Next Article in Journal
An Efficient Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Malondiamides
Previous Article in Journal
Reaction of Thallium(III) Salts with Homoallylic Alcohols: Ring Contraction vs. Dimethoxylation
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 10
Issue 12
10.3390/10121429
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis of Novel, Potentially Biologically Active Dibenzosuberone Derivatives

by
Sonja Merkas
1,*,
Mladen Litvic
1,
Ivica Cepanec
1 and
Vladimir Vinkovic
2
1
Belupo Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Ltd., Radnicka 224, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2005, 10(12), 1429-1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/10121429
Submission received: 10 June 2005 / Revised: 6 September 2005 / Accepted: 7 September 2005 / Published: 31 December 2005
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Novel representatives of the important group of biologically active dibenzosuberone derivatives were prepared: 3,7-dibromo-5-(dimethylaminoethyl-oxyimino)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepta-1,4-diene (1), 3,7-dibromo-5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene (2) and 1,7-dibromo-5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[a,d]-cycloheptene (3). These compounds are potential tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which are still the most frequently prescribed antidepressants in many countries.

Introduction

A wide range of compounds that contain in their structure the dibenzosuberone unit formed by two aromatic rings fused with a seven-atom cycle have been proven effective for the treatment of depressive disorders, nowadays a highly prevalent illness, as well as for a variety of painful conditions: migraine headache, noncardiac chest pain, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [1,2,3,4,5]. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) containing dibenzosuberone moieties mostly affect the autonomic and central nervous systems, and traditional cyclic antidepressants, like amitriptyline (4) [6,7,8], imipramine (5) [9] and noxiptiline (6) [10,11] continue to be used as first-line agents in treating depressive disorders and an expanding list of additional conditions [12,13,14,15], with amitriptyline being the most commonly prescribed TCA.
Molecules 10 01429 i001
Although TCAs have been in use for decades they are still considered safer and more effective than the newer class of antidepressants, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The latter have been found to have numerous side effects that are still not well understood. No better antidepressants have been released heretofore and new results on available antidepressants regarding their lack of efficacy, unwanted secondary effects, toxicity and possible association with suicides are being continuously documented and evaluated [12,13,14,15,16,17].
In light of the obvious need to produce agents representing an improvement on both the TCA and the SSRI classes, we decided to revisit the tricyclic antidepressant class and to prepare new dibenzosuberone derivatives [18]. The preparation involved the regioselective bromination of dibenzosuberone and subsequent use of the isomers obtained for the synthesis of new TCAs. Amitriptyline and noxiptiline served as a guide in the design due to their wide efficacy spectrum, success in treating severe psychiatric disorders and their lower costs. The halogen group in the structure of some known antidepressants showed positive effect in treatment of depressive disorders [19,20,21].

