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Search Results (222)

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Keywords = road transport of loads

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16 pages, 6580 KiB  
Article
Integration of Lab Experiments and Simulation for Evaluating Rubberized Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt
by Amr Tarek Noufal, Elbadr Mohamed Osman Elgendi and Tarek Mostafa Morsy
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4058; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124058 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2024
Abstract
Road paving costs have significantly increased in the last decades not only because of the increase in oil price globally, which has in turn increased the prices of bitumen, transportation, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate, but also due to the shortage of these [...] Read more.
Road paving costs have significantly increased in the last decades not only because of the increase in oil price globally, which has in turn increased the prices of bitumen, transportation, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate, but also due to the shortage of these virgin materials. Thus, it is essential to find more sustainable and cost-effective road paving solutions. This research focuses on the combination of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and crumb rubber extracted from end-life tires and new asphalt mixtures to assess the enhancement of asphalt performance and cost minimization. The optimal percentage of RAP mixed with new asphalt including crumb rubber with achieves the highest performance, stability, and durability of pavement, while considering the economic and environmental impacts was investigated. Experimental investigations, including a universal testing machine and the Marshall stability test, were implemented to evaluate different mixing percentages of RAP and the new asphalt including crumb rubber at different bitumen contents. Abaqus software was utilized to simulate a model with the new mixture to determine the stress and deformation characteristics under different loading conditions. The findings of the experimental study from testing more than 150 samples of asphalt with different percentages of mixing illustrated that a balanced mix of 50% RAP with 50% new rubberized asphalt with a 5% bitumen content achieved the optimal balance of stability, flow and density characteristics, which will offer a promising solution for more sustainable and cost-effective road-paving solutions. Full article
20 pages, 965 KiB  
Article
Risks and Challenges of Oversized Transport in the Energy Industry
by Dariusz Masłowski, Małgorzata Dendera-Gruszka, Julia Giera, Ewa Kulińska, Krzysztof Olejnik and Justyna Szumidłowska
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6444; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246444 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2024
Abstract
The transport of oversized loads, such as wind turbine components, represents a key logistical challenge due to specific technical and regulatory requirements. The development of the renewable energy sector, particularly wind energy in Poland, has significantly increased the demand for this type of [...] Read more.
The transport of oversized loads, such as wind turbine components, represents a key logistical challenge due to specific technical and regulatory requirements. The development of the renewable energy sector, particularly wind energy in Poland, has significantly increased the demand for this type of transport. The implementation of wind farm construction projects requires not only advanced technological solutions but also special attention to transport safety and the organization of logistical processes. This study employed the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) risk analysis method, which allows for the identification of potential defects and their causes. Data were collected through surveys, interviews with representatives of transport companies, and field observations. The research sample included 11 companies specializing in oversized transport in Poland and European countries. Based on the gathered information, 15 typical risks associated with the transport of wind turbine components were identified. The most significant risks include the possibility of road accidents and discrepancies between the actual dimensions of the cargo and the transport documentation. The results highlight the need for improvements in route planning, precise verification of cargo parameters, and better management of administrative processes related to obtaining permits. The development of the wind energy sector and dynamic investments in wind farms make the optimization of oversized transport a crucial element in supporting the execution of eco-friendly projects and sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section K: State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies)
28 pages, 5155 KiB  
Article
Selected Aspects of Testing the Strength of Movable Joints of a Prototype Intermodal Platform-Regulations and Practice
by Wieslaw Krason, Grzegorz Slawinski and Daniel Dobrowolski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11956; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411956 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2024
Abstract
A cheap, easy-to-build basic module and multiplatform configurations obtained by connecting basic modules with dimensions corresponding to typical rail containers (10-foot, 20-foot, or larger) can be used to support intermodal rail-road transport of wooden and metal logs, including pipes, products transported on pallets [...] Read more.
