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Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Engineering and Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 November 2023) | Viewed by 33254

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pengjiao Jia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215131, China
Interests: tunnel engineering; excavation; pipelines and trenchless
Prof. Dr. Peixin Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215131, China
Interests: tunneling; excavation; soil structure interaction
Dr. Xi Jiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37997, USA
Interests: pavement engineering; construction materials; tunnel engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Cheng Cheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Interests: soil mechanics; tunnel engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to announce a new Special Issue of the journal Sustainability: “Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering”.

Anthropocentric development has always been the main goal of Civil Engineering. Sustainability in civil engineering is often equated to resource efficiency since anthropocentric development is resource- and fuel-intensive. As one of the most important aspects of civil engineering, geotechnical engineering consumes a vast amount of resources and energy. To date, due to the limitations in financial support, the influence of the environment and the concept of sustainability are commonly neglected during project planning and design. Previous studies on sustainability-related issues in geotechnical engineering mainly focused on material recycling and reuse, the efficient use of underground space, environmentally friendly construction techniques, etc. However, there is a lack of a clearly defined framework to assess and quantify the index of sustainability in practice. There are three important concepts in sustainable analysis: life cycle assessment, environmental impact assessment and cost–benefit analysis are fragmented and explored by certain conditions. At the same time, there is an absence of a reference framework that can help in determining the best geoengineering solution balancing both economy and ecology. Thus, it is urgent to further explore the developed framework that supports the functional integrity approach of sustainability in geotechnical engineering.

The aim of this Special Issue is to connect the broader scope of sustainable development with geotechnical engineering and to present the latest research achievements in different aspects of the geo-sustainability of assessment tools and quantitative sustainability assessment frameworks for geotechnical engineering. The related subjects reflect the core issue of this journal among different research areas and can be used to further improve the design approaches in geotechnical engineering.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Green materials for grouting reinforcement and foundation improvement;
  • Recycling of excavated soil;
  • Urban resilience;
  • Robustness design of underground engineering;
  • Life cycle assessment of underground infrastructure;
  • Development of underground space (Excavation and tunnel);
  • 3D geological modeling;
  • Digital city management;
  • Machine learning in geotechnical engineering.

Dr. Pengjiao Jia
Prof. Dr. Peixin Shi
Dr. Xi Jiang
Dr. Cheng Cheng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sustainability
  • resilience
  • green materials
  • life cycle
  • robustness
  • machine learning

Published Papers (26 papers)

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16 pages, 16631 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Infrastructure Maintenance: Crack Depth Detection in Tunnel Linings via Natural Temperature Variations and Infrared Imaging
by Wenchuan Gu, Xuezeng Liu and Zhen Li
Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3731; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093731 - 29 Apr 2024
Viewed by 429
Abstract
In this research, we propose the use of infrared detection methods for identifying cracks in the tunnel lining of concrete structures. Through thermal simulation experiments on pre-existing cracks, we investigate the heat conduction patterns in cracked linings under natural temperature variations. The influence [...] Read more.
In this research, we propose the use of infrared detection methods for identifying cracks in the tunnel lining of concrete structures. Through thermal simulation experiments on pre-existing cracks, we investigate the heat conduction patterns in cracked linings under natural temperature variations. The influence of temperature differences inside and outside the lining, crack depth, and crack width on the temperature distribution on the inner surface of the lining is analyzed by using a controlled variable approach. This exploration aims to assess the feasibility and applicable conditions of using infrared thermal imaging technology for detecting lining crack defects, contributing to sustainable maintenance of infrastructure. We further validate the experimental approach through numerical simulations. Considering the temperature distribution on the inner surface of the lining, it becomes feasible to comprehensively determine the location and depth of cracks. This offers a novel and rapid inspection method for tunnel lining cracks, thereby enhancing the sustainability of tunnel infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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21 pages, 16070 KiB  
Article
Settlement Analysis of Ground Surface and Adjacent Building Caused by Driving and Expansion Excavation of Shield Tunnel Using Artificial Freezing Method
by Xiaoming Guan, Ruohui Wang, Hongxian Fu, Wei Feng, Xin Jin, Shuqin Li, Shaohui Xu and Jiguang Li
Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14166; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914166 - 25 Sep 2023
Viewed by 724
Abstract
The artificial freezing method can effectively improve the stability of strata and provide favorable conditions for the construction safety of shield tunnel in water-rich strata. Based on the frozen shield tunneling project of a metro station, which is close to important buildings, a [...] Read more.
The artificial freezing method can effectively improve the stability of strata and provide favorable conditions for the construction safety of shield tunnel in water-rich strata. Based on the frozen shield tunneling project of a metro station, which is close to important buildings, a reasonable freezing method and parameters are proposed in this paper. The simulation model was established by using Plaxis 3D finite element software (Version 2017). The numerical model was verified based on a large amount of field data. The characteristics of segment deformation, ground surface settlement and vertical displacement of buildings were compared between frozen layer and nonfrozen layer during shield tunnel excavation. It was found that segment deformation in the nonfrozen layer is three times that in the frozen layer. The surface settlement above the frozen layer is less than 2 mm. Expansion excavation of shield tunnel was carried out to meet the space function of subway station using artificial freezing method. The deformation of frozen layer was compared between full section excavation and partial excavation. It was found that the deformation of the former is 4.5 times that of the latter, so the partial excavation was chosen as the main research object. Subsequently, the characteristics of vertical displacement and surface settlement of buildings under partial excavation were studied. It was found that the vertical settlement of buildings away from the frozen layer is greater than that of buildings near the frozen layer. All settlement values meet the requirements, thus ensuring the feasibility of partial excavation and ensuring the safety of construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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20 pages, 14076 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Influence of Double Tunnel Excavations on the Settlement Deformation of Flood Control Dikes
by Qingxiong Zhao, Kaihui Li, Ping Cao, Yinzhu Liu, Yongkang Pang and Jingshuo Liu
Sustainability 2023, 15(16), 12461; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612461 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 816
Abstract
This article combines numerical simulation and field monitoring methods to study the stability of the overlying Liuyang River embankment in the tunnel crossing between Huaqiao Station and Rice Museum Station of Changsha Metro’s Line 6. Using AutoCAD, 3Dmine, and COMSOL Multiphysics, a calculation [...] Read more.