Results and Discussion

The starting materials, 3,7- and 1,7-dibromodibenzosuberone 7 and 8 were prepared by the method previously developed in our laboratory, via regioselective bromination of commercially available dibenzosuberone [22]. As the regiochemistry of the substitution process in the dibenzosuberone ring generally results in ortho and para substituted isomers with respect to an alkyl group, our method yields para, para as well as ortho, para substituted isomers. In this manner the 3,7- and 1,7-dibromoderivatives have been prepared as the main products and then used for the preparation of their respective N,N-dialkylaminopropyl and O-alkyloxime derivatives.
Among the other possible synthetic paths to the 3,7-dibromo derivative of noxiptiline (1), first we applied an indirect one to avoid the direct alkylation of the oxime 9 and possible formation of an N‑alkyl oxime instead of expected O-alkyl one. Unfortunately this method, based on the O-alkyl hydroxylamine prepared by O-alkylation of hydroxylamine protected with a phtalimide group, failed at the N-hydroxyphtalimide alkylation stage. Abandoning the indirect approach we then used the selective O-alkylation of the oxime 9 under mild conditions (solvent, basic salt with an appropriate cation), as shown in Scheme 1. The oxime of 3,7-dibromodibenzosuberone (9) was thus prepared in five days by a method reported for hindered ketones [23], using two portions of four equivalents of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and pyridine. The next step, regioselective O-alkylation of oxime 9 [24,25,26], was performed in acetone with dimethylaminoethylchloride hydrochloride and potassium carbonate as the base. By this procedure O-alkylated compound 1 was obtained exclusively, with an overall yield of 87%. Since the alkylation of oximes as bidentate nucleophiles depends on the structural characteristics of the substrate, in the case of compound 9 alkylation at the less hindered oxygen atom was favored.
Molecules 10 01429 g001 550
Scheme 1.
Scheme 1.
Molecules 10 01429 g001
3,7- (2) and 1,7-dibromo derivatives, 3, of amitriptyline were prepared by a two-step synthesis according to Scheme 2.
Molecules 10 01429 g002 550
Scheme 2.
Scheme 2.
Molecules 10 01429 g002
Attachment of a dimethylaminopropylic functionality to the skeleton of brominated dibenzo-suberone was achieved by a Grignard reaction [27,28,29,30]. Since the required Grignard reagent 3‑dimethylamino-1-propylmagnesium chloride is not easy to obtain, very strictly controlled reaction conditions have to be employed. The free base is freshly prepared separately and the reaction is initiated with a more reactive alkyl halogenide and iodine. The reaction was carried out for 26 hours at room temperature and isolated compounds 10 and 11 were purified by chromatography on SiO2. After chromatographic separation 65% of the 3,7- and 32% of 1,7-dibromo derivatives 10 and 11 were isolated, respectively.
Dehydration of compounds 10 and 11, obtained by the previous Grignard reaction, was carried out by stirring for a few hours at 4 ºC with 85% sulfuric acid. Starting with compound 10, 3,7-dibromoamitriptyline (2) was obtained in 94% yield, but with the 1,7-dibromodibenzosuberone 11 a mixture of syn (Z) and anti (E) isomers with respect to the 1-Br atom, was obtained. We tried to separate the isomers by chromatography using various mixtures of solvents, but unfortunately without success. Although rotation around the double bond is impossible, the dimethylaminopropyl chain connected to the tricyclic ring in the carbocation 12 rotates freely (Scheme 3). Therefore, we tried to convert compound 3 to the thermodynamically more stable isomer by prolonged stirring in sulfuric acid. We anticipated that implied conclusion that in the thermodynamically controlled reaction the less sterically hindered anti-isomer 3E would be obtained. Indeed, under these conditions the pure E isomer 3E is formed in good yield.
Molecules 10 01429 g003 550
Scheme 3.
Scheme 3.
Molecules 10 01429 g003

Conclusions

We have prepared 3,7-dibromo-5-(dimethylaminoethyl-oxyimino)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo- [a,d]cyclohepta-1,4-diene (1), 3,7-dibromo-5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene (2) and 1,7-dibromo-5-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene (3), all potential drug molecules of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) type.

Experimental

General

IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One spectrophotometer, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 600 instrument. Shifts are given in ppm downfield from TMS used as an internal standard. All the mass spectra were obtained on a FTMS Finnigan 2001 DD spectrometer. TLC analyses were performed on Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) DC-Alufolien with Kieselgel 60254. Elemental analyses were done at the Central Analytical Service (CAS) of the Ruđer Bošković Institute.

3,7-Dibromo-5-hydroxyimino-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepta-1,4-diene (9).

To a solution of compound 7 (10.98 g, 30 mmol) in abs. ethanol (100 mL) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (8.33 g, 120 mmol) and pyridine (9.67 g, 120 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred under reflux for 24 hours, then an additional four equivalents of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (8.33 g, 120 mmol) and pyridine (9.67 g, 120 mmol) were added. After stirring under reflux for 100 hours the reaction mixture was cooled, poured into water (300 mL), acidified with conc. hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated. Hot n-hexane (100 mL) was added to the residue and the precipitated colorless crystals (10.18 g, 89%) were filtered off; mp 228-230 ºC; Rf=0.50 (dichloromethane as eluent); IR (KBr) ν 3240, 2930, 1760, 1590 (C=N), 1565, 1475, 1420, 1405, 1385, 1355, 1320, 1290, 1260, 1175, 1160, 1100, 1075, 1010, 965, 940, 910, 890, 830, 815, 780, 775, 755, 715, 690, 660, 630 cm-1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6), δ: 2.89-2.96 (m, 4H, Hbenzylic), 7.08 (d, 1H, Harom, J=8.3 Hz), 7.24 (d, 1H, Harom, J=8.3 Hz), 7.43-7.61 (m, 4H, Harom), 11.70 (s, 1H, =NOH) ppm; 13C‑NMR (DMSO-d6), δ: 30.56, 32.43, 118.43, 118.69, 130.50, 130.92, 131.02, 131.55, 131.69, 132.79, 135.87, 136.32, 137.57, 137.67, 152.94 (C=NOH) ppm.