A cheap, easy-to-build basic module and multiplatform configurations obtained by connecting basic modules with dimensions corresponding to typical rail containers (10-foot, 20-foot, or larger) can be used to support intermodal rail-road transport of wooden and metal logs, including pipes, products transported on pallets and loose materials. This paper presents assumptions of the hybrid numerical research method and selected aspects of numerical strength tests of platform-containers in the basic 10-foot configuration. Multibody analyses (MBS), the finite element method (FEM), the original methodology, and various class mathematical models of the tested platforms were used appropriately in numerical tests. In the analysis of the results of multi-variant tests with the use of maximum operating loads, special attention was paid to the stress exerted on the joints between the movable components of the intermodal platform. Full article
11 pages, 642 KiB  
Article
The Role of Wood Storage in Reducing Fossil Fuel Consumption in Forestry Operations: A Sustainable Approach
by Antonio Jose Vinha Zanuncio, Vinícius Resende de Castro, Raiana Augusta Grandal Savino Barbosa, Amélia Guimarães Carvalho, Shoraia Germani Winter, Olivia Pereira Lopes, Roberta Barbosa Morais, Dandara Paula Silva Guimarães, Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro, Alvaro Augusto Vieira Soares, Solange de Oliveira Araujo and Jean Alberto Sampietro
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11176; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411176 - 20 Dec 2024
Abstract
Forest operations consume a large amount of fossil fuels. Storing wood in the field reduces the weight of the wood, optimizing transportation and reducing fuel consumption. However, there are few studies linking these variables. The objective was to evaluate the drying of logs [...] Read more.
Forest operations consume a large amount of fossil fuels. Storing wood in the field reduces the weight of the wood, optimizing transportation and reducing fuel consumption. However, there are few studies linking these variables. The objective was to evaluate the drying of logs with different diameters and assess the fossil fuel consumption considering the mass of dry wood transported. Eucalyptus logs were divided into two diameter classes: 6 ≤ D1 ≤ 11 cm and 11.1 ≤ D2 ≤ 14 cm. These logs were arranged in a stack, divided into base, intermediate, and top positions, and subjected to drying. The wood moisture values were correlated with the amount of transported dry wood, fuel consumption, and costs. These calculations were based on a vehicle with a load capacity of 41.6 Mg, a fuel consumption rate of 1.82 L/km, and a road cost of 0.51 R$·Mg−1·km−1. The moisture content was lower in smaller-diameter logs located at the top of the storage stack and higher in larger-diameter logs in the intermediate position and in both diameter classes at the bottom position after 365 days of drying. Storage for 365 days, on average, increased the dry wood transport capacity by 90%, resulting in similar gains in fuel economy and the final cost of transportation. Storing wood outdoors has proven effective in reducing its moisture content, resulting in lower fossil fuel consumption during forestry operations, reducing environmental impact, and generating economic gains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Forestry)
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16 pages, 2367 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations from MV/LV Stations in Small Cities
by Roman Sikora, Łukasz Krajewski, Andrzej Popenda and Ewa Korzeniewska
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6357; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246357 - 17 Dec 2024
Viewed by 308
Abstract
Care about the environment is one of the key issues faced by engineers. Among the solutions conducive for reducing CO2 and NOx emissions from road transport is the introduction of electric cars. At the same time, it requires taking care of [...] Read more.
Care about the environment is one of the key issues faced by engineers. Among the solutions conducive for reducing CO2 and NOx emissions from road transport is the introduction of electric cars. At the same time, it requires taking care of the infrastructure enabling the charging of electric vehicles in large as well small towns. Since December 2021, an amendment to the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels has been forced in Poland. It introduced the obligation to design and construct buildings in a way that allows the installation of charging stations for electric vehicles. The article proposes a technical criterion for selecting a substation to connect an EV charging station. The criterion was based on the maximum apparent power determined from the transformer’s annual load profile. The transformer profiles were developed using data from the advanced metering infrastructure system with which MV/LV substations are equipped. Thirty-eight of the fifty-five stations were selected for analysis due to insufficient measurement data. In addition to the technical criterion, a social and economic criterion was used to select the location of electric vehicle charging stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
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16 pages, 1023 KiB  
Article
Life Cycle Assessment of the Gasoline Supply Chain in Sri Lanka
by Madhurika Geethani and Asela Kulatunga
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 10933; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410933 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 407
Abstract
The Sri Lankan transport sector still depends predominantly on petroleum fuels, mainly diesel and gasoline. Gasoline holds the second highest market share, and with the increasing number of gasoline-fueled vehicles, its proportion in the transport fuel mix is continuously expanding. The main objective [...] Read more.
