Search Results (1,193)

This paper introduces cognitive adaptivity as a novel framework for addressing human factors in cybersecurity during the Industry 5.0–6.0 transition, with a focus on hard-to-abate industries where digital transformation intersects sustainability constraints. While the integration of IoT, automation, digital twins, and artificial intelligence expands industrial efficiency, it simultaneously exposes organizations to increasingly sophisticated social engineering and AI-powered attack vectors. Traditional resilience-based models, centered on recovery to baseline, prove insufficient in these dynamic socio-technical ecosystems. We propose cognitive adaptivity as an advancement beyond resilience and antifragility, defined by three interrelated dimensions: learning, anticipation, and human–AI co-evolution. Through an in-depth case study of the ceramic value chain, this research develops a conceptual model demonstrating how organizations can embed trust calibration, behavioral evolution, sustainability integration, and systemic antifragility into their cybersecurity strategies. The findings highlight that effective protection in Industry 6.0 environments requires continuous behavioral adaptation and collaborative intelligence rather than static controls. This study contributes to cybersecurity literature by positioning cognitive adaptivity as a socio-technical capability that redefines the human–AI interface in industrial security. Practically, it shows how organizations in hard-to-abate sectors can align cybersecurity governance with sustainability imperatives and regulatory frameworks such as the CSRD, turning security from a compliance burden into a strategic enabler of resilience, competitiveness, and responsible digital transformation. Full article

Lump sum compensatory damages awarded through court adjudication are regarded as the proper result of tort personal injury litigation delivering corrective justice to worthy plaintiffs and delivering public statements of moral blameworthiness. In this article, we show that the problem of premature dissipation of lump sum compensation is a problem of ‘private’ tort law and also of the public aspect of private tort law. We argue that the theoretical account that corrective justice for personal injury occurs by the delivery of lump sum damages is heavily compromised by how rarely plaintiffs are likely to receive what might be considered a full measure of damages compared to the wrong and harm suffered. In addition, the reality that those ‘reduced’ damages are delivered via confidential settlement diminishes the public aspects of tort law. We show that the premature dissipation of lump sum damages by injured plaintiffs is a wicked problem caused by many intersecting factors including aspects of tort law (common law and statutory); institutional factors; the impact of early settlement of claims; treatment of legal costs; the interaction between tort law and other systems such as social security; and factors personal to plaintiffs. Full article

Armed conflicts continue to severely impact human populations and essential infrastructure, particularly water supply systems. This study examines the Yechilla area, a high-intensity battle corridor during the Tigray (between 12°15′26″ 14°57′49″ N latitude; and 36°20′57″–39°58′54″ E longitude) war (2020–2022). Using Cochran’s formula, a representative sample of 89 water schemes was selected for onsite assessment. Additional data on damages to water offices, personnel, equipment, and related infrastructure were gathered through face-to-face interviews with local officials and water professionals, onsite visits, and reviews of governmental and non-governmental archives, and previous studies. The findings reveal that 48.3% of water schemes in the study area are non-functional (does not deliver water), which is a significant increase from pre-war non-functionality rates of approximately 7.1% regionally and 21.1% nationally. Despite the Pretoria peace agreement, non-functionality levels remain critically high two years after conflict. Damage includes partial impairments, lack of technical and spare part support, complete destruction, and looting of water scheme components. The widespread destruction of civilian water infrastructure during the Tigray conflict underscores the insufficiency of existing international legal frameworks, such as the International Humanitarian Law and International Water Law, which are inadequately protecting civilians and their property. Understanding the broader consequences of armed conflicts requires examining the indirect effects and the complex interactions within and between social, economic, and environmental systems. These interconnected impacts are essential to fully grasp how conflict affects livelihoods and human security on a wider scale. Full article