This article combines numerical simulation and field monitoring methods to study the stability of the overlying Liuyang River embankment in the tunnel crossing between Huaqiao Station and Rice Museum Station of Changsha Metro’s Line 6. Using AutoCAD, 3Dmine, and COMSOL Multiphysics, a calculation model of the entire subway tunnel section crossing the flood control embankment under the coupling of fluids and solids was established. The process of tunnel-crossing the embankment and the variation in spatial displacement and plastic strain in different geological layers were analyzed from the perspective of time evolution and spatial distribution. The research results show that during the process of crossing the embankment, the deformation of the east bank is greater than that of the west bank, and crossing the west bank is the relatively riskier stage of the entire project. Moreover, during the process of crossing the embankment, the overlying soil layer will produce a plastic strain zone, and only a small amount of plastic strain is generated in the surrounding sandstone layer of the tunnel walls. In terms of the magnitude of plastic strain, the plastic strain area produced by the leading tunnel’s surrounding rocks is larger than that of the following tunnel. As the excavation progresses, a funnel-shaped settlement displacement gradually forms during the passage of the leading tunnel, and this settlement funnel gradually expands during the passage of the following tunnel, with the maximum settlement point transitioning from directly above the leading tunnel to the middle position between the two tunnels. Using the jitter filter algorithm and the adjacent average method to process the field monitoring data, the results show that the monitored deformation results well match the simulated settlement results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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14 pages, 5918 KiB  
Article
Pipe Curtain Deformation and Surface Subsidence Caused via Excavation of Transverse Pilot Tunnel under Pipe Curtain Support
by Qian Bai, Wen Zhao, Yuan Sun and Xin Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11967; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511967 - 3 Aug 2023
Viewed by 733
Abstract
Relying on the Shenyang Metro Line 4 Shifu Road station, the impact of the construction parameters of the transverse pilot tunnel on the surface subsidence and the pipe curtain deformation was first studied through numerical simulation, followed by the analysis of the impact [...] Read more.
Relying on the Shenyang Metro Line 4 Shifu Road station, the impact of the construction parameters of the transverse pilot tunnel on the surface subsidence and the pipe curtain deformation was first studied through numerical simulation, followed by the analysis of the impact of the excavation of the transverse pilot tunnel on the deformation characteristics of the pipe curtain through on-site monitoring. The results show the following: the excavation of the middle pilot tunnel is the key stage of the construction. The excavation sequence of H2 and H4 and H6 → H1 and H3 → H5 and H7 caused the least surface subsidence. Increasing the grouting width and improving the strength of the initial support can control the pipe curtain deformation very well, and it is reasonable to choose 1.5 m as the grouting width. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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19 pages, 7326 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Influence Factors of Anti-Slide Pile with Prestressed Anchor Cable Based on Bearing and Deformation Characteristics of Pile Body
by Sifeng Zhang, Zhe Yang, Qian Liu, Wei Fan, Guojian Zhang and Xinyu Zhang
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10549; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310549 - 4 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 907
Abstract
In order to deeply study the mechanism of prestressed anchor anti-slide pile, an indoor model experimental device was developed, and a finite difference and particle flow numerical analysis model of slope anchor cable anti-slide pile was established based on the reinforcement project of [...] Read more.
In order to deeply study the mechanism of prestressed anchor anti-slide pile, an indoor model experimental device was developed, and a finite difference and particle flow numerical analysis model of slope anchor cable anti-slide pile was established based on the reinforcement project of prestressed anchor cable anti-slide pile in a mountain road slope. Based on the analysis of the force and displacement characteristics of the anti-slide pile, the influence of the prestress of the anchor cable, the inclination angle of the anchor cable, the width and column spacing of the anti-slide pile and the inclination angle of the landslide, the height and nature of the filling soil on the force and deformation characteristics of the pile are discussed, and some design parameters are optimized. Results show that the larger the prestress of the anchor cable, the smaller the displacement of the pile body, but the excessive stress is not conducive to the safety of the pile body. The optimal tension should be 50–70% of the designed tension of the anchor cable. With the increase in the inclination angle of the anchor cable, the displacement of the pile decreases first and then increases, and there is an optimal inclination angle of the anchor cable. In the double row piles, with the increase in pile spacing, the front row piles gradually change from supporting the soil between the double row piles to supporting the sliding body with the back row piles, and the double row piles are plum-shaped. When the pile spacing is 2.5 times the pile diameter, the force of the front and rear piles is the most reasonable. In the process of soil arching evolution, the influence of cohesion on the soil arching effect is greater than that of the internal friction angle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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18 pages, 3251 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Buried Pipeline Response Induced by Twin Tunneling Using the Generalized Hermite Spectral Method
by Minghua Huang, Zhenglin Zhou, Zhenggang Hu, Keping Wang and Suhua Zhou
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 9949; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139949 - 22 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 732
Abstract
For the sustainability of economic, ecological and social development, the safety of infrastructure, including buried pipelines, is extremely important. Undercrossing tunneling can compromise the safety of buried pipelines because of deformations, cracks and dislocations, which can result in wasted resources, environmental pollution and [...] Read more.