3,7-Dibromo-5-(dimethylaminoethyloxyimino)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepta-1,4-diene (1).

This compound was prepared by heating the ketoxime 9 (2.1 g, 5.51 mmol), 2-dimethylamino-ethylchloride hydrochloride (0.95 g, 6.61 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.68 g, 12 mmol) in acetone for 15 hours under an inert atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the precipitate was filtered off and the solvent was removed from the filtrate under reduced pressure. A brown oil was obtained, which crystallized on cooling. The yield was 2.44 g (98%); Rf=0.54 (9:1 dichloromethane-methanol); IR (KBr) ν 2920, 2810, 2760, 2040, 1580, 1550 (C=N), 1440, 1380, 1350, 1320, 1290, 1250, 1160, 1070, 1020 (C-O), 990 (N-O), 910, 880, 810 cm-1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.32 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 2.72 (t, 2H, CH2, J=5.8 Hz), 3.02-3.06 (m, 4H, Hbenzylic C-10,11), 4.36 (t, 2H, CH2, J=5.8 Hz), 6.99 (d, 1H, Harom C-9,1, J=8.5 Hz), 7.12 (d, 1H, Harom C-9,1, J=8.2 Hz), 7.39 (dd, 2H, Harom C-8,2, J=1.9 Hz), 7.57 (d, 1H, Harom C-4,6, J=1.9 Hz), 7.72 (d, 1H, Harom C-4,6, J=1.9 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 31.21 (C-10,11), 32.77 (C-10, 11), 45.70 (N(CH3)2), 57.75 (CH2), 72.91 (CH2), 119.13 (C-3,7), 119.64 (C-3,7), 129.70 (C-1), 131.33 (C-4,6), 131.96 (C-2,8,9), 154.81 (C=NOR) ppm; Anal. Calcd. (C19H20Br2N2O): C 50.46, H 4.46, Br 35.34, N 6.20; Found: C 50.60, H 4.61, Br 35.54 and N 6.04%.

Grignard reaction with 3,7- and 1,7- dibromo derivatives 7 and 8: preparation of dry tetrahydrofuran for use in the Grignard reaction:

To Mg-turnings (1.72 g, 70 mmol), a few milliliters of THF (just enough to cover the Mg) and a small crystal of iodine were added. A separately prepared solution of ethyl bromide (5.0 mL) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise into the Mg-suspension at such a rate that the reaction mixture kept boiling. After the whole solution was added, refluxing of the reaction mixture was continued for 30 minutes. Additional THF (130 mL) was then added and refluxing was maintained for 2 hours. When the Mg-turnings had mostly reacted, the THF was distilled off in a closed system.

Preparation of the free base

Sodium hydroxide and 3-dimethylamino-1-propylchloride hydrochloride were dissolved separately in water (10 mL). These two solutions were mixed and the pH was adjusted to ~14. After extraction with dichloromethane (3x30 mL), the extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed to afford 3.34 g (53%) of the free base.