Evaluating and enhancing system resilience is essential to strengthen the regional ability to external shocks and promote the synergistic development of environment, economy and society. Taking the Upper Yellow River (UYR) as an example, this paper constructed a resilience evaluation index system for the environment—economy—society (EES) composite system. A three-dimensional space vector model was built to calculate the resilience development index (RDI) of three subsystems and the composite system from 2009 to 2022. Pathways supporting high resilience levels of the composite system were examined using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method from a configuration perspective. The results revealed that (1) the RDI of three subsystems and the composite system in the UYR showed an increasing trend; relatively, the environment and economy subsystems were lower, and their RDI fluctuated between 0.01 and 0.06 for most cities. (2) The emergence of high resilience is not absolutely dominated by a single factor, but rather the interaction of multiple factors. To achieve high resilience levels, all the cities must prioritize both environmental protection and economic structure as core strategic pillars. The difference is that eastern cities need to further consider social development and life quality, while western cities need to consider social development, life quality, and social security. Other cities including Lanzhou, Baiyin, Tianshui, and Ordos should focus on social construction and social security. Exploring the interactive relationship between various influencing factors of the resilience of the composite system from a configuration perspective has to some extent promoted the transformation from a single contingency perspective to a holistic and multi-dimensional perspective. These findings provide policy recommendations for achieving sustainable development in the UYR and other ecologically fragile areas around the world. Full article

This study investigates the paradoxical water security challenges in western Chilean Patagonia, where the regional abundance of water resources masks significant vulnerabilities of drinking water systems. We conducted an integrated socio-hydrological analysis over rural (APR) and urban (APU) drinking water systems, which provide water to approximately 846,000 people. We georeferenced 343 drinking water intake points, from which 51.6% are sourced from groundwater, and 45.8% from surface waters (2.6% other sources). An eco-hydrological characterization was conducted on the 147 watersheds supplying water to the surface intake points. Watersheds were characterized by their main hydrological, morphological, and land cover features, as well as by their level of anthropization (AI) and water stress index (WSI). Social dimensions were captured through structured interviews with 117 APR directorate leaders regarding their perceptions of infrastructure, governance, climate change, and local water management challenges. Our findings suggest that water availability in Patagonia creates a mirage of water security. AI and WSI indicate high variability in the status of water sources, with 25% of watersheds showing high levels of anthropization and 33% with medium to high levels of water stress, making it relevant to explore the results through a combination of hydroclimatic, longitudinal, and latitudinal gradients. A novel analysis linking WSI and AI to governance perceptions was conducted, finding significant inverse correlations between WSI and both technical capacity and users’ participation. Despite the region’s evident abundance of water resources, rural communities consistently express concerns regarding supply sustainability, infrastructure deficiencies, insufficient technical support, and climate change risks to current and future water availability, all of which constrain water security in Chilean Patagonia. Full article

Phishing remains a persistent and evolving cyber threat, constantly adapting its tactics to bypass traditional security measures. The advent of Machine Learning (ML) and Neural Networks (NN) has significantly enhanced the capabilities of automated phishing detection systems. This comprehensive review systematically examines the landscape of ML- and NN-based approaches for identifying and mitigating phishing attacks. Our analysis, based on a rigorous search methodology, focuses on articles published between 2017 and 2024 across relevant subject areas in computer science and mathematics. We categorize existing research by phishing delivery channels, including websites, electronic mail, social networking, and malware. Furthermore, we delve into the specific machine learning models and techniques employed, such as various algorithms, classification and ensemble methods, neural network architectures (including deep learning), and feature engineering strategies. This review provides insights into the prevailing research trends, identifies key challenges, and highlights promising future directions in the application of machine learning and neural networks for robust phishing detection. Full article