For the sustainability of economic, ecological and social development, the safety of infrastructure, including buried pipelines, is extremely important. Undercrossing tunneling can compromise the safety of buried pipelines because of deformations, cracks and dislocations, which can result in wasted resources, environmental pollution and economic losses. Therefore, it is important to assess the pipeline response accurately during tunnel excavation. This paper proposes a generalized Hermite spectral solution to estimate the pipeline response induced by twin tunneling. The proposed solution is formulated by a truncated series of Hermite functions and it is available in an unbounded domain. On the basis of the two-stage analysis method, a general formula for calculating the soil greenfield displacement induced by twin tunneling is first derived using the superposition principle. To obtain the final solution, the soil greenfield displacement and pipeline displacement are expanded using two truncated series of Hermite functions, and the governing differential equation of pipeline displacement is subsequently simplified into a linear algebraic system. After solving this system, a general solution for calculating pipeline displacement is formulated. Then, the convergence of the developed solution is proven, and its validity is verified against existing theoretical solutions and centrifuge test results. The effects of the truncated series number and its scaling factor are investigated. Finally, parametric studies are conducted to discuss pipeline responses induced by twin tunneling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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31 pages, 10097 KiB  
Article
Study on the Style Design and Anchoring Mechanism of Enlarged Head Anchors
by Sifeng Zhang, Yushuai Wang, Chao Li, Changwei Wang, Guojian Zhang and Shengzhi Sun
Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8645; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118645 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 975
Abstract
To resolve insufficient traditional bolt supports due to the complexity of geological conditions, the optimal design of an expanded head bolt was investigated by using theoretical calculations and experiments. The results show that the drawing capacity of an expanded head bolt is affected [...] Read more.
To resolve insufficient traditional bolt supports due to the complexity of geological conditions, the optimal design of an expanded head bolt was investigated by using theoretical calculations and experiments. The results show that the drawing capacity of an expanded head bolt is affected by the bearing capacity of front and rear ends, side bearing capacity, and side friction resistance. For a circular anchor bolt, stepped anchor bolt, and semi-ellipsoidal anchor bolt, with an increase in the front section’s radius, the lateral friction resistance of the inner anchor section is gradually shared by the bearing force of the front end of the inner anchor section; the bearing effect of the front end of the inner anchor section is enhanced; and the pulling performance of the anchor bolt is enhanced. Therefore, the pulling force of the circular anchor bolt is at the maximum, followed by the stepped anchor bolt, and the semi-ellipsoidal bolt is at the minimum. The increase in the rear section can provide greater lateral friction resistance and end-bearing force. Compared with cylindrical enlarged head anchors, the circular, stepped, and semi-elliptic enlarged head anchors have a smaller front section but a larger rear section, and the reduction in the front section’s bearing capacity is less than the increase in the side bearing capacity and rear-end bearing capacity; thus, the cylindrical bolt has the lowest pulling force. Compared with the front radius, the back radius has more influence on the drawing ability of the enlarged head anchor. The longer the inner anchorage section, the larger the distribution range in the compression zone that is formed in the soil body and the smaller the range in the tension zone that is formed in the rear. The increase in the length of the inner anchorage section is conducive to improving the reinforcement effect of the soil in front of the anchorage section in the bolt. Therefore, this parameter plays an important role in the redistribution of the soil in front of the force. The ultimate pull-out force of a circular table-shaped tensile bolt is the highest, followed by the stepped bolt, and the semi-elliptic bolt comes in third, with the cylindrical bolt exhibiting the lowest pull-out force; the circular table-shaped enlarged head anchor constitutes the best style design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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22 pages, 6301 KiB  
Article
Evolution and Parametric Analysis of Concrete Temperature Field Induced by Electric Heating Curing in Winter
by Jianyong Han, Lin Liu, Congbing Zuo, Haoshuang Wang, Fenglai Lin, Yue Zhao, Tianliang Li and Dong Liu
Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8337; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108337 - 20 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1166
Abstract
Electric heat treatment is a widely used concrete curing method during the winter. Through direct and indirect heat exchange, the electric heating system tracks and controls the temperature of the heating medium based on a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect. In this study, [...] Read more.
Electric heat treatment is a widely used concrete curing method during the winter. Through direct and indirect heat exchange, the electric heating system tracks and controls the temperature of the heating medium based on a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect. In this study, to standardize the application of this treatment in the winter curing of concrete, the thermal energy conversion of an electric heating system and the heat-transfer characteristics of concrete have been studied. Based on the theoretical derivation, a calculation model of the relationship between the thermal energy of the electric heating system and the temperature of the concrete is established. The model is verified using the concrete heating and curing test results. The numerical analysis program COMSOL is used to analyze the effects of various factors on the concrete temperature field, including the electric heating power (e.g., the surface temperature of the electric heating system), concrete casting temperature, thermal conductivity, and heat release coefficient. The results show that decreasing the surface exothermic coefficient and increasing the heating temperature will significantly increase the peak temperature of the concrete. When the heat source temperature increases by 20 °C, the peak temperature could increase by approximately 13 °C. When the heating stops, the concrete volume increases temporarily, particularly in the region where the heating cable is buried. Consequently, an excessive heating power increase may cause cracks on the concrete surface. Compared with the factors of thermal conductivity and surface exothermic coefficient, the ambient temperature has the most significant effect on the concrete cooling rate when the heating stops. When the ambient temperature decreases by −20 °C, the cooling rate of concrete increases by 0.72 °C/h. The role of concrete insulation materials needs to be strengthened to reduce cooling rates during power outages and form removal. The findings from the study provide industry practitioners with a comprehensive guide regarding the specific applications of the electric heating system in early-age concrete curing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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15 pages, 5681 KiB  
Article
The Influences of Vacuum–Surcharge Preloading on Pore Water Pressure and the Settlement of a Soft Foundation
by Ming Lei, Shilin Luo, Jin Chang, Rui Zhang, Xilong Kuang and Jianqing Jiang
Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7669; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097669 - 7 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1296
Abstract
Vacuum–surcharge preloading is widely used in soft soil foundation reinforcement projects. To study the characteristics of the changes in pore water pressure and settlement of the soft soil foundation as a result of the effect of vacuum–surcharge preloading, in this paper, a consolidation [...] Read more.
