were included simultaneously, the direct association between PSMU and AN symptoms remained significant, indicating partial mediation. Model fit indices indicated good overall fit. Conclusions: Problematic social media use is meaningfully associated with anorexia nervosa symptoms among adolescent girls, both directly and through indirect pathways involving parenting context and childhood trauma. Childhood trauma may be interpreted as a variable showing a significant indirect statistical association with both problematic social media use and anorexia nervosa symptoms, rather than a causal determinant within the present design. These findings underscore the importance of integrated, trauma-informed and family-sensitive prevention strategies that address adolescents’ digital environments alongside broader psychosocial vulnerabilities. Full article

Background: High quality pediatric sleep is shaped by multiple factors, including duration, restoration, and continuity. Multiple socio-ecological factors that are typically enforced by caregivers (e.g., bedtime routines) also determine the likelihood of attaining optimal pediatric sleep health. Consistent with the extant sleep literature on pre-pubertal children, this qualitative study targeted caregivers to identify factors influencing children’s sleep quality. Methods: Participants were recruited from Project G-SPACE, a US-based study exploring the influence of greenspace on sleep and mental health among elementary school-aged children. A racial, ethnic, and socio-economically diverse sample of caregivers (n = 21) participated in virtual semi-structured interviews about their perceptions of determinants of child sleep quality and behavior. Template-style thematic analysis was employed to synthesize the interviews. Results: Caregivers report that busy days for their children, especially characterized by high levels of physical activity, facilitate sleep continuity and good sleep quality. Sibling dynamics can be disruptive, resulting in poor sleep quality. To promote sleep health, parents employ rules regarding screentime, food/drink, and bed/wake time schedules, though the latter seems to be more flexible when children are not in school (e.g., weekends). Conclusions: Caregivers demonstrated great variability regarding implementing strategies to enhance their children’s sleep quality, suggesting that parents may be unsure of how to optimize the strategies they employ, which are most effective, or how to manage resistance from their children. Clinicians should discuss how to address these practical challenges with caregivers. Future research investigating the developmentally unique differences in determinants of sleep quality among elementary school-aged children is prudent. Full article

Background/Objectives: Digital parent training (DPT) programs offer scalable solutions for childhood disruptive behaviors but face significant engagement challenges. Although content tailoring may enhance outcomes, its clinical impact remains under-examined. This study aimed to (a) describe the correspondence between program recommendations, parental choices and engagement, and (b) examine how initial decisions are associated with subsequent engagement and therapeutic outcomes. Methods: A secondary analysis of three randomized trials included 151 parents of children (ages 3–7) with disruptive behaviors. Participants were classified as ‘Recommendation-Adherent’ (n = 63) or ‘Beyond-Recommendation’ (n = 88) based on whether initial content selections matched or exceeded program recommendations. Clinical outcomes (child behavior, parenting styles) and objective usage metrics were assessed at baseline and post intervention. Results: Many parents chose to expand the intervention scope beyond clinical recommendations (e.g., 91.5% selected the non-recommended Emotion Regulation module). However, this proactive initial intention did not increase objective engagement; groups did not differ significantly in total usage time, login days, or module completion rates. Although both groups showed comparable improvements in child behavior, intending to adhere to the recommended pathway was associated with significantly greater reductions in permissive parenting (laxness; p = 0.029) after adjusting for baseline differences. Conclusions: The findings highlight a discrepancy between parents’ intent to expand intervention scope and their actual engagement capacity. While the decision to adhere to a tailored pathway was associated with specific improvements in permissive parenting, the observational nature of the study precludes causal claims. Nevertheless, the results suggest that guided tailoring may serve as a protective function against choice overload. Aligning program demands with the practical realities of parental effort could help families focus finite energy on essential clinical targets. Full article

The current study examined how interpersonal coping styles (anxious/expressive, dismissive, and adaptive) within parent and peer domains were associated with depressive symptoms in emerging adults, and whether these associations were moderated by gender. The sample included 352 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university (41% women, 59% men), primarily White/Caucasian (88.9%), with a mean age of 18.91 years (SD = 0.97). Participants completed the Interpersonal Coping Styles Questionnaire and the Brief Symptom Inventory. At the bivariate level, anxious/expressive coping with both parents and peers were associated with higher depressive symptoms, whereas adaptive coping was not significantly related to depressive symptoms. Dismissive coping was associated with depressive symptoms only in the parent domain. In regression analyses, peer-related coping accounted for additional variance in depressive symptoms beyond parent-related coping, whereas the reverse was not observed. Gender moderated several associations. Among men, anxious/expressive coping with peers was positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas adaptive coping with peers was negatively associated. Among women, dismissive coping with peers was associated with higher depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the relevance of relational context and gender in understanding depressive symptoms. Full article