Background/Objectives: As global aging accelerates, there is a pressing and empirically substantiated demand for integrated and sustainable strategies, as evidenced by the rising prevalence rates of chronic conditions, social isolation, and digital exclusion among older adults worldwide. These factors underscore the urgent need for multidimensional interventions that simultaneously target physical, psychological, and social well-being. The HOPE-FIT (Hybrid Outreach Program for Exercise and Follow-up Integrated Training) model and the SAGE (Senior Active Guided Exercise) program were designed to address this need through a hybrid framework. These programs foster inclusive aging by explicitly bridging digitally underserved groups and mobility-restricted populations into mainstream health promotion systems through tailored exercise, psychosocial support, and smart-home technologies, thereby functioning as a scalable meta-model across healthcare, community, and policy domains. Methods: HOPE-FIT was developed through a formative, multi-phase process grounded in the RE-AIM framework and a Hybrid Type II effectiveness–implementation design. The program combines professional health coaching, home-based and digital exercise routines, Acceptance and Commitment Performance Training (ACPT)-based psychological strategies, and smart-home monitoring technologies. Empirical data from pilot studies, large-scale surveys (N = 1000), and in-depth user evaluations were incorporated to strengthen validity and contextual adaptation. Culturally tailored content and participatory feedback from older adults further informed ecological validity and program refinement. Implementation Strategy/Framework: The theoretical foundation integrates implementation science with behavioral and digital health. The RE-AIM framework guided reach, fidelity, and maintenance planning, while the Hybrid E–I design enabled the concurrent evaluation of effectiveness outcomes and contextual implementation strategies. Institutional partnerships with community centers, public health organizations, and welfare agencies further facilitated the translation of the model into real-world aging contexts. Dissemination Plan: The multi-pronged dissemination strategy includes international symposia, interdisciplinary academic networks, policy briefs, localized community deployment, and secure, authenticated data sharing for reproducibility. This design facilitates evidence-informed policy, empowers practitioners, and advances digital health equity. Ultimately, HOPE-FIT constitutes a scalable and inclusive model that concretely addresses health disparities and promotes active, dignified aging across systems and disciplines. Full article

Conservation agriculture (CA) is widely recognized as the cornerstone of sustainable agriculture. It prioritizes minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining permanent soil cover, and diversifying crop species to restore soil health and ecosystem resilience. This review synthesizes the effects of CA on the soil’s physical–chemical and biological properties. It demonstrates its effectiveness in improving soil structure, enhancing organic carbon sequestration, promoting microbial activity, increasing water-use efficiency, and reducing erosion and nutrient losses. The paper then highlights the broad environmental, economic, and social benefits of CA. These include biodiversity conservation, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved yields, and increased food system resilience. The review explores the synergistic role of technological innovations such as precision agriculture, remote sensing, and digital tools in scaling CA for higher productivity and sustainability. The review then examines how socioeconomic conditions, institutional frameworks, and policy interventions shape CA adoption and impact. Despite its growing adoption, CA’s successful implementation will require strategies adapted for local needs, capacity-building, and supportive, inclusive policies. Finally, the review identifies key CA research gaps and future directions. This provides a comprehensive foundation to advance CA as a climate-smart, resilient, and sustainable pathway to ensure global food security and environmental stewardship. Full article

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a static, non-progressive brain pathology that affects mobility and musculoskeletal health. Objective: This review aims to describe the pediatric orthopedic management strategy at one specialty center with focus on optimal lifelong mobility function for ambulatory CP. Methods: Beginning in the 1990s, a protocol was developed to proactively monitor children with surgical or conservative interventions. After three decades, we undertook a prospective institutional review, board-approved 25–45-year-old adults callback study. Inclusion criteria were all children treated through childhood who could be located and were willing to return for a full evaluation. Results: Pediatric orthopedic interventions focused on regular surveillance with proactive treatment of progressive deformities. When function was impacted, we utilized multi-level orthopedic surgery guided by instrumented gait analysis. Childhood outcomes of this approach were evaluated through retrospective studies. Results show high correction rates were achieved for planovalgus foot deformity, knee flexion contracture, torsional malalignments, and stiff-knee gait. Our prospective adult callback study evaluated 136 adults with CP, gross motor function classification system levels I (21%), II (51%), III (22%), and IV (7%), with average ages of 16 ± 3 years (adolescent visit) compared with 29 ± 3 years (adult visit). Adults in the study had an average of 2.5 multi-level orthopedic surgery events and 10.4 surgical procedures. Compared with adults without disability, daily walking ability was lower in adults with CP. Adults with CP had limitations in physical function but no increased depression. A higher frequency of chronic pain compared with normal adults was present, but pain interference in daily life was not different. Adults demonstrated similar levels of education but higher rates of unemployment, caregiver needs, and utilization of Social Security disability insurance. Conclusions: The experience from our center suggests that consistent, proactive musculoskeletal management at regular intervals during childhood and adolescence may help maintain in gait and mobility function from adolescence to young adulthood in individuals with CP. Full article