Vacuum–surcharge preloading is widely used in soft soil foundation reinforcement projects. To study the characteristics of the changes in pore water pressure and settlement of the soft soil foundation as a result of the effect of vacuum–surcharge preloading, in this paper, a consolidation model was established for large–sized sand–drain fluid–solid coupling along the depth direction while taking the sequence of the actual surcharge and vacuum into consideration by using FLAC3D, and a soft foundation’s consolidation process was calculated and analyzed in detail. The results showed the following: (1) the sand drain could be used as a load boundary condition and a vacuum load could be realized by adjusting the pore pressure at the nodes. (2) For the effect of a single vacuum, the settlement and pore water pressure were evenly distributed on the horizontal plane, and the maximum calculated value of the surface settlement was 90.92 cm, but the phenomenon of a “pot–bottom shape” of the settlement and pore pressure gradually became obvious with the increase in the surcharge, and the maximum calculated value of the surface settlement was 153.01 cm. (3) In the numerical calculations, it was found that the pore pressure and settlement distinctly fluctuated once each level of surcharge was applied. The changes in the settlement were basically consistent with the measured values after the adjustment of positive and negative pressure, and the variation trend of the pore pressure was consistent with the measured value. (4) The depth affected by the vacuum could reach at least 16 m. All of these findings are expected to provide references for the calculation of consolidation in vacuum–surcharge preloading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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13 pages, 6053 KiB  
Article
Protection Technique of Support System for Dynamic Disaster in Deep Underground Engineering: A Case Study
by Yunqiu Liu, Yuemao Zhao, Kun Wang, Gongcheng Li and Zhengchen Ge
Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7165; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097165 - 25 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1010
Abstract
During excavation in a deep tunnel, dynamic disaster is an extremely severe impact failure. The necessity of an energy-absorbing support system is analyzed for different characteristics of dynamic disaster (rockburst) failure. The energy-absorbing support system design includes a combination of early-warning, energy-absorbing bolts, [...] Read more.
During excavation in a deep tunnel, dynamic disaster is an extremely severe impact failure. The necessity of an energy-absorbing support system is analyzed for different characteristics of dynamic disaster (rockburst) failure. The energy-absorbing support system design includes a combination of early-warning, energy-absorbing bolts, and other components. This support system is designed to meet the energy requirement of a rockburst disaster based on an early warning. The energy-absorbing rockbolt uses the stepwise decoupling technique to realize the brittle-ductile transition of the structure, which is referred to as a stepwise decoupling rockbolt (SD-bolt). The ultimate force, ultimate deformation, and energy were calculated as 241 kN, 442.3 mm, and 95.89 kJ under static pull-out load. Monitored by a microseismic system, the support system was tested by moderate rockburst disaster impact on site. Considering similar rockburst disaster failure cases, this energy-absorbing support system can reduce rockburst disaster damage to a certain extent and improve overall safety during deep engineering construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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13 pages, 3408 KiB  
Article
Seismic Pile–Soil Interaction Analysis Based on a Unified Thixotropic Fluid Model in Liquefiable Soil
by Xinlei Zhang, Zhanpeng Ji, Jun Guo, Hongmei Gao and Zhihua Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5345; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065345 - 17 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1198
Abstract
One of the challenges to the analysis of interactions between soil and piles in lateral spreading is the modeling of the progress generated by excess pore pressure and soil strength and stiffness degradation. In this paper, a pile–soil interaction analysis method that introduces [...] Read more.
One of the challenges to the analysis of interactions between soil and piles in lateral spreading is the modeling of the progress generated by excess pore pressure and soil strength and stiffness degradation. In this paper, a pile–soil interaction analysis method that introduces the thixotropic-induced excess pore pressure model (TEPP) to describe the progressive development of the stress–strain rate connection of liquefying soil is proposed. The reliability of the method was verified by comparing the calculated results with that of the shake table test. Then, the parametric analyses of soil–pile interactions were carried out. The results show that the bending moment and horizontal displacement of pile foundations increase with the increase in superficial viscosity and inclination angle of the site. The horizontal dislocation and bending moment of the pile foundation increase with the decrease in loading frequency as a result of the property of amplifying low-frequency loads and filtering high-frequency loads of liquefied soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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20 pages, 3123 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Seismic Analysis of Tunnels with Nonuniform Strata Considering the Effect of Karst
by Chenkai Han, Zhang Nan, Liangqing Wang, Shanbai Wu and Li Yong
Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 4992; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064992 - 10 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1107
Abstract
The longitudinal direction of shield tunnels is prone to seismic damage due to excessive deformation under seismic action, especially in nonuniform stratum. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamic response of the tunnel under different seismic effects is calculated based on the longitudinal equivalent [...] Read more.