Grignard reaction

A solution of the free base was prepared by dissolving N,N‑dimethylamino-1-propyl-chloride (2.5 g) in dry THF (20 mL). After that, CaH2 (1.0 g) was added, the suspension was stirred for one hour, and filtered. This freshly prepared filtrate was added dropwise over 30 minutes to a small volume of dry THF (20 mL), a crystal of iodine and Mg-turnings (0.51 g). The reaction mixture was heated with stirring for 2 hours. The solution of the Grignard reagent was cooled to 0 °C and a solution of 3,7-(7) or 1,7-dibromodibenzosuberone (8) (3.66 g) in THF (50 mL) was added dropwise. The obtained mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then poured into a saturated solution of sodium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane (3x30 mL). The extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated. The Grignard reaction products 10 and 11 were purified by column chromatography on SiO2 with dichloromethane/methanol 9:1 as eluent. 3,7-Dibromo-5-(hydroxy-5-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane (10): 2.93 g (64.7%), mp 145.5-146.5 °C; Rf= 0.47 (9:1 dichloromethane/methanol); IR (KBr) ν 3090 (OH), 2940, 2920, 2850, 2820, 2780, 2700, 2630, 2330, 1900, 1795, 1580, 1560, 1460, 1420, 1400, 1385, 1350, 1335, 1290, 1265 (C-N), 1245, 1230, 1205, 1185, 1170, 1150, 1110, 1100, 1065, 1050, 1035, 1005, 950, 920, 900, 880, 845, 820, 790, 775, 755, 735, 700, 680, 650, 635, 615 cm-1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.32 (t, 2H, CH2, J=5.2 Hz), 2.17-2.25 (m, 8H, N(CH3)2+CH2), 2.43-2.47 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.85-2.96 (m, 2H, Hbenzylic), 3.32-3.43 (m, 2H, Hbenzylic), 6.93 (d, 2H, Harom, J=8.0 Hz), 7.23-7.27 (m, 2H, Harom), 8.19 (d, 2H, Harom, J=1.9 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 22.15, 32.68, 44.15, 44.95, 59.50, 75.39 (COH), 120.13, 129.75, 129.95, 131.89, 135.73, 147.37 ppm; Anal. Calcd. (C20H23Br2NO): C 53.00, H 5.12, Br 35.26, N 3.09; Found: C 53.07, H 5.04, Br 35.32 and N 2.97%. 1,7-dibromo-5-(hydroxy-5-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane (11): 1.50 g (33.1%) of product 11 was obtained, mp 164.5-167.0 °C; Rf=0.31 (9:1 dichloromethane/methanol); IR (KBr) ν 3030 (OH), 2970, 2940, 2900, 2840, 2760, 2680, 2640, 2540, 2460, 2320, 1900, 1580, 1500, 1460, 1440, 1400, 1390, 1380, 1290, 1260 (C-N), 1240, 1200, 1160, 1140, 1100, 1040, 100, 950, 920, 890, 850, 820, 780, 750, 740, 690, 650 cm-1; 1H‑NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.42 (d, 2H, CH2, C-13), J=4.7 Hz), 2.25 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 2.37-2.47 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.62-2.69 (m, 1H, CH2), 2.88-2.97 (m, 1H, CH2), 3.20-3.48 (m, 4H, Hbenzylic C-10,11), 6.98 (d, 1H, Harom, J=8.0 Hz), 7.06 (t, 1H, Harom, J=7.8 Hz), 7.26-7.29 (m, 1H, Harom), 7.48 (d, 1H, Harom, J=8.0 Hz), 8.07 (d, 1H, Harom, J=8.0 Hz), 8.17 (d, 1H, Harom, J=1.9 Hz) ppm; 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 21.93, 31.92, 32.96, 43.61, 44.82 (N(CH3)2), 59.21, 75.80 (COH), 120.20, 125.98, 126.27, 126.91, 129.82, 129.88, 131.50, 131.87, 135.36, 135.56, 147.35, 147.44 ppm; Anal. Calcd. (C20H23Br2NO): C 53.00, H 5.12, Br 35.26, N 3.09; Found: C 53.01, H 4.99, Br 35.23 and N 2.93%.