The Sri Lankan transport sector still depends predominantly on petroleum fuels, mainly diesel and gasoline. Gasoline holds the second highest market share, and with the increasing number of gasoline-fueled vehicles, its proportion in the transport fuel mix is continuously expanding. The main objective of this study is to assess the ecological burden associated with the gasoline supply chain in Sri Lanka by conducting a life cycle assessment from a ‘well-to-tank’ perspective. In the scenario analysis, the environmental impacts of four potential gasoline distribution scenarios were assessed and compared with the existing distribution model. According to the results, the refining process was predominant, contributing more than 50% to climate change, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, and terrestrial and marine ecotoxicities. Meanwhile, crude oil extraction dominates in its contribution to ozone depletion, photochemical oxidant formation, freshwater ecotoxicity, and fossil depletion. The results of the scenario analysis show a remarkable reduction in the environmental load when rail transport is solely used to transfer gasoline from bulk terminals to regional depots. The reduction is over 65% in most impact categories compared to the existing distribution method, which involves a combination of both road and rail transport. This study identifies the key areas that need to be further analyzed to lower the environmental impacts while also establishing a foundation for conducting comparative environmental assessments of alternative fuel options in the Sri Lankan context. Full article
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17 pages, 3559 KiB  
Article
Optimal Scheduling Strategies for EV Charging and Discharging in a Coupled Power–Transportation Network with V2G Scheduling and Dynamic Pricing
by Yunzheng Ran, Honghua Liao, Huijun Liang, Luoping Lu and Jianwei Zhong
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6167; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236167 - 6 Dec 2024
Viewed by 341
Abstract
With the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), the spatial–temporal coupling between the transportation network (TN) and the power distribution network (PDN) has intensified greatly. Large-scale uncoordinated charging of EVs significantly impacts both the PDN and TN. In this paper, an optimal scheduling [...] Read more.
With the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), the spatial–temporal coupling between the transportation network (TN) and the power distribution network (PDN) has intensified greatly. Large-scale uncoordinated charging of EVs significantly impacts both the PDN and TN. In this paper, an optimal scheduling strategy for EV charging and discharging in a coupled power–transportation network (CPTN) with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scheduling and dynamic pricing is proposed. The strategy considers the influence of dynamic transportation road network (DTRN) information on EV driving patterns, as well as the unique vehicle characteristics and mobile energy storage capabilities of EVs. Firstly, a DTRN model is established. Subsequently, the dynamic Dijkstra algorithm is utilized to accurately simulate the EV driving paths and predict the spatial–temporal distribution of the EV charging load. Secondly, optimal scheduling for EV charging and discharging within the CPTN is performed, guided by a V2G model coupled with a multi-time dynamic electricity price (MTDEP) strategy to optimize the grid load curve while accommodating the charging requirements of EVs. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed optimization scheduling model are validated by the IEEE 33-node PDN test system. Full article
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14 pages, 6106 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Validation of Lightweight Carriage Structures Using Basalt Fiber Composites
by Xianglin Wang, Shaoqing Yuan, Wei Sun, Wenfeng Hao, Xufeng Zhang and Zhongjia Yang
Materials 2024, 17(23), 5723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235723 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 465
Abstract
With the growth in road transport volume and increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the use of lightweight dump trucks not only reduces fuel consumption but also enhances transport efficiency, aligning with the principles of green development. It has now become a key focus in [...] Read more.