The longitudinal direction of shield tunnels is prone to seismic damage due to excessive deformation under seismic action, especially in nonuniform stratum. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamic response of the tunnel under different seismic effects is calculated based on the longitudinal equivalent stiffness model using the stratigraphic load model, and the seismic indexes such as longitudinal corner, tube sheet and joint bolt stresses are verified. The calculation results show that the longitudinal seismic weakness of the shield tunnel is in the interface between soft and hard strata and karst development. The longitudinal axial force of the structure is larger during the longitudinal excitation of seismic waves, and the maximum bending moment is mainly in the vertical plane, i.e., the vertical bending moment. The axial force of the tunnel is smaller during the transverse excitation of seismic waves. The maximum bending moment is mainly the bending moment in the horizontal plane, i.e., the transverse moment. The South Lake section of the Two Lakes Tunnel has good seismic performance in the event of a rare earthquake with a 50-year exceedance probability of 2%. The investigation can guide the seismic design of the South Lake section of the Two Lakes Tunnel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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22 pages, 11504 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Dynamic Responses of Special Tunnel Sections under Near-Fault Ground Motion
by Yong Tang, Yong Zheng, Lin Li, Liping Xian and Deping Guo
Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4506; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054506 - 2 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
Data surveys show that near-fault ground motion does great damage to tunnel structures, especially the portal section and fault zone. In this paper, a series of shaking table model tests of near-fault tunnels were conducted and the surrounding-rock fault-zone-lining model of the near-fault [...] Read more.
Data surveys show that near-fault ground motion does great damage to tunnel structures, especially the portal section and fault zone. In this paper, a series of shaking table model tests of near-fault tunnels were conducted and the surrounding-rock fault-zone-lining model of the near-fault tunnel was established. Accelerometers and strain gauges were arranged at specific locations, and the experimental process of earthquake occurrence was simulated by inputting seismic waves of different working conditions, which obtained the characteristics of stress, damage and deformation of the tunnel model. The tested results showed that the acceleration response of the tunnel portal section was close to the wave shape of the inputted seismic wave, and the acceleration response of the arch shoulder, arch waist and arch foot was more prominent. The internal force of lining at the arch shoulder and arch foot was greater than that at the arch crown, and the peak internal force appeared at the arch foot. The internal force and the maximum or minimum principal stress of the lining under impulse ground motion were larger than those under non-impulse ground motion. Additionally, the surrounding rock had a filtering effect on the high-frequency band of seismic waves. Meanwhile, when the geological characteristics of the fault zone were poor, and the tensile damage first appeared at the arch foot, the compressive damage appeared at the junction of the surrounding rock and fault zone. This study will offer a practical guidance for tunnel engineering earthquake damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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20 pages, 9199 KiB  
Article
Influence of Load–Settlement Relationship of Intermediate Foundation Pile Group on Numerical Analysis of a Skyscraper under Construction
by Grzegorz Kacprzak, Mateusz Frydrych and Paweł Nowak
Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 3902; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053902 - 21 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1513
Abstract
Slab and pile foundations are one of the most popular solutions for transferring building loads to the ground. This is due to the combination of the advantages of direct and indirect foundations. Unfortunately, the lack of studies on this type of foundation that [...] Read more.
Slab and pile foundations are one of the most popular solutions for transferring building loads to the ground. This is due to the combination of the advantages of direct and indirect foundations. Unfortunately, the lack of studies on this type of foundation that present the theoretical and practical dimensions of this approach is apparent. This article presents the theoretical background of this issue, capturing the advantages and disadvantages of this solution. The authors lean into the theoretical derivation by demonstrating various computational approaches. Thanks to the theoretical derivation and the citation of various computational approaches, it is possible to correctly determine the bearing capacity of the slab itself or the piles themselves in a slab–pile foundation. In addition, the authors have prepared numerical calculations based on theoretical considerations. The numerical analysis method shows the convergence of the selected theoretical method, which confirms the uniqueness of this computational approach through back analysis and validation of numerical models with Robot Structural Analysis software. The numerical consideration confirms the correct distribution of pile- and slab-bearing capacities; thus, it is possible to design the slab–pile foundation economically. With this verification, the design method of this type of foundation can be correctly determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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20 pages, 7911 KiB  
Article
Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Permeability Behavior and Desiccation Cracking of Dalian Red Clay in China Considering Saline Intrusion
by Chen Chen, Chaozhe Zhang, Xiao Liu, Xiaona Pan, Yenan Pan and Pengjiao Jia
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3858; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043858 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1561
Abstract
Red clay with features of high liquid (plastic) limit, low permeability, medium-low compressibility and high strength is widely used in anti-seepage projects including roadbed, earth dam, tailings and landfill cover. This study investigates the hydraulic conductivity and propagation of desiccation cracks of compacted [...] Read more.
Red clay with features of high liquid (plastic) limit, low permeability, medium-low compressibility and high strength is widely used in anti-seepage projects including roadbed, earth dam, tailings and landfill cover. This study investigates the hydraulic conductivity and propagation of desiccation cracks of compacted red clay in Dalian, China, considering the effect of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles and saline intrusion. A series of compacted specimens were subjected to different F-T cycles at various controlled salt concentration of 0.2% and 4%. The surface cracking initiation and propagation process of compacted specimens under wetting-drying (W-D) cycles were monitored by Digital Image Correlation technique. The results indicated that permeability coefficient of compacted specimens increased significantly after the first F-T cycle regardless of specimens with variable dry density and salt concentration. The relationship between the number of F-D cycles and permeability coefficient can be expressed as the exponential function for Dalin red clay. Dry density and Saline inhibits the desiccation cracks of compacted specimens under W-D cycles. However, the F-T cycles have a modest promoting effect on crack propagation on the surface of saturated red clay. This study analyzes the underlying formation mechanisms of desiccation cracking-inducing geohazards and provides some guidance for the long-term performance of infrastructures upon saline intrusion and F-T cycles for red clay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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17 pages, 9998 KiB  
Article
Study on the Effect of Non-Linear Ventilation Pipe Composite Measures on the Slope Permafrost Subgrade
by Zhe Cheng, Zhilong Zhang, Guang Liu and Ying Wu
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021180 - 9 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1544
Abstract
In the alpine mountain area, the stability of the steep-slope permafrost subgrade is mainly affected by the temperature variation in the frozen soil layer at the base of the road. Under the conditions of climate warming and engineering-related disturbance, the cooling of the [...] Read more.