Background/Objectives: Excess consumption of energy-dense foods (EDF; ultra-processed snacks, sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages) among preschool-aged children is a public health concern, particularly in low-income families. Caregiver parenting style, psychological stress, and food-parenting practices (FPP) may shape children’s EDF consumption, yet little is known about how these factors operate in real time. This exploratory pilot study examined (1) associations between baseline characteristics and EDF feeding episodes across 1 week and (2) whether caregivers’ momentary stress during EDF episodes related to FPP used. Methods: In total, 22 caregivers of Head Start children (ages 3–5) completed baseline measures and 7 days of ecological momentary assessment (up to seven prompts/day). At each prompt, caregivers reported child EDF consumption in the past hour; if confirmed, they reported FPP used and rated momentary stress. Aim 1 used Poisson regression to model caregiver-level EDF episode counts. Aim 2 tested momentary stress–practice associations during EDF episodes using GEE, with within-person and between-person stress modeled separately. Results: Authoritarian parenting was associated with a higher weekly rate of EDF episodes (RR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.23–1.66, p < 0.001); authoritative parenting trended lower (RR = 0.90, p = 0.065). Higher baseline stress was associated with more EDF episodes (RR = 1.25, p = 0.001). Momentarily, elevated stress above a caregiver’s own average increased odds of using food as a reward (OR = 1.08 per +10 points, p = 0.011), while higher average momentary stress was associated with co-eating (OR = 1.59, p = 0.042). Domain-level FPP composites showed no association with momentary stress. Conclusions: Authoritarian parenting and higher caregiver stress were associated with increased EDF feeding, and momentary stress was linked to reward-based feeding during those episodes. These hypothesis-generating findings suggest potential behavioral targets for just-in-time adaptive intervention, pending replication in adequately powered studies. Full article

This study examines whether the association between parenting styles and adolescent adjustment reflects universal principles or culturally embedded processes, comparing adolescents from Germany (n = 395) and Spain (n = 331). Grounded in the bidimensional model of parental socialization (warmth × strictness), four styles were identified: authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful. Participants (Mage = 15.6 years) completed measures of parental socialization (ESPA29) and multidimensional self-concept (AF5); academic achievement was obtained from school records; and substance use was self-reported. A cross-sectional design was employed. Multivariate analyses of variance that revealed warmth was positively associated with all self-concept domains and negatively with substance use, whereas strictness showed weak or negative links. Significant Parenting Style × Country interactions emerged for academic self-concept, achievement, and substance use. In the Spanish sample, indulgent parenting exhibited a distinct pattern, particularly with respect to academic self-concept. Among German adolescents, both indulgent and authoritative styles yielded favorable outcomes, with authoritative parenting demonstrating protective effects against substance use. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of the authoritative style may not be uniform across contexts and underscore the importance of cultural factors in defining optimal parenting, supporting a contextualist model of adolescent socialization across European contexts. Full article

This study aims to develop a scale to measure Islamic parenting practices grounded in Hadith and Qur’anic teachings. The Islamic Parenting Style Scale (IPSS) was created using experimentally derived items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Data were collected from 818 parents aged 30 to 65 from both rural and urban districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Exploratory factor analysis examined the scale’s factor structure and validity. The results identified three factors in the IPSS: the Compassionate, Guidance/Supervision, and Cognitive/Reflective domains. The scale also demonstrated strong internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92 and a composite reliability (CR) above 0.07 for all three factors. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor model with good fit indices. Overall, these findings suggest that the Islamic Parenting Style Scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing Islamic parenting styles among parents. This research significantly enhances the understanding of parenting practices rooted in Islamic principles. Full article

The mental health of children/adolescents is closely related to family functioning. However, there are factors that impair family functioning, such as parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and beliefs about physical punishment, which may require intervention by psychology and psychiatry. Given the lack of literature, the main objectives of this research are: to explore the association between parenting styles and the personality traits that constitute the Dark Triad, to analyze the association between beliefs about physical punishment and the personality traits that make up the Dark Triad, and to test the mediating effect of beliefs about physical punishment between the traits of the Dark Triad and parenting styles. The sample consisted of 290 parents of school-age children/adolescents between 7 and 16 years old, consisting of 231 female and 59 male participants. The main results suggest that Machiavellianism and narcissism are positively associated with authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and psychopathy with authoritarian; personality traits are associated with beliefs about physical punishment, and beliefs about physical punishment influence the relationship between the Dark Triad and parenting styles. In short, parental psychopathology seems to have an influence on the way parents educate their children and on their beliefs about physical punishment. Full article

The present study examined how parental attachment and cultural background shape love styles in emerging adulthood. Drawing on attachment theory and cross-cultural perspectives, we investigated whether gender, attachment to mother and father, and nationality (Italian vs. Angolan) predicted the development of love styles in 370 young adults. Participants completed validated measures of parental attachment (IPPA) and love attitudes (LAS). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed a differentiated pattern across love styles. Emotionally detached relational styles (Ludus) were significantly predicted by gender, paternal attachment, and nationality, with higher levels reported by men, those with lower paternal attachment, and Angolan participants. While Storge showed no significant associations, passionate love expression (Eros) was robustly predicted by nationality, with Italian participants reporting higher levels of passion in love. Results suggest that while paternal attachment serves as a critical developmental anchor in preventing Ludus, the cultural macrosystem remains the primary architect of Eros. These findings call for culturally attuned clinical and educational interventions that differentiate between early relational deficits and normative cultural variations in intimacy. Full article