Search Results (2,046)

Background/Objectives: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of hip pain and functional limitation in young and active patients. Conventional hip arthroscopy commonly requires traction and central-compartment access, which may contribute to traction-related neuropraxia and access-related chondrolabral injury. This study evaluated clinical outcomes after traction-free only peripheral hip arthroscopy (OPHA) for cam-type FAI with associated labral pathology. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included consecutive patients who underwent OPHA between November 2016 and May 2022 and had complete paired preoperative and postoperative outcome data. Outcomes included the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, Hip Outcome Score activities of daily living subscale (HOS-ADL), Hip Outcome Score sport subscale (HOS-Sport), International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12), and Tegner activity score. Labral status was categorized as intact, repaired, or debrided. Paired outcomes were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Sixty-six patients were included (mean age, 38.9 ± 10.8 years; 34 female). The mean postoperative follow-up was 5.7 years (range, 3.7–9.2 years). Labral status was intact in 32 patients, repaired in 23, and debrided in 11. Secondary intervention occurred in eight patients. In the overall cohort, VAS improved from 7.0 ± 0.6 to 3.2 ± 2.5 (p < 0.001), HOS-ADL from 59.1 ± 1.9 to 79.2 ± 17.5 (p < 0.001), HOS-Sport from 45.1 ± 2.1 to 67.6 ± 21.3 (p < 0.001), and iHOT-12 from 48.3 ± 1.8 to 72.2 ± 19.4 (p < 0.001). The Tegner activity score decreased from 5.2 ± 0.7 to 4.3 ± 1.4 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Traction-free OPHA was associated with improvements in pain and hip-specific functional outcomes in selected patients with cam-type FAI and allowed individualized labral management without routine central-compartment distraction. The retrospective design and retrospective reconstruction of baseline PROMs in a subset of patients should be considered when interpreting the magnitude of the observed improvement. Full article

Background: Recent evidence has suggested that patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) revision surgery tend to have a larger differential posterior tibial slope compared to healthy individuals. The impact of differential slope on patient reported clinical outcomes following revision ACL surgery remains unclear. Methods: Patients undergoing revision ACL surgery between 2019 and 2024 in our institution were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was the change in subscales of the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) from preoperative to at least 1 year postoperative. Medial and lateral posterior tibial slopes were measured independently by four assessors on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The correlation between change in KOOS and the mean differential posterior tibial slope (dPTS) was calculated by using Pearson’s correlation statistic. Results: Data from 31 revision ACL cases were analysed. There were statistically significant postoperative improvements in all five KOOS domains (Symptoms p = 0.036, Pain p = 0.004, Daily Living p = 0.002, Sport and Recreation p < 0.001, Quality of Life p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between mean differential slope and change in KOOS Symptoms (p = 0.007), Pain (p < 0.001), Sport and Recreation (p = 0.034), and Quality of Life (p = 0.010), but not with Daily Living (p = 0.070). Conclusions: In patients undergoing ACL revision reconstruction, greater differential posterior tibial slope is associated with poorer patient-reported outcomes. MRI-based assessment of dPTS demonstrated moderate single-rater and good average-rater interobserver reliability, potentially aiding in preoperative risk stratification and patient management. Full article

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) were historically viewed as a barrier to vigorous or competitive sport participation, based on theoretical concerns about arrhythmia induction, inappropriate shocks, device damage, and shock-related injury during activity. Contemporary registry data have reframed this paradigm, demonstrating that selected athletes with ICDs can participate in organized sport without the catastrophic outcomes once feared, although these data remain reassuring rather than definitive given selection bias and underrepresentation of high-consequence sports. This review synthesizes contemporary athlete-specific registry data and broader randomized device and programming evidence, alongside current guideline recommendations, to provide a practical framework for the care of athletes with ICDs, addressing indications, which should remain diagnosis-driven rather than sport-driven; device selection, weighing transvenous, subcutaneous, and extravascular platforms against an athlete’s pacing needs, anatomy, and sport-specific trauma risk; and exercise-informed device programming. We then present a longitudinal framework integrating clinical readiness, device readiness, sport-specific risk, emergency preparedness, shared decision-making, and reassessment after clinical or sporting changes. Special populations and priorities for future research are also discussed. Rather than a binary clearance decision, modern management of athletes with ICDs requires an individualized, longitudinally reassessed approach to risk. Full article