In the alpine mountain area, the stability of the steep-slope permafrost subgrade is mainly affected by the temperature variation in the frozen soil layer at the base of the road. Under the conditions of climate warming and engineering-related disturbance, the cooling of the subgrade is an urgent problem to be solved in the field of construction. In this paper, the numerical calculation method, combined with data monitored in situ, is used to study the cooling effects of several subgrade cooling measures, in which the non-linear ventilation pipe and rubble layer are combined. The results show the following: (1) the temperature field of the steep-slope subgrade is clearly different in lateral terms—after 20 years of operation, the maximum difference in the melting depth between the left shoulder and the subgrade center is 3 m; (2) the maximum melting depth of the gravel subgrade center is 3.85 m, while the maximum difference in the melting depth between the left shoulder and the subgrade center is 2.3 m; (3) the cooling effect of the composite measures is noteworthy, and a −2.2 °C freezing area appears under the subgrade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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14 pages, 4473 KiB  
Article
Influence of Pipe-Jacking Reaction on Earth Pressure of Back Wall of Pilot Tunnel of Subway Station
by Qian Bai, Wen Zhao, Xin Wang, Huili Ma and Zhen Zhao
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021033 - 5 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1230
Abstract
The study of the distribution form and calculation method of the earth pressure on the back wall of a pilot tunnel under a jacking reaction is very important to ensure the safety and smooth construction of the pipe jacking. Based on a metro [...] Read more.
The study of the distribution form and calculation method of the earth pressure on the back wall of a pilot tunnel under a jacking reaction is very important to ensure the safety and smooth construction of the pipe jacking. Based on a metro station in Shenyang, this paper firstly investigates the effects of the changes in the jacking reaction parameters, such as the loading intensity, loading position, and loading area on the earth pressure and the displacement of the back wall in a pilot tunnel through numerical simulation, and then proposes a formula for calculating the soil reaction on the back wall and verifies it by comparison with the FEA (finite element method) results. The results show that the earth pressure distribution pattern of the back wall is similar to the normal distribution curve under the action of the jacking reaction. The horizontal displacement and earth pressure of the back wall will gradually increase with the increase in the jacking reaction. The horizontal displacement of the back wall is greatest when the load is applied to the middle wall, followed by the top wall and the bottom wall. The maximum horizontal displacement is reduced by approximately 24.25% when the loading position changes from the middle to the bottom. As the loading area increases, the maximum horizontal displacement of the back wall decreases, in the order of 11.8% and 14.45% relative to the previous level. The earth pressure of the back wall also decreases, in the order of 17.92% and 22.76% relative to the previous level. The equations presented are applicable to the calculation of the soil reaction in the limit state. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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16 pages, 3575 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sustainable Use of Steel Slag for Geogrid-Encased Column Involving Its Clogging Effects
by Kaiwen Liu, Ruizhe Qiu, Xiaolong Wang, Fei Yue and Xiangdong Lian
Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010722 - 31 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1199
Abstract
This study investigates the sustainable use of steel slag for a geogrid-encased column involving its reinforcement and clogging effects on its consolidation performance in soft foundations through model tests and 3D hydromechanical-coupled finite element analyses. The 3D finite element model is first validated [...] Read more.
This study investigates the sustainable use of steel slag for a geogrid-encased column involving its reinforcement and clogging effects on its consolidation performance in soft foundations through model tests and 3D hydromechanical-coupled finite element analyses. The 3D finite element model is first validated according to test results of an untreated and treated soft soil foundation. Then, a parametric study investigating the effect of clogging on the performance of the geogrid-encased steel slag column (GESSC) is carried out. Steel slags mixed with different percentages of fine (0%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) are used to simulate various clogging conditions. The numerical study shows that the percentage of fines in the GESSC has a notable effect on the dissipation of excess pore water pressure as well as foundation consolidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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18 pages, 4207 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation and Prediction of Side-By-Side Tunneling Effects on Buried Pipelines
by Jinquan Wang, Juntong An, Shenyi Zhang, Ruoyu Ge, Qiwu Xie, Qingshu Chen, Sizhuo Zheng and Mingge Ye
Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010353 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1323
Abstract
With the fast development of underground space engineering, it is inevitable for buried pipelines to be crossed by twin tunnels. Previous studies mainly focused on the single-tunneling effects on pipelines. To emphasize the twin-tunneling effects on buried pipelines, we first examined the effectiveness [...] Read more.
With the fast development of underground space engineering, it is inevitable for buried pipelines to be crossed by twin tunnels. Previous studies mainly focused on the single-tunneling effects on pipelines. To emphasize the twin-tunneling effects on buried pipelines, we first examined the effectiveness of the ground settlement prediction method under twin-tunneling conditions. Then, the estimated ground settlement boundary condition was applied to the beam-on-spring finite element model. The numerical results show that with the decrease in tunnel depth and twin tunnel space, the values and positions of the maximum ground settlement and longitudinal pipe bending behavior both changed significantly. The biased distance of the maximum settlement position and the distance to the inflection point of the final ground settlement curve can be obtained by curve fitting. Based on that, a semi-empirical prediction method for the longitudinal pipe bending strain was proposed. The predicted values matched quite well with the numerical results, which can thus provide a quick and effective structural safety and integrity assessment approach for buried pipelines subjected to twin-tunneling conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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16 pages, 7104 KiB  
Article
Adaptability of a Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Wall Cut by Disc Cutter
by Hang Yu, Lei Chen and Kaixi Peng
Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 16154; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316154 - 2 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1363
Abstract
On the background of a subway project in Suzhou City of Jiangsu Province and targeting the engineering difficulty of disc cutters cutting reinforced concrete walls, this paper illustrates the adaptability of a reinforced concrete diaphragm wall cut by disc cutter through conducting related [...] Read more.
On the background of a subway project in Suzhou City of Jiangsu Province and targeting the engineering difficulty of disc cutters cutting reinforced concrete walls, this paper illustrates the adaptability of a reinforced concrete diaphragm wall cut by disc cutter through conducting related laboratory tests and numerical simulations. When cutting a reinforced concrete diaphragm wall, the cutter should use the low-penetration depth excavation pattern with the depth of the penetration kept within 10 mm/r. In order to keep the torque in a small floating range, the cutterhead driving speed and thrust should be strictly controlled during the cutting period. Three types of fracture surface after the cutting operation, namely, single-side rolling destroy, double-sided rolling destroy, and brittle destroy. The percentage of the length of the cut steel bar smaller than 60 cm can reach 44.2% when the driving parameters of the disc cutter are well regulated. The simulation results show that the deeper the penetration, the more unstable the cutting load. The relationship between the normal force of the disc cutter and the penetration depth was linear, and the trend of the simulated value was comparable with the experimental one, which ensures the rationality of this pattern. The cutter spacing had little impact on the cutting results when it was wider than 80 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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21 pages, 8291 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Consolidated Undrained Shear Behavior on Peaty Soil in Dian-Chi, China
by Xuemei Li, Min Yang, Weichao Li and Haowen Zhang
Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14618; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114618 - 7 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1651
Abstract
Peat deposits are extensively distributed worldwide, and the various common engineering-failure problems involving peat have attracted greater attention from researchers in regard to understanding the mechanical behavior of peat. This study investigated extensive index and consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests applied to the [...] Read more.
Peat deposits are extensively distributed worldwide, and the various common engineering-failure problems involving peat have attracted greater attention from researchers in regard to understanding the mechanical behavior of peat. This study investigated extensive index and consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests applied to the peaty soils of Dian-Chi Lake, located in Yunnan, China. A series of consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests on peat specimens were carried out in this study, and the influences of confining pressure, organic matter content and strength parameters were investigated. The test results indicate that, to obtain a B-value greater than 0.98, the average back pressure of the Dian-Chi Lake peaty soil should be at least 150 kPa, with organic matter contents N ranging from 30% to 85%. Compared with the existing oedometer consolidation results of the research team, the values of compressibility and permeability behavior under the oedometer and isotropic consolidation conditions are not significantly different. In addition, the average failure strain, εf, ranged from 9% to 15% for the investigated normally consolidated specimens, and the average effective angle of internal friction was 43.8°, which is greater than the maximum internal friction angle of 35° for typical soft clay and silt soils. A correlation was proposed by curve fitting the experimental data to better capture the nonlinear relationship between φ′ and N. Furthermore, the values of the normalized undrained strength, Su/σc′, varied from 0.56 to 0.84, which is larger than that of the inorganic soft clay and silt deposits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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14 pages, 3236 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Impact on Hydro-Mechanical Properties for Cement Stabilized Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil under Different Salinity
by Xingzhong Nong, Yuehua Liang, Shan Lin, Yi Lu and Zhi Shang
Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 13901; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113901 - 26 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1190
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the hydro-mechanical properties of heavy metal (Cu, Zn) contaminated soil stabilized using cement treatment situated under different salinity. Conventional oedometers with cylindrical samples dimensioned ⌀61.8 × 20 mm were used to conduct the tests. Two [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the hydro-mechanical properties of heavy metal (Cu, Zn) contaminated soil stabilized using cement treatment situated under different salinity. Conventional oedometers with cylindrical samples dimensioned ⌀61.8 × 20 mm were used to conduct the tests. Two cement contents (10%, 20% by mass of cement to the mass of dry soil) and three salinity levels (0.5M, 1M, 1.5M) were used as comparison variables. The compression results demonstrate that the coupled condition in terms of mechanical and chemical will have different behavior on the soil specimen, as Cc (compression index) changes with different metal fractions. The hydraulic conductivity (k) results show that a higher metal fraction will compromise the k. The possible development of water and metal ions is proposed that when a different type and fraction of metal ions are present, the hydration reaction can be suppressed depending on whether the metal ion prioritizes the reaction with either cement or saline solution. It was found that Cu ions prioritize their reaction to a saline solution while Zn ions target the Ca(OH)2 that is available from cement. However, more studies should be carried out to confirm this point. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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14 pages, 3874 KiB  
Article
Calculation Method for Investigating the Behavior of Ground Surface Settlement of Underpass Buildings in TBM Double-Line Tunnels
by Ting Ren, Hailong Zhang, Yuancheng Guo, Yang Tang, Qinglin Li and Seisuke Okubo
Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13410; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013410 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1188
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the behavior of ground surface settlement in TBM double-line tunnels constructed under existing buildings and to devise a calculative representation for that behavior. Numerical simulation and field monitoring methods were used to examine the Zhongcong Tunnel in Chongqing [...] Read more.