Dehydration of products 10 and 11

The hydroxy derivatives 10 or 11 (0.2 g, 0.44 mmol) were dissolved in 85% sulfuric acid (20 mL) and stirred for 3 hours at 4 °C. After that, the reaction mixture was slowly diluted with cold water, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and extracted with dichloromethane (3x30 mL). The dichloromethane solution obtained was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give, in the case of compound 10, 3,7-dibromo-5-(3-N,N-dimethyl-aminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene (2): 0.18 g (94.0%), mp 98.5-100.5 °C; Rf=0.34 (9:1 dichloromethane/methanol); IR (KBr) ν 2940, 2850, 2780, 2710, 1880, 1580, 1560, 1450, 1370, 1260 (C-N), 1220, 1150, 1070, 1050, 1025, 960, 920, 890, 870, 800, 770, 760, 750, 710, 670 cm‑1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.19 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 2.21-2.42 (m, 4H, CH2+CH2 C-13,14), 2.70-2.95 (m, 2H, Hbenzylic C-10,11), 3.22-3.39 (m, 2H, Hbenzylic C-10,11), 5.90-5.95 (m, 1H, C=CH), 6.90 (d, 1H, Harom, J=8.2 Hz), 7.09 (d, 1H, Harom, J=8.0 Hz), 7.24-7.35 (m, 3H, Harom), 7.24 (s, 1H, Harom C-4,6, J=1.9) ppm; 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 27.76, 31.04, 32.84, 38.73, 45.24 (N(CH3)2), 59.02, 119.25, 119.28, 129.65, 129.88, 130.38, 130.75, 131.04, 131.18, 131.53, 135.59, 137.94, 140.69, 141.29, 142.22; Anal. Calcd. (C20H21Br2N): C 55.19, H 4.86, Br 36.72, N 3.22; Found: C 55.24, H 4.76, Br 36.68 and N 3.19%. After dehydratation of compound 11 a mixture (0.2 g, 0.44 mmol) of the respective syn- and anti-isomers of 1,7-dibromo-5-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cycloheptene (3) was obtained. The pure anti-isomer was obtained by prolonged stirring in cold 85% sulfuric acid at 4 °C for 3 hours and at room temperature for 8 hours. After chromatography 0.14 g (73%), Rf=0.39 (dichloromethane/methanol 9:1) of pure 3E were obtained; IR (KBr) ν 2929, 2857, 2817, 2780, 1673, 1584, 1558, 1477, 1449, 1361, 1264 (C-N), 1231, 1160, 1128, 1041, 969, 897, 817, 790, 739, 705 cm-1; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.22 (s, 6H, (N(CH3)2)), 2.32-2.34 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.41-2.44 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.78-2.90 (m, 2H, Hbenzylic), 3.21-3.31 (m, 2H, Hbenzylic), 5.87-5.92 (t, 1H, C=CH, J=7.0 Hz), 6.91-7.49 (m, 6H, Harom) ppm; 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 27.45, 27.59, 30.80, 31.51, 34.59, 45.04 (N(CH3)2), 58.85, 119.26, 127.22, 127.96, 129.73, 131.53, 131.89, 135.49, 135.65, 141.05, 141.25, 142.09, 142.48 ppm; Anal. Calcd. (C20H21Br2N): C 55.19, H 4.86, Br 36.72, N 3.22; Found C 55.15, H 5.01, Br 36.94 and N 3.11%.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Belupo Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Inc. for financial support of this research.