Background/Objectives: Elastic resistance bands are widely used in rehabilitation, injury prevention, and athletic conditioning because they are portable, inexpensive, and adaptable to multiple movement planes. However, their mechanical behavior and training dose are often insufficiently characterized. This structured narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the neuromuscular mechanisms, prescription principles, and functional applications of elastic resistance bands in sports medicine and rehabilitation. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were searched from inception to 31 May 2026. Peer-reviewed human studies and reviews were included when they addressed mechanical, neuromuscular, biomechanical, prescriptive, rehabilitative, injury-prevention, or performance-related aspects of elastic resistance exercise. Evidence was synthesized narratively to link mechanical configuration, neuromuscular responses, exercise prescription, and functional outcomes. Results: Elastic bands provide an ascending, position- and configuration-dependent resistance profile determined by band properties and exercise configuration. When effort and exercise configuration are controlled, elastic resistance can elicit muscle activation and strength adaptations comparable to conventional resistance, while supporting improvements in balance, functional capacity, power, sprint performance, change-of-direction ability, and selected sport-specific outcomes. Its directional versatility and capacity for gradual load adjustment support applications from early rehabilitation to return-to-sport and performance training. Nevertheless, prescription based on band color alone is inadequate, and inconsistent reporting limits reproducibility and study comparisons. Conclusions: Elastic resistance is a scalable and clinically relevant loading modality rather than an inherently low-load alternative. Evidence is more established for improvements in muscular strength and functional performance than for direct reductions in injury incidence or successful return-to-sport outcomes. Its effectiveness depends on explicit load quantification, individualized progression, appropriate exercise configuration, and transparent reporting of intervention parameters. Full article

Background: Angling-related injuries include acute trauma and chronic overuse conditions, but detailed clinical descriptions of different injury mechanisms remain limited. This retrospective case series presents four clinically distinct injuries associated with recreational and sport angling. Methods: Four purposively selected patients were recruited between 6 November 2025 and 30 April 2026 through questionnaires, angling forums, events, and regional angling associations. All provided written informed consent and sufficient medical documentation. Clinical data were obtained from participant-provided medical documentation, imaging reports, and interviews, with follow-up varying according to the clinical course. Results: Cases included high-velocity open-globe ocular trauma, a penetrating palmar injury caused by a baiting needle, a penetrating finger injury caused by a large barbed double hook, and rotator-cuff tendinopathy with lateral epicondylitis in the context of high angling exposure. Management included surgery, antimicrobial treatment, rehabilitation, and load modification. Outcomes ranged from substantial visual recovery to persistent scar-related hand limitation and improvement in overuse symptoms. Conclusions: These cases illustrate projectile, penetrating, and repetitive-load injury mechanisms associated with angling and support clinical awareness, careful assessment of equipment-related trauma, and activity modification and rehabilitation in overuse conditions. Preventive measures discussed should be regarded as clinical considerations and hypotheses for further study rather than interventions of established effectiveness. Full article

Sports-related injuries of the hip and groin have demonstrated increasing prevalence in pediatric and adolescent athletes. Pediatric injuries require specific consideration of unique factors such as skeletal maturity, apophyseal vulnerability, physeal closure status, and growth-related changes in injury pattern. These injuries include a variety of conditions, including apophyseal injuries, hip dislocations, coxa saltans (snapping hip), femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), and stress fractures. Injuries such as hip dislocation and high-risk femoral neck stress fracture require urgent diagnosis and management; however, timely diagnosis and appropriate management is necessary for all pediatric hip injuries to prevent delays in return to sport and long-term complications. The literature synthesized in this narrative review includes randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, prospective and retrospective studies, and consensus statements to provide a summary of each injury. An overview of pediatric sports injuries of the hip, with emphasis on the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, management, and complications, is presented. Full article