This study aims to investigate the behavior of ground surface settlement in TBM double-line tunnels constructed under existing buildings and to devise a calculative representation for that behavior. Numerical simulation and field monitoring methods were used to examine the Zhongcong Tunnel in Chongqing Metro Line 9. The ground surface settlement was analyzed using an orthogonal test of 3D numerical simulation methods. The results showed that ground surface settlement was influenced by TBM tunneling parameters and the location of the existing building in the following manner. The existing building reduced the settlement trough width. Surface settlement was increased by frictional and palm surface thrust forces but reduced by grouting pressure. The settlement trough width of the first excavation iz correlated with that of the last excavation iy. To accommodate the influence of existing buildings, the tilt factor of the settlement trough TR was introduced to improve the formula for calculating the ground surface settlement of TBM double-line tunnels. The improved formula was validated by comparing the calculated results with actual measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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18 pages, 5717 KiB  
Article
Analysis for Ground Deformation Induced by Undercrossed Shield Tunnels at a Small Proximity Based on Equivalent Layer Method
by Jiaxin Liang, Xiaowu Tang, Tianqi Wang, Weikang Lin, Jing Yan and Chunqing Fu
Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 9972; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169972 - 12 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1530
Abstract
Shield excavation and tail grouting are the main causes of ground deformation in tunnel construction, especially in the case of new tunnels undercrossing existing tunnels, which have stricter requirements for settlement control. This paper investigates the equivalent layer method, which is used to [...] Read more.
Shield excavation and tail grouting are the main causes of ground deformation in tunnel construction, especially in the case of new tunnels undercrossing existing tunnels, which have stricter requirements for settlement control. This paper investigates the equivalent layer method, which is used to simulate ground deformation induced by shield construction and tail grouting via numerical analysis. The research is based on a case study of Beijing’s newly built Metro Line 12 undercrossing the existing Metro Line 10, which is constructed in soft soil. Three-dimensional finite simulation via Plaxis 3D is performed, incorporating the equivalent layer method. Parametric analysis is carried out to explore the influence of the thickness (δ) and elastic modulus (E) of the equivalent layer on surface settlement. It is shown that the surface settlement increases almost linearly with the increase in δ, and it is insensitive to changes in E. The δ is the dominating factor affecting the surface settlement. Based on the Beijing Metro Lines project, the predicted surface settlement is analyzed and compared with monitoring data. Based on a case study of Beijing Metro, the applicability of the equivalent layer method is verified, and the empirical values for δ and E are summarized. δ = 1.8 Gp and E = 2 MPa are suitable values for analysis, which could be references for other shield tunnel constructions in soft soil. With the obtained empirical values of the equivalent layer method, the deformation caused by grouting and undercrossing tunnels could be accurately predicted, which is benefit for reducing budget and environmental protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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19 pages, 7485 KiB  
Article
Foundation Settlement Response of Existing High-Speed Railway Bridge Induced by Construction of Undercrossing Roads
by You Wang, Shaohua Liang, Changxi Huang and Rui Wang
Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8700; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148700 - 15 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1898
Abstract
The construction of undercrossing roads often has an adverse effect on the upper existing railway line, and can cause an uneven subsidence of the crossed section. In response to the influence of new road construction on the existing high-speed railway bridge, a highway [...] Read more.
The construction of undercrossing roads often has an adverse effect on the upper existing railway line, and can cause an uneven subsidence of the crossed section. In response to the influence of new road construction on the existing high-speed railway bridge, a highway passing under an existing high-speed railway bridge was taken as the research object. Based on the FLAC3D finite difference software, a computational model of new roads undercrossing a high-speed railway bridge was established to analyze the structural deformation response of a high-speed railway bridge. The results show that the excavation of foundation pits during new road construction causes an overall upward heaving of the soil layers between the pits, with a greater amount of heaving near the high-speed railway piers than that at other locations. Meanwhile, a degree of upward displacement of the high-speed railway bridge piers occurred. The filling of a road base structure generates an additional stress greater than the original consolidation pressure, inducing an overall subsidence of the soil layers between the pits. The final deformation during construction of new roads undercrossing the high-speed railway bridge shows that the displacement of adjacent piles is manifested as an overall settlement and as a horizontal displacement to the side of soil excavation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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12 pages, 8332 KiB  
Technical Note
Mesoscopic Failure Behavior of Strip Footing on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Granular Soil Foundations Using PIV Technology
by Zhongmei Wang, Zhiqiang Lai, Lianjun Zhao, Kangwei Lai and Li Pan
Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16583; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416583 - 11 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1346
Abstract
Two-dimensional model tests combined with PIV technology were conducted to study the failure behavior of strip footing on geosynthetic-reinforced granular soil foundations on a mesoscale. The results showed that geosynthetic reinforcements improve the bearing capacity of granular soil foundations; however, the effectiveness of [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional model tests combined with PIV technology were conducted to study the failure behavior of strip footing on geosynthetic-reinforced granular soil foundations on a mesoscale. The results showed that geosynthetic reinforcements improve the bearing capacity of granular soil foundations; however, the effectiveness of the reinforcement was affected by the position, length, and number of geosynthetics. The mesoscale factor affecting the reinforcement effectiveness was the size of the sliding wedge in the foundation, which was changed by the embedded geosynthetics. As the depth, length, number, and vertical spacing of the reinforcements varied, three possible failure modes occurred in the reinforced foundations: failure above the top reinforcement layer, failure between reinforcement layers, and failure similar to footings on the unreinforced foundation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)
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