Next Article in Journal
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1-Alkyltryptophan Analogs as Potential Antitumor Agents
Previous Article in Journal
Cytotoxic Activity of Curcumin towards CCRF-CEM Leukemia Cells and Its Effect on DNA Damage
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 14
Issue 12
10.3390/molecules14125281
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Diospyros maritima

by
Chi-I Chang
1,
Chiy-Rong Chen
2,
Hsi-Lin Chiu
3,
Chao-Lin Kuo
4,† and
Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
3,5,6,*,†
1
Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
2
Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho Institute of Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
3
Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
4
School of Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
5
Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
6
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2009, 14(12), 5281-5288; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125281
Submission received: 1 November 2009 / Revised: 7 December 2009 / Accepted: 14 December 2009 / Published: 15 December 2009
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A new phenolic, bis(6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxylphen-1-yl)methane (1) and a new butanedioate, butylmethyl succinate (2), along with twenty-nine known compounds including one naphthoquinone derivative, two chromanones, eight benzenoids, one lignan, one tocopherol, and sixteen triterpenoids were isolated from the stems of Diospyros maritima. epi-Isoshinanolone (3) was isolated in pure form for the first time. In addition, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchomanone (4) was isolated from a natural source for the first time. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data as well as direct comparison with authentic samples.

1. Introduction

Diospyros maritima Blume (Ebenaceae), a medium-sized shrub, is widely distributed throughout Southern Asia. The genus Diospyros is well-known to produce various naphthoquinone derivatives, some of which exhibit cytotoxic, ichthyotoxic, germination inhibitory, and antifungal activities [1,2,3,4]. The stems of D. maritima has been used in Taiwan as a folk medicine as a traditional treatment for rheumatic disease [5]. In previous studies, many naphthoquinones and triterpenes were isolated from its bark, root, fruits, leaves, and twigs by Tezuka [6] and Higa [1,2]. More recently, we also have reported some new naphthoquinones [7,8], triterpenes, steroids [3,9,10,11,12,13], phenolic and aliphatic components [14] from the stems of this plant and found that some naphthoquinones showed strong antitumor activity [3]. In continuation of our work on the discovery of secondary metabolites from this plant, we have also isolated a new phenolic, bis(6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxylphen-1-yl)methane (1), and a new butanedioate, butylmethyl succinate (2), along with twenty-nine known compounds including one naphthoquinone derivative, epi-isoshinanolone (3) [15], two chromanones, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromanone (4) [16] and 5-hydroxy-2-methylchromanone (5) [17], eight benzenoids, 1-(4,6-dihydroxy-2-methylphenyl)ethanone (6) [18], ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-benzoate (7) [19], 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (8) [20], vanillin (9) [21], 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde (10) [20], acetovanillone (11) [22], trans-coniferylaldehyde (12) [23], and (E)-3-(4-acetyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenal (13) [24], one lignan, 4-ketopinoresinol (14) [25], one tocopherol, α-tocopherol (15) [20], and sixteen triterpenoids: squalene (16) [20], lupeol caffeate (17) [26], betulin-28-acetate (18) [27], (E)-betulin-3β-p-coumarate (19) [28], (Z)-betulin-3β-p-coumarate (20) [28], betulinaldehyde (21) [29], 3-oxo-20(29)-lupen-28-oic acid (22) [20], betulinic acid (23) [30], betulic acid acetate (24) [31], 3-O-betulinic acid p-coumarate (25) [32], 3-O-palmitoylerythrodiol (26) [33], 28-O-acetylerythrodiol (27) [34], 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (28) [35], 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (29) [36], 3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-28,13-olide (30) [37], and 3β-hydroxy-taraxastan-28, 20β-olide (31) [38].