References

  1. McQuay, H. J.; Moore, R. A. Antidepressants and chronic pain. Br. Med. J. 1997, 314, 763–764. [Google Scholar]
  2. Mertz, H. Psychotherapeutics and serotonin agonists and antagonists. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2005, 39, S247–S250. [Google Scholar]
  3. Max, M. B.; Culnane, M.; Schafer, S. C.; Gracely, R. H.; Walter, D. J.; Smoller, B.; Dubner, R. Amitriptyline relieves diabetic neuropathy pain in patients with normal or depressed mood. Neurology 1987, 37, 589–596. [Google Scholar]
  4. Williams, J. W.; Rost, K.; Dietrich, A. J.; Ciotti, M. C.; Zyzanski, S. J.; Cornell, J. Primary care physicians’ approach to depressive disorders. Arch. Fam. Med. 1999, 8, 58–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Walsh, T. D. Antidepressants in chronic pain. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1983, 6, 271–295. [Google Scholar]
  6. Hoffsomer, R. D.; Taub, D.; Wendler, N. L. The Homoallylic Rearrangement in the Synthesis of Amitriptyline and Related Systems. J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 4134–4137. [Google Scholar]
  7. Hoffsomer, R. D.; Taub, D.; Wendler, N. L. Synthesis of Amitriptyline and Related Substances. Hydroboration of 5-Allylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-10,11-dihydrocycloheptene. J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 1751–1753. [Google Scholar]
  8. Davis, M. A.; Winthrop, S. O.; Stewart, J.; Sunahara, F. A.; Herr, F. New Psychotropic Agents. V. Derivatives of 5-Cyano- and 5-Caboxamidodibenzo[a,d]cycloheptadiene. J. Med. Chem. 1963, 6, 251–255. [Google Scholar]
  9. Schindler, W.; Häfliger, F. Åber Derivate des Iminodibenzyls. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1954, 59, 472–483. [Google Scholar]
  10. Hoffmeister, V.F.; Wutke, W.; Kroneberg, G. Zur Pharmakologie des Thymolepticum Noxiptilin. Arzneimittel Forsch. 1969, 19, 846–878. [Google Scholar]
  11. Hoffmeister, V.F. Zur Frage pharmakologisch-klinischer Wirkungsbeziehungen bei Antidepressiva, dargestellt am Beispiel von Noxiptilin. Arzneimittel Forsch. 1969, 19, 458–467. [Google Scholar]
  12. Kairuz, T.; Truter, I.; Hugo, J.; Foxcroft, C. Prescribing patterns of tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants among a sample of adolescents and young adults. Pharmacoepidem. Dr. S. 2003, 12, 379–382. [Google Scholar]
  13. Barbui, C.; Guaiana, G.; Hotopl, M. Amitriptyline for inpatients and SSRIs for outpatients with depression? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004, 37, 93–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Rosenbaum, T. G.; Kou, M. Are one or two dangerous? Tricyclic antidepressant exposure in toddlers. J. Emer. Med. 2005, 28, 2. 169–174. [Google Scholar]
  15. Williams, J. W.; Mulrow, C. D.; Chiquette, E.; Noël, H. P.; Aguilar, C.; Cornell, J. A systematic review of newer pharmacotherapies for depression in adults: evidence report summary. Ann. Intern. Med. 2000, 132, 9. 743–756. [Google Scholar]
  16. Khan, A; Khan, S.; Kolts, R.; Brown, W. A. Suicide rates in Clinical Trials of SSRIs, Other Antidepressants, and Placebo: Analysis of FDA Reports. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003, 160, 790–792. [Google Scholar]
  17. Garner, E. M.; Kelly, M. W.; Thompson, D. F. Tricyclic antidepressant withdrawal syndrome. Ann. Pharmacother. 1993, 27, 1068–1072. [Google Scholar]
  18. Merkaš, S.; Litvić, M.; Mikotić-Mihun, Z.; Cepanec, I.; (Belupo Ltd). Preparation of Biologically Active Derivatives of 3,7- and 1,7-Dibromodibenzosuberone. Hungarian Patent appl. HR-P20000761A, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  19. Oya, S.; Choi, S. R.; Hou, C.; Mu, M.; Kung, M. P.; Acton, P. D.; Siciliano, M.; Kung, H. F. 2-((2-((Dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine (ADAM): An Improved Serotonin Transporter Ligand. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2000, 27, 3. 249–254. [Google Scholar]
  20. Baumann, P. Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Relationships of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1996, 31, 6. 444–469. [Google Scholar]
  21. Baumann, P. Care of Depression in the Elderly: Comparative pharmacokinetics of SSRIs. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1998, 13, S35–S43. [Google Scholar]
  22. Merkaš, S.; Litvić, M.; Vinković, V.; Mikotić-Mihun, Z.; Cepanec, I. manuscript in preparation.
  23. Pearson, D. E.; Keaton, O. D. Lethargic Reactions. I. The Preparation of Hindered Oximes. J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 1557–1558. [Google Scholar]
  24. Smith, P. A. S.; Robertson, J. E. Some Factors Affecting the Site of Alkylation of Oxime Salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 1197–1204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Buehler, E. J. Alkylation of syn- and anti-Benzaldoximes. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 261–265. [Google Scholar]
  26. Grubbs, E. J.; Villarreal, J. A. Geometrical Isomerization in O-Alkyl Oximes. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 23, 1841–1844. [Google Scholar]
  27. Holm, T. Preparation and Properties of 1,1-Diaryl-1,3-butadienes. Acta Chem. Scand. 1963, 17, 2437–2443. [Google Scholar]
  28. Lešeticky, L.; Smerček, S.; Svata, V.; Podlahova, J.; Podlaha, J.; Cisarova, I. The Synthesis and X-Ray Structure of 3,7-Diiododibenzosuberone. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1990, 55, 2677–2685. [Google Scholar]
  29. Ebnöther, A.; Jucker, E.; Stoll, A. Atropisomerie in der Dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-Reihe. Helv. Chim. Acta. 1965, 48, 1237–1249. [Google Scholar]
  30. Schumacher, D. P.; Murphy, B. L.; Clark, J. E.; Tahabaz, P.; Mann, T. A. Superacid Cyclodehydration of Ketones in the Production of Tricyclic Antihistamines. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 2242–2244. [Google Scholar]
  • Sample availability: Available from the author

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Merkas, S.; Litvic, M.; Cepanec, I.; Vinkovic, V. Synthesis of Novel, Potentially Biologically Active Dibenzosuberone Derivatives. Molecules 2005, 10, 1429-1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/10121429

AMA Style

Merkas S, Litvic M, Cepanec I, Vinkovic V. Synthesis of Novel, Potentially Biologically Active Dibenzosuberone Derivatives. Molecules. 2005; 10(12):1429-1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/10121429

Chicago/Turabian Style

Merkas, Sonja, Mladen Litvic, Ivica Cepanec, and Vladimir Vinkovic. 2005. "Synthesis of Novel, Potentially Biologically Active Dibenzosuberone Derivatives" Molecules 10, no. 12: 1429-1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/10121429

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop