Search Results (2,210)

Keratinocyte stress, caused by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, contributes to the overall aging process. D-galactose-induced metabolic/oxidative stress is a commonly used in vitro model for studying premature aging. Due to their rich composition of bioactive molecules that influence critical pathways in cellular aging and rejuvenation, placental derivatives have a well-established history in anti-aging skincare and therapy. However, trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicle (TEV) effects on D-galactose-induced premature aging in keratinocytes have not been investigated yet. TEV pretreatment for 24 h enhanced cellular resilience against D-galactose-induced stress, judging by the downregulated expression of senescence- and stress-associated markers (p19 and p21, HIF-1α, mTOR), and reduced production of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Additionally, TEV pretreatment enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and integrin-β1 subunit expression upon D-galactose exposure, most likely contributing to more efficient wound closure. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of TEVs to modify expression of stress- and senescence-related proteins in keratinocytes and improve their wound healing properties. Their regenerative and protective characteristics position TEVs as promising candidates for developing innovative procedures to address skin conditions related to premature aging. Full article

Laurus nobilis L., Lauraceae, bay laurel, has been traditionally used for its various therapeutic properties, and in recent years has been gaining interest for its potential applications in skincare products. However, the biological effects of bay laurel, particularly its hydrosols, a water fraction obtained during essential oil production, remain unexplored. The objective of this study was to identify the volatile compounds in L. nobilis hydrosols (LnHYs) from different coastal regions of Croatia (north, middle, and south Adriatic) and to evaluate their potential safety and efficacy for dermatological applications. Upon isolating LnHYs using microwave-assisted extraction, LnHY volatiles were identified and quantified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the dominant compounds in all LnHYs (61.72–97.00%), with 1,8-cineole being the most abundant component (52.25–81.89%). The physical and chemical parameters of LnHYs were investigated to assess their purity and quality. Biological activity (cytotoxicity and wound-healing effect) was tested on the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), selected as the experimental model due to its relevance to skin biology. Additionally, contents of polyphenolic substances, antioxidative effects using the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods, and the antimicrobial activity of LnHYs toward five skin microorganisms were determined. All tested hydrosols showed similar biological activity, with only minor differences. Cytotoxicity studies indicated the safety of the dermatological application of LnHYs, and the results of the wound-healing assay showed their neutral to mildly positive effect. Considering the growing use of bay laurel preparations in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, extensive studies on their biological activity, quality, and safety are essential to either support or regulate their use in humans. Full article

Hypericum perforatum L. (H.P.), a plant renowned for its wound-healing properties, was investigated for antioxidant/antimicrobial efficacy, toxicological safety, and in vivo wound-healing effects in this research to develop and characterize novel nanoemulsion hydrogel (NG) formulations. NG were prepared via emulsion diffusion–solvent evaporation and polymer hydration using Cremophor RH40 and Ultrez 21/30. A D-optimal design optimized oil/surfactant ratios, considering particle size, PDI, and drug loading. Antioxidant activity was tested via DPPH, ABTS⁺, and FRAP. Toxicological assessment followed HET-CAM (ICH-endorsed) and ICCVAM guidelines. The optimized NG-2 (NE-HPM-10 + U30 0.5%) demonstrated stable and pseudoplastic flow, with a particle size of 174.8 nm, PDI of 0.274, zeta potential of −23.3 mV, and 99.83% drug loading. Release followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. H.P. macerates/NEs showed potent antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀: 28.4 µg/mL; FRAP: 1.8 mmol, Fe²⁺/g: 0.3703 ± 0.041 mM TE/g). Antimicrobial effects against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MIC: 12.5 µg/mL) and E. coli (MIC: 25 µg/mL) were significant. Stability studies showed no degradation. HET-CAM tests confirmed biocompatibility. Histopathology revealed accelerated re-epithelialization/collagen synthesis, with upregulated TGF-β1. The NG-2 formulation demonstrated robust antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing efficacy. Enhanced antibacterial activity and biocompatibility highlight its therapeutic potential. Clinical/pathological evaluations validated tissue regeneration without adverse effects, positioning H.P.-based nanoemulsions as promising for advanced wound care. Full article

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) represent a major complication of diabetes mellitus, affecting millions of patients worldwide and leading to high morbidity and amputation risks. The impaired healing process in DFU is driven by vascular insufficiency, neuropathy, chronic inflammation, and infections. Conventional treatments, including blood sugar control, wound debridement, and standard dressings, have shown limited efficacy in achieving complete healing. Recent advancements have introduced novel therapeutic approaches such as stem cell therapy, exosome-based treatments, and bioengineered scaffolds to accelerate wound healing and tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), particularly adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), exhibit anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties, enhancing wound repair. Additionally, exosomes derived from ASCs have demonstrated the ability to promote fibroblast proliferation, regulate inflammation, and stimulate angiogenesis. The integration of bioengineered scaffolds, including hydrogels, hyaluronic acid (HA), or micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MFAT), offers improved drug delivery mechanisms and a controlled healing environment. These scaffolds have been successfully utilized to deliver stem cells, growth factors, antioxidants, anti-glycation end products, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic drugs, or antimicrobial agents, further improving DFU outcomes. This review highlights the potential of combining novel 3D scaffolds with anti-diabetic drugs to enhance DFU treatment, reduce amputation rates, and improve patients’ quality of life. While promising, further clinical research is required to validate these emerging therapies and optimize their clinical application. Full article

High and large-spectrum antibacterial features and ROS scavenging properties are the most important requirements for efficient wound-dressing materials. A composite hydrogel was synthesized herein by a one-pot procedure embedding silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) covered with oxidized gum arabic (OGA) within gelatin (Gel) hydrogel. Small (2–20 nm), round-shaped AgNPs (ζ = −22 mV) were first obtained by green synthesis using OGA as a reducing and capping agent. Composite hydrogels, containing 0.6 and 1.3 wt.% Ag, were obtained by the covalent cross-linking (Schiff base reaction) of amine groups in gelatin with the dialdehyde groups located on the shell of the AgNPs. Thus, the uniform distribution of the AgNPs in the network contributed to the increased physicochemical and hydrolytic stability of the hydrogels. Moreover, the high swelling degree together with the good mechanical properties make them appropriate candidates for wound-healing materials. The hydrogels exhibited 80% scavenging activity of ABTS^●+ free radicals after 6 h of incubation and were effective against E. coli and S. aureus, achieving a 4% survival of bacteria within 3 h (E. coli) and 24 h (S. aureus). These results clearly indicate that the proposed hydrogels have potential in wound-dressing applications. Full article

The delayed healing and infection risks associated with chronic wounds and burns pose significant clinical challenges. Traditional dressings provide basic coverage but lack the bioactive properties needed for tissue regeneration and antimicrobial protection. In this study, we developed zinc alginate hydrogel-coated traditional wound dressings (WD@AlgZn) and evaluated their physicochemical properties, antimicrobial performance, and in vivo healing efficacy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform coating of the zinc alginate network on dressing fibers, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the successful incorporation of zinc ions. Antimicrobial assays further demonstrated that WD@AlgZn reduced bacterial loads (CFU/mL counts) by several orders of magnitude for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli compared to uncoated controls. An in vivo rat burn wound model exhibited accelerated wound closure when using WD@AlgZn dressings compared to conventional wound care approaches, achieving a 90.75% healing rate by day 21, significantly outperforming the silver sulfadiazine (52.32%), uncoated-dressing (46.58%), and spontaneous-healing (37.25%) groups. Histological analysis confirmed enhanced re-epithelialization, neovascularization, and reduced inflammation in WD@AlgZn-treated tissues. The findings suggest that WD@AlgZn offers a promising alternative for advanced wound management, combining structural robustness with bioactive properties to support efficient wound healing and infection control. These results provide valuable insights into the potential clinical applications of metal-ion cross-linked biopolymeric hydrogel dressings for next-generation wound care strategies. Full article

Integrating traditional herbal extracts into modern biomaterials offers a promising route for advanced wound care. A standardized Buddleja globosa Hope extract (BG-126), recognized for its therapeutic value, was incorporated into polymeric scaffolds with variable composition to explore their potential in promoting wound healing and controlling infections. This work aimed to identify the polymeric composition of a scaffold with BG-126 that maximizes its compatibility and antimicrobial properties. Scaffolds were developed by lyophilization using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) with chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and gelatin content as study factors. Thirteen scaffold formulations were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including biofilm forms, as well as for their biocompatibility with normal human fibroblasts. Structural and physical properties, such as the moisture content and swelling capacity, were evaluated. The best-performing scaffold was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. The chitosan content was strongly associated with antimicrobial efficacy, while gelatin enhanced fibroblast compatibility (R² ≥ 0.9). No correlations were identified between the polymeric content and biofilm inhibition or physical properties. BG-126-loaded scaffolds reduced planktonic and biofilm proliferation and improved fibroblast compatibility compared to the control scaffold (without BG-126). The results support the rational design of botanical-loaded scaffolds with targeted properties for wound healing. Full article

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels have emerged as a promising class of biomaterials for advanced wound healing applications, offering dynamic and controllable responses to the wound microenvironment. These hydrogels are designed to respond to specific stimuli, such as pH, temperature, light, and enzyme activity, enabling precise regulation of drug release, antimicrobial activity, and tissue regeneration. Composite stimuli-responsive hydrogels, by integrating multiple response mechanisms and functions, show potential for addressing the diverse needs of wound healing. This review explores the biological mechanisms of wound healing, the design and classification of composite stimuli-responsive hydrogels, and the key fabrication strategies employed to optimise their properties. Despite their immense potential, unresolved challenges such as biocompatibility, long-term stability, and scalability continue to limit their translation into clinical practice. Future research will focus on integrating hydrogels with smart wearable devices, AI-driven personalised medicine, and 3D bioprinting technologies to develop next-generation wound care solutions. With continuous advancements in biomaterials science and bioengineering, stimuli-responsive hydrogels hold great promise for revolutionising wound management. Full article

Cotton, commonly used in wound care, has limitations such as quick saturation and wound adhesion, prompting surface modifications. In our studies, iron, which promotes platelet aggregation and coagulation, was deposited onto cotton via direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. Thus, the biochemical properties of cotton fabrics were enhanced. Microscopic analyses revealed uniform iron coating on the fibers, and biochemical tests, such as activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT), showed that the modification did not affect the material’s coagulation activity. Measurements with the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method (TBARS) showed that iron-modified cotton had antioxidant activity by lowering lipid peroxidation, which can be beneficial for better wound healing and lower infection risk. Moreover, our analysis showed the absence of cyto- and genotoxic properties against normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM cells). It was found that tested fabrics did not directly interact with DNA. Full article

Limnospira spp., commercially known as spirulina, is widely recognized for its remarkable benefits due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds like phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. These natural bioactive compounds not only serve as colorants but also offer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-aging properties. As a result, spirulina and its components are increasingly used in cosmetic formulations to promote skin hydration, reduce wrinkles, and protect against UV radiation damage. Its bioactive components enhance fibroblast growth, boost collagen production, and prevent premature skin aging by inhibiting enzymes responsible for elastin degradation. Additionally, spirulina-based cosmetics have demonstrated wound-healing properties without genotoxic effects, with formulations containing C-phycocyanin particularly effective in shielding skin cells from UV-induced apoptosis. Despite these well-established benefits, there remains significant potential for the cosmetic industry to harness spirulina’s capabilities further. Research into the molecular mechanisms underlying its bioactive compounds in cosmetic formulations is still in its early stages, offering many opportunities for innovation. Emerging fields of biotechnology, such as nanotechnology and biocosmetics, could enhance the stability, efficacy, and delivery of spirulina-based ingredients, unlocking new possibilities for skin protection and rejuvenation. Furthermore, its proven biological properties align perfectly with the increasing consumer demand for safe, sustainable, and nature-inspired skincare solutions. Full article

Background/Objectives: Polymeric monoaxial nanofibers are gaining prominence due to their numerous applications, particularly in functional scenarios such as wound management. The study successfully developed and built a special-purpose vessel and device for fabricating polymeric nanofibers. Fabrication of composite scaffolds from piezoelectric poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer (PVDF-TrFE) nanofibers encapsulated with myrrh extract was investigated. Methods: The gyrospun nanofibers were characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, and TGA to assess the properties of the composite materials. The study also investigated the release profile of myrrh extract from the nanofibers, demonstrating its potential for sustained drug delivery. The composite’s antimicrobial properties were evaluated using the disc diffusion method against various pathogenic microbes, showcasing their effectiveness. Results: It was found that an 18% (w/v) PVDF-TrFE concentration produces the best fiber mats compared to 20% and 25%, resulting in an average fiber diameter of 411 nm. Myrrh extract was added in varying amounts (10%, 15%, and 20%), with the best average fiber diameter identified at 10%, measuring 436 nm. The results indicated that the composite nanofibers were uniform, bead-free, and aligned without myrrh. The study observed a cumulative release of 79.66% myrrh over 72 h. The release profile showed an initial burst release of 46.85% within the first six hours, followed by a sustained release phase. Encapsulation efficiency was 89.8%, with a drug loading efficiency of 30%. Antibacterial activity peaked at 20% myrrh extract. S. mutans was the most sensitive pathogen to myrrh extract. Conclusions: Due to the piezoelectric effect of PVDF-TrFE and the significant antibacterial activity of myrrh, the prepared biohybrid nanofibers will open new avenues toward tissue engineering and wound healing applications. Full article

Hydrogel patches have gained significant attention in wound healing applications as they are similar to hydrogel dressings due to their moisture-retentive properties, biocompatibility, and ability to promote tissue regeneration. In this study, gelatin-based hydrogels crosslinked with genipin and incorporated with hyaluronic acid (HA) were developed to enhance mechanical stability, swelling behavior, and structural integrity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TGA), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were conducted and confirmed successful crosslinking and good thermal stability, ensuring hydrogel durability under physiological conditions. The optimized hydrogel (GE_HA_GNP) exhibited a sufficient water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), swelling ratio, and contact angle, allowing for effective wound exudate absorption and hydration maintenance, which is essential for accelerated healing. The findings demonstrate that the crosslinked hydrogels were able to maintain a WVTR of 500 to 1500 gm⁻² day⁻¹, a contact angle of >40°, and a swelling ratio of 700–1000%. The combination of genipin as a crosslinker and the addition of HA significantly improved the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the hydrogels, making them promising candidates for an alternative treatment for atopic dermatitis and a potential wound dress-ing. Furthermore, the hydrogel patches show potential for future drug delivery appli-cations, with further studies required to evaluate their antimicrobial properties and long-term clinical performance. Full article

Background: The extracellular matrix (ECM), primarily composed of collagen and elastin synthesized by dermal fibroblasts, is critical for mesenchymal tissue integrity. Fibroblast phenotypes vary significantly with the anatomical location and developmental stage. Fetal skin, particularly prior to 14 weeks of gestation, exhibits a simplified structure compared to adult skin, characterized by a thin, loose dermal matrix and a single-layered epithelium. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize and functionally compare homogenous progenitor fetal fibroblast (PFF) populations derived from 14-week-old fetal skin with fibroblasts isolated from adult burn patients. Methods: We evaluated the proliferative capacity, collagen synthesis, and differentiation potential (adipogenesis and osteogenesis) of PFF and adult burn patient fibroblasts. Furthermore, we assessed their ability to support skin regeneration using a de-epidermized dermis (DED) model seeded with both PFF and patient-derived keratinocytes. The stability of PFF characteristics was monitored across multiple passages (P5–P12). Results: PFF demonstrated a 2–4-fold increase in proliferation rate and a 30–50% enhancement in collagen production in vitro compared to adult fibroblasts. Notably, PFF exhibited a consistent lack of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, an attribute distinct from adult fibroblasts. In the DED model, PFF, even at a low fibroblast-to-keratinocyte ratio (1:5), effectively facilitated the formation of well-organized skin structures, including rete ridges, surpassing the performance of adult fibroblasts and adipose-derived cells. These properties remained stable over multiple passages. Conclusions: The unique attributes of PFF, likely attributable to the simplified microenvironment (i.e., collagen organization) of developing fetal tissue, positions them as a promising source for cell-based therapies. Their inherent high collagen synthesis capacity is particularly advantageous for wound healing applications. Consequently, PFF represent a consistent and readily available resource for developing “off-the-freezer” cutaneous cell therapies, potentially enabling accelerated and improved treatment of severe burn injuries. Full article

Objectives: Nasal mucosa wound healing faces challenges such as acidic microenvironments and bacterial proliferation. Persistent mucosal defects predispose to complications such as nasal septal perforation. Conventional drug delivery systems suffer from nonspecific release and short-term efficacy. This study aimed to develop a pH-responsive liposome-hydrogel composite (HYD-Lip/DXMS@HG) to integrate pH-triggered dexamethasone (DXMS) delivery, antifouling properties, and mechanical support for refractory injuries. Methods: The composite combined acylhydrazone-modified liposomes with a hydrogel synthesized from hydroxyethylacrylamide (HEAA) and diethylacrylamide (DEAA). In vitro assays evaluated DXMS release kinetics, RPMI 2650 cell migration/proliferation, and antibacterial properties. In vivo rabbit nasal mucosal injury models assessed healing efficacy via histology analyses. RNA sequencing was performed to identify key signaling pathways. Results: HYD-Lip/DXMS@HG exhibited sustained DXMS release in acidic conditions, accelerating cell migration/proliferation in vitro. In rabbits, the composite reduced TNF-α expression and CD45+ leukocyte infiltration, while enhancing collagen alignment and epithelial thickness. RNA sequencing identified upregulated ECM receptor interaction, Hippo, TGF-β, and PI3K-Akt pathways, linked to collagen remodeling, anti-apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Conclusions: This multifunctional platform synergizes pH-triggered drug delivery, mechanical support, and antibacterial activity, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for refractory nasal mucosal injuries and postoperative recovery. Full article

Wound dressings have a significant role in managing trauma-related injuries, chronic lacerations, as well as post-operative complications, by preventing infections and promoting tissue regeneration. Conventional methods using sutures and gauze often pose constraints in healing effectiveness and cost. Emerging materials, particularly cellulose-based nanofibers, offer a favorable choice due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and structural similarity to the extracellular matrix. Cellulose, being an abundant, naturally available biopolymer, forms the basis for modern materials for wound dressing. It is a very resourceful material due to its capability to be processed into films, fibers, and membranes with tailored properties. Surface modification of cellulose membranes with nanoparticles or bioactive compounds assists in enhancing the antimicrobial properties and supports sustained drug release, essential in chronic wound infections. Electrospinning and other modern fabrication techniques allow for controlling the fiber morphology and drug-delivery characteristics. This review highlights the properties, fabrication techniques, surface functionalization, and biomedical applications of cellulose-based materials in wound care. With increasing demand for effective and cost-effective wound treatments, cellulose nanofibers stand out as a sustainable, multifunctional platform for cutting-edge wound dressings, offering improved healing, reduced scarring, and potential for amalgamation with several drug delivery and tissue engineering approaches. Full article