2. Results and Discussion

The EtOH extracts of the stems of D. maritima was concentrated to give a black residue which was suspended in water and partitioned successively with n-hexane and n-BuOH. The combined n-BuOH soluble layer was subjected to repeated chromatography using silica gel and further purification by semipreparative HPLC to furnish two new compounds, bis(6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxylphen-1-yl)methane (1) and butylmethyl succinate (2), in addition to twenty-nine known compounds. The identification of the known compounds were performed by comparing their physical and spectral data (IR, UV, MS, and NMR) with literature values. This paper deals with the structural elucidation of compounds 1-4.
The HR-EI-MS of 1 exhibited a molecular ion peak at m/z 380.1476, which is corresponded to the molecular formula C19H24O8 and indicated eight degrees of unsaturation. The IR spectrum showed the presence of hydroxy (3,337 cm-1) and phenyl (1,619 and 1,500 cm-1) functionalities. The UV spectrum displayed the aromatic maximum absorption peak at 283 nm. In the 1H-NMR and DEPT spectra of 1, the signals for five quaternary carbons (δC 110.4, 135.0, 149.5, 151.6, 152.8 ) and one tertiary carbon (δC 97.7) attributed a pentasubstituted benzene ring. The five substituents of the benzene ring included three methoxy groups (δH 3.75, 3.77, 4.07; δC 55.9, 61.1, 62.1), a hydroxyl (δH 8.10, disappeared on D2O exchange), and a methylene (δH 3.67; δC 18.3). From the above evidence, compound 1 was proposed to be a biphenyl derivative linked by a methylene group. The relative positions of those substituents on the benzene rings were determined by the long-range correlations between H-5 (δH 6.30) and C-1 (δC 110.4), C-3 (δC 135.0), and C-6 (δC 151.6); H-7 (δH 3.67) and C-1 (δC 110.4), C-2 (δC 149.5), and C-6 (δC 151.6) in the HMBC spectrum of 1. Moreover, 2-OMe, 3-OMe, 4-OMe, and 6-OH also exhibited HMBC correlations with C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-6, respectively. The nOe correlations between H-7/6-OH (δH 8.10) and H-5/4-OMe (δH 3.77) further assured this proposed structure. Thus, compound 1 was elucidated as bis(6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxylphen-1-yl)methane.
The IR spectrum of 2 exhibited an absorption band (1735 cm-1) for an ester functionalty. The 13C-NMR and DEPT spectra indicated the presence of one methyl (δC 13.7), one methoxy (δC 51.8), five methylenes [δC 19.0, 28.9 (×2), 30.6, 64.6], and two quaternary carbons (δC 172.3, 172.8). A butoxyl group was elucidated by the COSY correlations between H-1΄ (δH 4.07) and H-2΄ (δH 1.57); H-2΄ and H-3΄ (δH 1.34); H-3΄ and H-4΄ (δH 0.88). From the above observations, compound 2 was considered as a butanedioate derivative with both methyl and butyl groups. The chemically equivalent signals of two methylene groups (δH 2.60, s) were assigned to be located between C-1 (δC 172.3) and C-4 (δC 172.8) according to their HMBC relationship. The proposed structure of 2 was also supported by the molecular ion peak at m/z 188 and the fragmental ion peak at m/z 157 [M-OMe]+, 129 [M-COOMe]+, 115 [M-OCH2 CH2 CH2 Me]+, 101 [M-CH2CH2COOMe]+, and 73 [M-COCH2CH2COOMe] + in the EI-MS spectrum. Compound 2 was accordingly identified as butylmethyl succinate.
The IR spectrum of 3 showed absorption bands at 3,360 (OH), 1,640 (conjugated ketone), and 1,580 (aromatic) cm-1. The 1H-NMR and 1H-1H COSY spectra displayed the signals for a set of aromatic ABX coupling system [δH 6.89 (1H, d, J = 7.4 Hz, H-7), 7.09 (1H, d, J = 7.4 Hz, H-5), 7.49 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz, H-6)] and a phenolic proton with strong intramolecular hydrogen bond [δH 12.35 (1H, s, 8-OH)]. In addition, the NMR signals for a complex coupling system attributing to a methine [δH 2.30 (1H, m, H-3)], which was coupled with methyl [δH 1.17 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3-CH3)], oxymethine {δH 4.49 (1H, dd, J = 6.6, 6.9 Hz, H-4) coupled with 4-OH [δH 1.92 (1H, d, J = 6.9 Hz)]}, and methylene [δH 2.42 (1H, dd, J = 10.1, 17.3 Hz, Ha-2); 2.90 (1H, dd, J = 4.0, 17.3 Hz, Hb-2)] was observed. The above features were almost identical to those of the known compound, epi-isoshinanolone [15]. Thus, compound 3 was determined as epi-isoshinanolone. It was isolated in pure form for the first time.
Analysis the IR spectrum of 4 suggested that it contains hydroxyl (3,400 cm-1), conjugated ketone (1,668 cm-1), and aromatic (1,620, 1,600 cm-1) functionalities. The 1H-NMR spectrum of 4 revealed the signals for an oxymethine [δH 4.66 (1H, m, H-2)] coupling to both methyl [δH 1.48 (3H, d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2-CH3)] and methylene [δH 2.84 (2H, m, H-3)], a phenolic proton with strong hydrogen-bonding [δH 11.19 (1H, s, 5-OH)] and a free phenolic proton [δH 5.90 (1H, s, 7-OH)], as well as two meta-positioned aromatic protons [δH 6.18 (1H, s, H-8); 6.29 (1H, s, H-6)]. The above spectral information was similar to that of 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromanone previously reported in the literature [17]. Thus, compound 4 was characterized as 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromanone. Compound 4 was isolated from the natural product for the first time in the present investigation.
Molecules 14 05281 g001 550
Figure 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1-4.
Figure 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1-4.
Molecules 14 05281 g001