Background/Objectives: Change-of-direction (COD) movements represent a fundamental component of performance in multidirectional sports and constitute one of the primary mechanisms of knee injury. The biomechanical assessment of such movements has traditionally relied on optoelectronic systems and force platforms, tools characterized by high accuracy but limited applicability in field settings. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) represent a promising alternative; however, operational doubts and uncertainties frequently persist. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to critically evaluate the concurrent validity and practical utility of IMU sensors for detecting the biomechanical characteristics of COD maneuvers in sport. Methods: The bibliographic search was conducted in March 2024 across the PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, using Boolean combinations of the following keywords: IMU, “inertial measurement unit”, CoD, “change of direction”, “cutting maneuvers”, sport, and soccer. Study selection and analysis were performed, and methodological quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results: In the original search (March 2024), ten studies were included, involving 208 participants; a formal update of the search (through August 2026), conducted with the same protocol, identified two additional candidate studies (14 and 30 participants), bringing the total to twelve studies and 252 participants; both supplementary studies underwent the same four-reviewer independent screening, full-text data extraction and QUADAS-2 appraisal applied to the original ten studies. The findings indicate that IMUs demonstrate good concurrent validity for kinematic variables in the sagittal plane, particularly at the hip and knee joints, with ICC values up to 0.99 and a mean RMSE below 2°. Performance decreases substantially in the frontal and transverse planes. Regarding ground reaction forces, IMUs provide acceptable estimates of mean values, but not of instantaneous forces. For temporal variables, IMUs proved comparable to timing gates in the assessment of explosive actions. Conclusions: Based on a limited and heterogeneous evidence base of twelve studies, IMUs appear to be a promising and accessible technology for specific field-based applications, particularly for the assessment of CODs at 0°, 45°, and 90° in the sagittal plane, for monitoring right-left asymmetries, and for counting explosive actions. Given the small number of included studies and their methodological heterogeneity, these findings should be interpreted with caution. IMUs cannot yet be recommended as a complete replacement for gold-standard systems in applications requiring high precision or detailed analysis of instantaneous forces. Full article

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries induce neurophysiological alterations that may persist after rehabilitation, affecting motor control and neuromuscular coordination. This study aimed to examine residual neuromuscular deficits in team-sport athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction by assessing phase-specific force production, electromyographic (EMG) signal complexity, and inter-limb asymmetries. Methods: Thirteen competitive team-sport athletes (men: n = 5, 24.2 ± 2.9 years; women: n = 8, 21.5 ± 1.9 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Force production and surface EMG activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) were recorded during an iso-inertial squat. Force data were analyzed globally and according to the concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) phases. Inter-limb asymmetries were calculated, and linear analyses were applied to force and EMG variables, while EMG complexity was assessed using sample entropy (SampEn). Results: Significant inter-limb differences were observed during the ECC phase, with lower peak and mean force values in the ACL-reconstructed limb (ACLR; p < 0.05), whereas no statistically significant inter-limb differences were identified in the global or CON analyses. Conventional EMG measures showed no statistically significant inter-limb differences. VL SampEn values were descriptively lower in the ACLR than in the contralateral non-reconstructed limb (ACLN), but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.063; Hedges’ g = −0.67). Inter-limb asymmetries showed substantial inter-individual variability, particularly across movement phases. Athletes following ACL reconstruction exhibited residual deficits in eccentric force production, whereas conventional EMG activation did not differ significantly between limbs. Phase-specific force analysis may therefore identify residual ECC deficits that are not apparent in global or concentric analyses. Although nonlinear EMG metrics may provide complementary information on neuromuscular organization beyond that captured by conventional amplitude-based measures, the present SampEn findings should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating rather than evidence of a confirmed alteration in neuromuscular complexity. Larger, adequately powered studies incorporating robustness and sensitivity analyses are required to determine the relevance of entropy-based EMG measures following ACL reconstruction. Full article

Background: Research examining performance, biomechanics, workload, injury, and health in Para sport is heterogeneous and is particularly focused on wheelchair-based sports. This systematic review synthesized quantitative evidence focused predominantly on wheelchair basketball, wheelchair rugby, and wheelchair tennis, with additional evidence from Para-cycling, mixed wheelchair-sport populations, and broader Paralympic cohorts. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidance and predefined eligibility criteria, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar were searched without publication-date restrictions. Owing to substantial heterogeneity in study designs, populations, sports, measurements, and outcomes, findings were synthesized narratively. Risk of bias was evaluated using design-specific appraisal tools. Results: Twenty-two quantitative studies were included. Evidence was focused on wheelchair basketball, wheelchair rugby, and wheelchair tennis, with additional evidence from Para-cycling, mixed wheelchair-sport populations, and broader Paralympic cohorts. Findings indicated associations among trunk function, functional classification, wheelchair mobility, upper-body function, propulsion characteristics, workload responses, and sport-specific performance. In one small study involving 10 wheelchair tennis athletes, medicine-ball throw performance was strongly correlated with serve accuracy (r = 0.874); this finding should not be generalized beyond that study. Prospective surveillance studies also identified meaningful injury and illness burdens across Para athlete populations. Conclusions: Available evidence suggests that performance and health in the represented Para sport populations are influenced by interacting functional, biomechanical, workload, and health-related factors. However, the evidence base is limited by small samples, heterogeneous methods, and a predominance of observational designs. Individualized assessment, workload monitoring, and health surveillance therefore represent provisional practice considerations rather than established best-practice recommendations. Full article

Large language models are increasingly used for tasks that require prediction, interpretation, and decision support, yet their behavior in complex sports forecasting is still not well understood. This study evaluates how different large language models perform in predicting the FIFA World Cup 2026 under several forecasting settings. The benchmark covers three levels of tournament prediction: the group stage, the knockout stage, and the final outcome of the competition. The evaluation includes proprietary models, cloud hosted models, and open weight models, tested with standard prompting, reasoning-based inference, web search support, and agent-based forecasting workflows. The analysis goes beyond simple winner prediction and examines structural validity, qualification accuracy, hallucination rate, consistency, forecast plausibility, and agreement with mainstream football expectations. The results indicate that access to current external information has the strongest effect on forecasting reliability. In the OpenAI-based experiments, web supported agent configurations increased structural validity from 58.50 to 90.87 and reduced hallucinations by 78.7 percent. A similar improvement was observed in the Ollama and cloud model group, where web access increased validity from 53.39 to 97.04 and reduced hallucinations by 75.7 percent. Reasoning improved the internal logic of several forecasts, but when it was used without external grounding, it sometimes produced confident but unsupported predictions. These findings suggest that reasoning alone is not sufficient for tournament forecasting when the task depends on current squads, recent performance, injuries, rankings, and evolving football context. The best results were achieved when models combined structured reasoning with access to up to date information. Overall, this study provides a reproducible evaluation framework for large language model-based sports forecasting and shows how grounding, reasoning, and model design influence prediction quality in a complex international tournament setting. Full article

Background/Objectives: Falls are a major cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality among older adults. This study aimed to examine factors associated with a disposition-based indicator of severe injury among older adults with fall-related injuries using data from the 2023 Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance. Methods: This secondary analysis used data from the 2023 Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. A total of 24,632 adults aged ≥65 years with fall-related injuries were included. The primary outcome was a disposition-based indicator of severe injury, defined as hospital admission, transfer to a higher-level hospital, or death. Multivariable logistic regression was performed, and sensitivity analyses were performed using alternative disposition-based outcomes, Revised Trauma Score (RTS)-based physiological severity, and the original four AVPU categories. Results: Of 24,632 participants, 9248 (37.5%) met the criteria for the primary outcome. Older age, falls from a height, outdoor injuries, emergency transportation, and impaired consciousness were associated with higher odds of the primary outcome, whereas alcohol use at the time of injury, stair-related falls, injuries in road or traffic areas or commercial or public facilities, sports or leisure activities, other activities, and nighttime injuries were associated with lower odds. Emergency transportation and impaired consciousness were strongly associated with the outcome. Emergency transportation remained consistently associated across sensitivity analyses, whereas worsening AVPU levels showed progressively higher odds. Conclusions: Several patient, injury-related, and clinical characteristics were associated with the disposition-based indicator of severe injury. Variation across alternative outcome definitions highlights the importance of distinguishing between emergency department disposition and physiological injury severity. Full article