With the growth in road transport volume and increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the use of lightweight dump trucks not only reduces fuel consumption but also enhances transport efficiency, aligning with the principles of green development. It has now become a key focus in the field of heavy-duty vehicle research. The carriage is located at the rear of the dump truck, connected to the chassis, and serves as the box for carrying cargo, making its strength and durability crucial. As one of the important components of heavy-duty vehicles, the carriage accounts for 15% to 25% of the total vehicle weight, and its weight reduction efficiency is significantly higher than that of other vehicle systems. This paper presents a prefabricated carriage structure based on basalt fiber composite panels combined with a metal frame, achieving the lightweight design of the carriage while meeting the stringent requirements for high load-bearing capacity and strength in heavy-duty vehicles, and significantly improving assembly and production efficiency. Given the complex working environment and diverse loading demands of heavy vehicles, this study incorporates real operating conditions of dump trucks, utilizing theoretical calculations and design analyses to construct finite element models for various scenarios, followed by detailed numerical simulations in ABAQUS (2023). Additionally, a bending–shear test of the side panel was designed and conducted to validate the accuracy of the finite element model, with comparative analysis performed between simulation results and experimental data, effectively assessing the safety and reliability of this lightweight composite carriage structure. The results indicate that the designed carriage not only meets the strength, stiffness, and impact resistance requirements of current heavy-duty carriages but also significantly reduces the carriage weight. This research provides scientific reference and engineering value for the application of composite materials in the lightweight design and structural optimization of dump trucks. Full article
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10 pages, 2485 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of Energy Requirements for Massive Integration of Electric Buses in Ambato City, Ecuador
by Paola Quintana, Angélica Vaca Yánez, Henry Acurio, Sebastián Villacrés and Verónica Guayanlema
Eng. Proc. 2024, 77(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024077012 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 250
Abstract
Ecuador’s Energy Efficiency Law mandates that “as of 2030, all vehicles incorporated into urban public transport services must be electric”. This legal framework sets the stage for the country’s transition to electric mobility. This research examines the energy requirements for transitioning Ambato’s public [...] Read more.
Ecuador’s Energy Efficiency Law mandates that “as of 2030, all vehicles incorporated into urban public transport services must be electric”. This legal framework sets the stage for the country’s transition to electric mobility. This research examines the energy requirements for transitioning Ambato’s public bus fleet to electric vehicles, considering various technical and operational factors. The analysis evaluates the current fleet size, the expected lifespan of buses, daily operational hours, average speed, and the specific characteristics of the city’s public transport routes. Furthermore, this study delves into the technical aspects of energy consumption in electric public transport by calculating the driving force necessary to operate buses across different terrains and routes. Factors such as bus weight, passenger load, road gradient, and acceleration patterns are analyzed to assess their impact on energy consumption and vehicle range. Additionally, this study investigates the potential for regenerative braking and the necessary charging infrastructure, offering a comprehensive assessment of how these systems would function within Ambato. By forecasting future vehicle requirements and projecting growth in urban mobility, this study estimates the total energy demand for a fully electric public bus fleet. The potential for integrating renewable energy sources into the city’s grid is also explored, ensuring that the transition to electric mobility not only decreases reliance on fossil fuels but also supports cleaner energy sources. This research serves as a crucial step in understanding the infrastructure and policy changes required for the successful implementation of electric public transport in Ambato and similar Ecuadorian cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The XXXII Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering)
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19 pages, 2279 KiB  
Article
Factors Affecting Truck Payload in Recycling Operations: Towards Sustainable Solutions
by Irina Harris, Diego Enrique Bermudez Bermejo, Thomas Crowther and James McDonald
Logistics 2024, 8(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics8040118 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 687
Abstract
Background: One of the ongoing challenges in freight transport operations is to balance efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability through the integration of sustainable practices to minimize the environmental impact. When it comes to truck payload and sustainability, the emphasis is on optimizing space, [...] Read more.
Background: One of the ongoing challenges in freight transport operations is to balance efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability through the integration of sustainable practices to minimize the environmental impact. When it comes to truck payload and sustainability, the emphasis is on optimizing space, and minimizing empty miles and the wastage of resources. Ensuring that truck loads meet their targets has many challenges, and our empirical research examines the factors influencing the payloads of recycled fibre across the network in the UK paper industry. Methods: A mixed method approach includes interviews, business process analysis, the identification of opportunity areas, a site visit, simulation, and viability analysis to assess factors as part of the sustainable solution. Results: The research identified aspects related to processes, data availability and fragmentation, consistent procedures, practices, and operational considerations. Refining cage-loading procedures, enhancing baling processes and the visibility of upstream processes, and establishing robust information-sharing mechanisms improve efficiency and support sustainability. Conclusions: The empirical research extends the knowledge related to freight efficiency movements on the road and focuses on practical actions in utilizing recycled fibre’s carrying capacity. Full article
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13 pages, 4202 KiB  
Article
A Study of Heavy Road Freight Transport in Poland in the Context of the Pursuit of Sustainable Road Transport
by Artur Ryguła and Krzysztof Brzozowski
Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9364; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219364 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 703
Abstract
The efficiency of road freight transport determines—to a significant degree—the total environmental footprint and the amount of greenhouse gases and other pollutants released into the atmosphere by inland transport. The rate of empty or partially empty vehicles is one of the key metrics [...] Read more.