3. Experimental

3.1. General

Melting points were determined with a Yanagimoto (MP500D) micromelting point apparatus and are uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 781 spectrophotometer. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were obtained in CDCl3 at a constant temperature controlled and adjusted to around 300 K on a Bruker AM-300 spectrometer, and the residual proton resonance (CHCl3) of CDCl3 was used as internal shift reference. The 2D NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DMX-300 spectrometer by using standard pulse sequences. EI-MS, FAB-MS, HR-EI-MS, UV spectra, and specific rotations were recorded on a JEOL JMS-HX 300, a JEOL JMS-HX 110, a JEOL SX-102A, a Hitachi S-3210 spectrometer, and a JASCO DIP-1000 digital polarimeter, respectively. TLC was performed by using Si gel 60 F254 plates (Merck). Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (Merck 9385, 70-230 mesh). HPLC was performed by using a Lichrosorb Si gel 60 (5μm) column (250 × 10 mm).

3.2. Plant material

The stems of D. maritima were collected in Lin-Ko, Taiwan, in 1993. The plant material was identified by Muh-Tsuen Gun, formerly a technician of the Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, and a voucher specimen has been deposited at the National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

3.3. Extraction and isolation

The stems of D. maritima (16 kg) were extracted three times with EtOH (160 L) at 60 °C for 10 h each time. The EtOH extract was evaporated under reduced pressure, yielding a black residue, which was suspended in H2O (12 L), and then partitioned (×5) with 1 L of n-hexane. The aqueous layer was partitioned (×4) again with 1 L of n-BuOH. The combined n-BuOH extracts (180 g) was then subjected to column chromatography over silica gel (120 × 6 cm) eluted with a setpwise gradient mixture of hexane and EtOAc as eluent. Seven fractions were collected as follows: 1 [3000 mL, hexane], 2 [4000 mL, hexane—EtOAc (9:1)], 3 [4000 mL, hexane—EtOAc (8:2)], 4 [4000 mL, hexane—EtOAc (7:3)], 5 [4000 mL, hexane—EtOAc (5:5)], 6 [3000 mL, hexane—EtOAc (3:7)], and 7 (6000 mL, EtOAc). Fraction 1 (8.5 g) was further purified through a silica gel column eluted with n-hexane/EtOAc (95/5) to yield 16 (6.2 mg). Fraction 3 (27.2 g) was further chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with n-hexane/EtOAc (8/2) and semipreparative HPLC eluted with CH2Cl2/n-hexane/EtOAc (8/3/1) to obtain 8 (5.3 mg), 9 (3.0 mg), 10 (3.6 mg), 11 (5.1 mg), and 15 (4.2 mg). Fraction 4 (38.5 g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel eluted with n-hexane/EtOAc (7/3) and semipreparative HPLC eluted with CH2Cl2/n-hexane/EtOAc (3/3/1) to yield 3 (3.8 mg), 5 (3.5 mg), 6 (6.1 mg), 7 (5.0 mg), 12 (12.4 mg), 17 (3.0 mg), 18 (6.3 mg), 19 (4.0 mg), 20 (10.1 mg), 21 (4.7 mg), 22 (5.1 mg), 27 (4.1 mg), and 30 (3.0 mg). Fraction 5 (32.1 g) was further chromatographed on silica gel eluted with n-hexane/EtOAc (5/5) and semipreparative HPLC eluted with CH2Cl2/n-hexane/EtOAc (2/3/1) to yield 1 (5.2 mg), 2 (10.5 mg), 4 (3.2 mg), 13 (3.1 mg), 14 (6.2 mg), 23 (3.1 mg), 24 (3.2 mg), 25 (3.0 mg), 26 (3.5 mg), 28 (4.7 mg), 29 (2.8 mg), and 31 (4.0 mg).