Background/Objectives: Participation in sport and daily activities among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) is influenced not only by physical capacity but also by psychological factors such as balance confidence. Existing measures primarily assess performance or fear of falling, leaving a gap in evaluating how perceived balance impacts activity choice. This study aimed to (1) develop a Patient-Reported Sitting Balance Confidence (PR-SBC) interview instrument to enable therapists to assess and evaluate non-ambulatory individuals with SCI, (2) incorporate participation-based activities relevant to perceived confidence in community and sport activities, and (3) evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: Instrument development used a Delphi process with clinicians, researchers, individuals with SCI, and care partners to create and refine items. The final 19-item PR-SBC was administered to 31 individuals with SCI (inpatient and outpatient). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), internal consistency via Cronbach’s alpha, and validity through correlation with the SCI Falls Concern Scale (SCI-FCS). Exploratory regression analyses examined demographic and clinical predictors of PR-SBC scores. Results: The PR-SBC demonstrated promising inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.96) and internal consistency (α = 0.931). A moderate inverse correlation with SCI-FCS scores was also observed (r = −0.51). Outpatient setting and manual wheelchair use were associated with higher balance confidence, while injury-related variables were not significant predictors. Conclusions: The PR-SBC is a potential interview instrument for assessing sitting balance confidence in individuals with SCI. By capturing perceived balance across functional and participation contexts, it complements existing measures and may support improved clinical decision-making, targeted interventions, and enhanced participation outcomes. Full article

Background and Objectives: Running-related musculoskeletal injuries remain highly prevalent among recreational runners, and the absence of population-specific biomechanical reference values limits clinical and sports interpretation in Latin American populations. This study aimed to establish reference values for spatiotemporal and selected running kinematic/mechanical values (initial contact angle, vertical leg stiffness, and vertical oscillation) in healthy adult recreational runners from Barranquilla (Colombia) using three-dimensional motion capture. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 25 healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; mean age 32.7 ± 7.4 years, range 20–47 years). Running biomechanics were assessed using a BTS SMART-DX three-dimensional motion capture system and a Modified Helen Hayes marker model with 30 reflective markers. Participants completed treadmill running trials at 7, 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Key spatiotemporal parameters and global kinematic/mechanical metrics were processed using BTS Smart Clinic software. Reference values were defined using the 10th and 90th percentiles, stratified by sex and running speed, and accompanied by bootstrap 95% confidence intervals. Effects of sex and speed were tested by two-way ANOVA with partial eta squared and Holm-adjusted p values, with a linear mixed-effects model as a robustness check. Results: Motorized treadmill-specific biomechanical reference values (10th and 90th percentiles) were established and stratified strictly by running speed (7, 9, 11, and 13 km/h) and sex. Under the primary linear mixed-effects model, running speed significantly affected all ten evaluated biomechanical variables (all adjusted p < 0.001), including initial contact angle and vertical oscillation, confirming that speed-disaggregated estimates are mandatory for clinical interpretation. Conversely, sex effects were robust to multiplicity adjustment only for flight time and vertical leg stiffness. Compared with a European reference cohort, and after adjustment for sex, age, stature, body mass and speed through the published reference equations, this cohort showed a 6.6% shorter flight time, a 19.0% lower vertical oscillation, a 3.8% shorter stride length, and a 3.1% higher cadence. Conclusions: This study provides the preliminary regional reference database for running spatiotemporal and selected kinematic parameters in a cohort of healthy adult recreational runners from Barranquilla (Colombia). These preliminary values provide a baseline restricted to motorized treadmill running at fixed speeds; while they support standardized treadmill screening and rehabilitation tracking, their direct applicability to overground or self-paced running remains limited and warrants caution. Full article