The efficiency of road freight transport determines—to a significant degree—the total environmental footprint and the amount of greenhouse gases and other pollutants released into the atmosphere by inland transport. The rate of empty or partially empty vehicles is one of the key metrics for improvement of the environmental performance of freight road transportation. This paper presents the characteristics of road freight transport in Poland on the basis of data collected by weigh-in-motion stations. Data aggregation for environmental analysis represents a novel aspect of the work. Indicators describing the degree of loading, the share of empty vehicles in traffic, and the share of vehicles of maximum permissible total weight in traffic were determined for a representative group of heavy goods vehicles. Based on the representative load factor value (LFA), a classification of the road section into four groups was proposed. The results obtained show a clear differentiation of the values of the indicators analyzed for individual groups and their variability in the three-year period covered by the analysis. The aggregation method presented can be used to identify the nature of the distribution of the weight categories of the heavy goods vehicles and provide input information for targeted analyses relating to sustainable road transport management and environmental protection. Finally, the grouped LFA values were linked with indicators of energy consumption (ECI) and on-road emissions (EI). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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21 pages, 10788 KiB  
Article
Resilient Reinforcement Learning for Voltage Control in an Islanded DC Microgrid Integrating Data-Driven Piezoelectric
by Kouhyar Sheida, Mohammad Seyedi, Muhammad Ali Afridi, Farzad Ferdowsi, Mohammad J. Khattak, Vijaya K. Gopu and Tyson Rupnow
Machines 2024, 12(10), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12100694 - 1 Oct 2024
Viewed by 818
Abstract
This research study presents a resilient control scheme for an islanded DC microgrid (DC MG) integrating solar photovoltaic (PV), battery storage (BESS), and piezoelectric (PE) energy harvesting modules. The microgrid (MG) case study represents an energy hub designed to provide electricity for lighting [...] Read more.
This research study presents a resilient control scheme for an islanded DC microgrid (DC MG) integrating solar photovoltaic (PV), battery storage (BESS), and piezoelectric (PE) energy harvesting modules. The microgrid (MG) case study represents an energy hub designed to provide electricity for lighting systems in transportation, roads, and other infrastructure. To enhance practicality, the PE is modeled using the real data captured from a traffic simulator. The proposed reinforcement learning (RL) method was tested against four severe and unexpected failure scenarios, including short circuit at the load side, sudden and severe change of load, open circuit, and converter failure. The performance of the controller was quantitatively compared with a conventional PI controller. The results show marginal improvement in one scenario and significant improvement in the other three, suggesting that the proposed scheme is a robust candidate for microgrids with high levels of uncertainty, such as those involving solar and PE harvesters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Piezoelectric Devices and Materials)
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18 pages, 5457 KiB  
Article
Mapping PM2.5 Sources and Emission Management Options for Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
by Sarath K. Guttikunda, Vasil B. Zlatev, Sai Krishna Dammalapati and Kirtan C. Sahoo
Air 2024, 2(4), 362-379; https://doi.org/10.3390/air2040021 - 1 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1019
Abstract
Harsh winters, aging infrastructure, and the demand for modern amenities are major factors contributing to the deteriorating air quality in Bishkek. The city meets its winter heating energy needs through coal combustion at the central heating plant, heat-only boilers, and in situ heating [...] Read more.
Harsh winters, aging infrastructure, and the demand for modern amenities are major factors contributing to the deteriorating air quality in Bishkek. The city meets its winter heating energy needs through coal combustion at the central heating plant, heat-only boilers, and in situ heating equipment, while diesel and petrol fuel its transportation. Additional pollution sources include 30 km2 of industrial area, 16 large open combustion brick kilns, a vehicle fleet with an average age of more than 10 years, 7.5 km2 of quarries, and a landfill. The annual PM2.5 emission load for the airshed is approximately 5500 tons, resulting in an annual average concentration of 48 μg/m3. Wintertime daily averages range from 200 to 300 μg/m3. The meteorological and pollution modeling was conducted using a WRF–CAMx system to evaluate PM2.5 source contributions and to support scenario analysis. Proposed emissions management policies include shifting to clean fuels like gas and electricity for heating, restricting secondhand vehicle imports while promoting newer standard vehicles, enhancing public transport with newer buses, doubling waste collection efficiency, improving landfill management, encouraging greening, and maintaining road infrastructure to control dust emissions. Implementing these measures is expected to reduce PM2.5 levels by 50–70% in the mid- to long-term. A comprehensive plan for Bishkek should expand the ambient monitoring network with reference-grade and low-cost sensors to track air quality management progress and enhance public awareness. Full article
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20 pages, 9023 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Energy Efficiency and Battery Supervision in Electric Bus Integration for Improved Urban Transport Sustainability
by Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke, Gábor Saly and István Lakatos
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8182; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188182 - 19 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1721
Abstract
Addressing the critical challenge of reducing local emissions through the electrification of urban public transport, this research specifically focuses on integrating electric buses. The primary objectives are to evaluate energy efficiency and ensure battery cell supervision. Introducing electric buses plays a significant role [...] Read more.