Technological advancements are reshaping New Mobility Services (NMS) by enhancing trip planning, booking, and payment processes, while also improving fleet management, infrastructure utilization, and data-driven decision-making. Despite these developments, challenges persist in integrating technologies into cohesive and interoperable mobility systems. This study draws insights from 163 stakeholders across the NMS ecosystem to examine both the opportunities and barriers associated with the effective integration of technology into NMS, particularly within urban and metropolitan contexts. Using statistical methods, these responses were analyzed across eight stakeholder groups to determine whether their views converge or diverge. Findings reveal a broad consensus on the technologies expected to have the greatest impact, as well as on the main challenges of integrating these technologies into NMS. Divergences arise in the perceived influence on specific mobility attributes, such as environmental sustainability, security, safety, equity, and social inclusion, and in the services considered most likely to benefit. Notably, investors express a more optimistic view across nearly all technologies, prioritizing shared vehicle services and anticipating the strongest impacts in environmental sustainability. The rest of the stakeholder groups emphasize the potential of technology to enhance modal integration and identify Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as the NMS with the greatest expected benefits. These insights help identify strategic priorities and redirect efforts toward promoting investment in technologies with the highest potential to deliver transformative benefits across the NMS ecosystem. Full article

This paper defines the term “graffiti” and outlines the origins of this concept. The terminological arrangement allowed for the subject of this research, i.e., illegal graffiti, to be situated in reality, i.e., an urban space. It was assumed that the existence of the tag was associated with a disturbance of spatial order and had an impact on safety in a space. This, in turn, is related to whether the principles of sustainable development in the social dimension are applied. This paper makes reference to theories of security in a space (the “broken windows” theory and the strategy of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, CPTED) and shows the problem of illegal graffiti against the background of these theories. A new research aspect of the occurrence of illegal graffiti (scribbles and tags) within urban space is the features that determine its emergence in a spatial dimension. The aim of the analyses in this paper is to obtain information on which geospatial features are generators of illegal graffiti. The research field was limited to the space of one city—Olsztyn—with the assumption that the proposed research methodology would be useful for the spaces of other cities. The research methodology consists of several steps: firstly, we determined a list of features in the surroundings of illegal graffiti using direct interviews, and secondly, we analyzed the frequency of occurrence of these features in the researched locations in space. The next step was to standardize the obtained results using the quotient transformation method with respect to a reference point, where the reference point is the sum of all observations. After that, we assigned ranks for standardized results. The last stage involved an analysis using the GRA type of grey systems to obtain a sequence of strengths of relationships. This sequence allowed us to determine which of the features adopted for analysis have the greatest impact on the creation of illegal graffiti in a space. As indicated by the strength of the relationship, in the analyses conducted, geospatial features such as poor sidewalk condition and neglected greenery have the greatest impact on the occurrence of illegal graffiti. Other features that influence the occurrence of illegal graffiti in a given space include a lack of visibility from neighboring windows and the proximity of a two-way street. It can be assumed that these features are generators of illegal graffiti in the studied area and space. The poor condition of the facade has the least impact on the possibility of illegal graffiti occurring in a given space. Full article

Assessing energy security in the context of sustainable development, as well as the current geopolitical climate, is a highly important, timely, and complex challenge. Addressing this issue, this paper introduces a new multi-barrier methodological approach to evaluation based on the Multi-Barrier Energy Security System (MBEES) model. This model incorporates five barriers (dimensions) influencing energy security. The MBEES model, along with the developed methodology, was applied to assess the energy security of the EU-27 countries for the period of 2014–2023, in line with EU policy objectives such as Fit for 55 and the Green Deal. The Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation and Entropy methods, combined with the Laplace criterion, were employed to determine the weights of the model’s sub-indicators. This multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach enabled a synthetic overall evaluation of both the general energy security status of the EU-27 countries and the performance of each barrier examined. The study also identified the weakest elements (barriers) within national energy systems that could potentially threaten their stability and resilience. This identification is essential for effective energy risk management and for enhancing the resilience of energy systems against disruptions. Due to its broad scope—covering availability, self-sufficiency, diversification, energy efficiency, energy costs, as well as environmental and social aspects—the study delivered a comprehensive evaluation of energy security in the EU-27 during the examined period. The findings reveal significant spatial and temporal variations in energy security levels among the EU-27 countries. Scandinavian and Western European nations achieved the highest scores, whereas Central, Eastern, and Southern European countries showed lower MBEES index values, reflecting persistent structural, social, and environmental vulnerabilities. The results hold strong potential for practical application, offering guidance for EU policymakers in aligning national strategies with overarching policy frameworks such as REPowerEU and the European Green Deal. Full article