Background: Psychological readiness, quantified by the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale, is one of the most consistent correlates of return-to-sport success following ACL reconstruction. Whether psychological readiness reflects an independent construct or is related to measured functional performance is not known. Purpose: To evaluate the associations between patient-perceived knee function and objective performance on a functional task, as quantified by traditional scoring, kinematics, and motion quality, and psychological readiness 9 to 12 months after ACL reconstruction. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, forty patients performed the Star Excursion Balance Test using a validated markerless motion capture system. Three biomechanical domains derived from that task (reach distance, lower-extremity kinematics, and a time-series motion quality index) were evaluated against psychological readiness, with patient-reported function (as measured by the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score [KOOS-12]) as a comparator. Associations were estimated using multivariable regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and limb length. Relative contributions were evaluated with variance decomposition, and Bayes factors quantified the strength of evidence for or against each association. Results: Patient-perceived knee function was strongly associated with psychological readiness (standardized β = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.87; BF₁₀ = 249), whereas no biomechanical domain derived from the functional task reached statistical significance (all |β| ≤ 0.34; all |r| ≤ 0.3). In the combined model (total R² = 0.463), variance decomposition attributed 89.3% of explained variance in psychological readiness to patient-perceived knee function, versus 6.9% for reach distances, 2.4% for motion quality, and 1.4% for lower extremity kinematics. Bayes factors favored the null for each biomechanical domain, but reached only anecdotal strength (BF₀₁, 1.3–2.8). Conclusion: In this cross-section, psychological readiness after ACL reconstruction more closely aligned with patient-perceived knee function than biomechanical performance on the SEBT, indicating that perceived function and biomechanical performance on certain tasks may be divergent at the time of return-to-sport clearance. These findings support the routine inclusion of patient-reported outcome measures alongside functional testing in multi-domain return-to-sport assessment. Full article

Background/Objectives: ACL injuries in skeletally immature patients present a unique surgical challenge, with ongoing debate regarding the optimal reconstruction technique relative to the open physis. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Twenty-two studies (n = 1036 patients; 598 physeal-sparing, 438 transphyseal) were included. The evidence base consisted predominantly of non-randomized retrospective studies. Patient-reported outcomes, return-to-sport rates, growth disturbances, graft failure, and reoperation rates were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: Pooled IKDC scores were 95.14 (95% CI: 93.81–96.50) for physeal-sparing and 96.17 (95% CI: 93.98–98.42) for transphyseal reconstruction, with no significant between-group difference (p = 0.436). Lysholm scores were 95.56 versus 93.04 (p = 0.075), and Tegner scores were 6.39 versus 7.08 (p = 0.366), respectively, with no statistically significant differences. KOOSs also showed no significant difference (96.19 vs. 96.00; p = 0.948). The pooled return-to-sport rate was higher following transphyseal reconstruction than physeal-sparing reconstruction (97.8% vs. 93.9%; p = 0.034). Growth disturbances were more frequently reported in the physeal-sparing group (5.1% vs. 1.4%; p = 0.008). Graft failure (5.8% vs. 8.4%; p = 0.144) and reoperation rates (13.5% vs. 13.8%; p = 0.906) were comparable between techniques. Conclusions: Both techniques yielded comparable functional outcomes across major PROMs. Transphyseal reconstruction was associated with a higher pooled return-to-sport rate in the included studies, whereas physeal-sparing reconstruction was associated with a higher incidence of reported growth disturbances. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously given that the evidence base consisted predominantly of non-randomized retrospective studies and was subject to potential confounding and other sources of bias. Full article