Addressing the critical challenge of reducing local emissions through the electrification of urban public transport, this research specifically focuses on integrating electric buses. The primary objectives are to evaluate energy efficiency and ensure battery cell supervision. Introducing electric buses plays a significant role in reducing emissions, contributing to more sustainable urban transport systems. However, this transition introduces a set of new challenges, including the complexities of electric charging logistics, the establishment of new consumption standards, and the intricate relationships between distance traveled, ambient temperature, passenger load, and battery health. Methodologically, this study collects and examines factors impacting energy consumption, including external temperatures, bus conditions, road conditions, and driver behavior. By analyzing these variables, a baseline for actual consumption can be established, allowing for the calculation of an energy balance to identify energy inefficiencies. This enables the optimization of route planning, the strategic selection of stops, and the efficient scheduling of charging times, along with ensuring the proper scaling of the bus battery system. This study found that energy consumption peaked at 116.73 kWh/100 km in the lowest temperature range of −5 °C to 0 °C. Consumption decreased significantly with rising temperatures, dropping by 25 kWh between 5 °C and 10 °C and by an additional 10 kWh between 10 °C and 15 °C. Beyond 20 °C, variations were more influenced by route and driving style than by temperature. Route and driver variability significantly influenced energy consumption, with up to threefold differences across routes due to factors such as road type and traffic volume. Additionally, there was a 31.85% difference between the most and least efficient drivers, highlighting the critical impact of driving style. Furthermore, this study explores the assessment of battery systems through cell-level diagnostics to detect potential faults. Considering that buses are equipped with significantly more batteries than typical electric vehicles, detecting and localizing faults at the cell level is crucial to avoid the substantial costs and environmental impact associated with replacing large battery systems. Utilizing the results of this research and the applied examination methods, it is possible to enhance energy efficiency and extend battery life, thereby contributing to the development of more sustainable and cost-effective urban transport solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage and Sustainable Power Supply)
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23 pages, 2564 KiB  
Article
An Approach of Integration of Contextual Data in E-Service System for Management of Multimodal Cargo Transportation
by Dalė Dzemydienė, Aurelija Burinskienė and Kristina Čižiūnienė
Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 7893; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187893 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 803
Abstract
Our research area concerns the development of an intelligent e-service system to help manage multimodal transportation processes. To better respond to the requirements of sustainable development, we encourage the development of multimodal cargo transportation. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the dissemination [...] Read more.
Our research area concerns the development of an intelligent e-service system to help manage multimodal transportation processes. To better respond to the requirements of sustainable development, we encourage the development of multimodal cargo transportation. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the dissemination and management of information in multimodal transportation requires more accurate information transmission and implementation for better coordination of these processes with the interaction of all process participants. Also, contextual data integration into the e-service provision processes is important for more adequate real cargo transportation management. The transition to multimodal freight transport and the increase in its activity directly impact the sustainable development of this sector as transport flows are removed from ground roads and distributed more evenly to load more railways and sea vessels. This research aims to develop an approach to developing the infrastructure of an e-service system with the ability to integrate contextual data and influence the management of multimodal transportation. The methodological approach is based on methods of conceptual representation of information and methods for recognizing the flow of needful information during multimodal freight transportation according to adaptable management processes. The e-service provision system creates benefits for cargo drivers and delivery managers with more accurate information implementation and more adequate coordination of processes under real conditions by helping them make the right decisions. Full article
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