Blockchain is described as a technology of trust. Its design relies on cryptography, decentralization, and immutability to ensure secure and transparent transactions. Yet users frequently report confusion, frustration, and skepticism when engaging with blockchain applications. This tension is the blockchain trust paradox: while trust is engineered into the technology, trust is not always experienced by its users. Our article examines the paradox through three theoretical perspectives. Socio-Technical Systems (STS) theory highlights how trust emerges from the interaction between technical features and social practices; Technology Acceptance models (TAM and UTAUT) emphasize how perceived usefulness and ease of use shape adoption. Ostrom’s commons governance theory explains how legitimacy and accountability affect trust in decentralized networks. Drawing on recent research in experience design, human–computer interaction, and decentralized governance, the article identifies the barriers that undermine user confidence. These include complex key management, unpredictable transaction costs, and unclear processes for decision-making and dispute resolution. The article offers an integrated framework that links engineered trust with experienced trust. Seven propositions are developed to guide future research and practice. The conclusion argues that blockchain technologies will gain traction if design and governance evolve alongside technical protocols to create systems that are both technically secure and trustworthy in experience. Full article

Background: Italy’s forensic psychiatric system has undergone major reforms over recent decades, shifting from custodial institutions to a right-based, community-oriented model. While internationally praised for its commitment to dignity, recovery, and social reintegration, this framework presupposes a degree of clinical recoverability that is not always achievable. Individuals with chronic, treatment-resistant disorders—particularly those who remain socially dangerous—pose complex challenges that strain the system. Methods: We report a thirty-year longitudinal case of G.D.M.: a man initially diagnosed with schizophrenia and later with chronic delusional disorder. Clinical data, forensic assessments, institutional records, and community-based rehabilitation reports were reviewed to reconstruct his clinical, criminological, and forensic trajectory. Results: The patient committed a femicide in early adulthood and, decades later, engaged in stalking behavior toward the victim’s family. Despite prolonged institutionalization, pharmacological treatment, multiple forensic evaluations, and rehabilitation programs, his psychopathology remained substantially unchanged. He persisted with fixed delusional ideation, exhibited minimal insight, and maintained a high level of social dangerousness. Conclusions: This case exemplifies structural gaps in Italy’s forensic psychiatric system, particularly the absence of stratified security levels, long-stay therapeutic facilities, and post-custodial continuity of care for individuals who do not recover. It also highlights the increasing burden placed on the Dipartimenti di Salute Mentale (DSM, Italian Mental Health Departments), which must manage both general psychiatric and high-complexity forensic cases, often without adequate resources or training. Targeted reforms—including secure long-term care pathways, systematic outcome monitoring, and clearer forensic mandates—are needed to ensure proportionate, ethical, and effective management of such cases. Full article

The China–Russia northeast–far east transboundary region is ecologically complex and economically promising, but fragmented cross-border management poses challenges to ecological security and regional sustainable development. To scientifically reveal functional differentiation and support bilateral cooperation, this study established a comprehensive evaluation system comprising 21 indicators across five categories: natural, ecological, economic, social, and resource. Using the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm at the grid scale, eight initial clusters with distinct eco-economic characteristics across administrative boundaries were identified. Based on these results, spatial patterns were refined using expert knowledge from both China and Russia, ultimately delineating ten core eco-economic functional zones. The study finds that (1) the results of the eco-economic zoning scheme reveal clear spatial functional differentiation, with the northern part of the region focusing on ecological conservation and resource development, and the southern part on agricultural and forestry production as well as port trade; and (2) China and Russia show significant differences in natural resource endowments, infrastructure levels, and population distribution, indicating strong potential for functional complementarity and coordinated development. Further, this study breaks through traditional administrative-unit-based zoning approaches and proposes a grid-scale eco-economic zoning scheme across administrative boundaries, providing spatial support for ecological protection, resource development, and regional governance in the border areas between China and Russia. The findings may also serve as a methodological reference and practical demonstration for eco-economic zoning scheme and coordinated management in other complex transboundary regions around the world. Full article