3.4. Spectroscopic data

Bis(6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxylphen-1-yl)methane (1): Gum; UV (logε) (MeOH) λmax: 283 (3.4) nm; IR νmax cm-1: 3337, 1619, 1500, 1208, 1082, 897; 1H- and 13C-NMR (CDCl3): see Table 1; EI-MS (70 eV) m/z (rel. int. %): 380 [M]+ (38), 211 (23), 197 (39), 184 (100), 169 (42), 57 (25); HR-EI-MS m/z 380.1476 (calcd for C19H24O8, 380.1471).
Butylmethyl succinate (2): Colorless oil; IR νmax cm-1: 1735, 1155, 1016; 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ 0.88 (3H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H-4’), 1.34 (2H, sex, J = 7.6 Hz, H-3’), 1.57 (2H, quin, J = 7.6 Hz, H-2’), 2.60 (4H, s, H-2, 3), 3.67 (3H, s, -OCH3), 4.07 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H-1’); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): δ 13.7 (C-4’), 19.0 (C-3’), 28.9 (C-2, 3), 30.6 (C-2’), 51.8 (-OCH3), 64.6 (C-1’), 172.3 (C-1), 172.8 (C-4); EI-MS (70 eV) m/z (rel. int. %): 188 [M]+(1), 157 (8), 129 (38), 115 (78), 101 (100), 87 (38), 73 (9), 55 (58); HR-EI-MS m/z 188.0940 (calcd for C9H16O4).
epi-Isoshinanolone (3): Amorphous solid; IR (dry film) νmax cm-1: 3360, 1640, 1580; 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ1.17 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3-CH3), 1.92 (1H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, 4-OH), 2.30 (1H, m, H-3), 2.42 (1H, dd, J = 10.1, 17.3 Hz, Ha-2), 2.90 (1H, dd, J = 4.0, 17.3 Hz, Hb-2), 4.49 (1H, dd, J = 6.6, 6.9 Hz, H-4), 6.89 (1H, d, J = 7.4 Hz, H-7), 7.09 (1H, d, J = 7.4 Hz, H-5), 7.49 (1H, t, J = 7.4 Hz, H-6), 12.35 (1H, s, 8-OH); EI-MS (70 eV) m/z [M]+ 192 (90), 177 (20), 150 (45), 121 (100).
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-methylchromanone (4): Amorphous solid; IR (dry film) νmax cm-1: 3400, 1668, 1620, 1600; 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ1.48 (3H, d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2-CH3), 2.84 (2H, m, H-3), 4.66 (1H, m, H-2), 5.90 (1H, s, 7-OH), 6.18 (1H, s, H-8), 6.29 (1H, s, H-6), 11.19 (1H, s, 5-OH); EI-MS (70 eV) m/z 194 [M]+ (40), 185 (100), 149 (69).

4. Conclusions

Thirty-one compounds were isolated from the stems of D. maritima. Among them, bis(6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxylphen-1-yl)methane (1) and butylmethyl succinate (2) are new compounds and epi-isoshinanolone (3) was isolated in pure form for the first time. In addition, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromanone (4) was isolated from the natural source for the first time. This investigation of secondary metabolites may contribute to better understanding on the chemical characteristics of D. maritima.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China and China Medical University (CMU98-CT-01). We thank Shou-Ling Huang and Shu-Yun Sun for the NMR data acquisition and HR-EI-MS measurement in the Instrumentation Center of the College of Science, National Taiwan University. We are grateful to the National Center for High-performance Computing for computer time and facilities.

References and Notes

  1. Higa, M.; Ogihara, K.; Yogi, S. Bioactive naphthoquinone derivatives from Diospyros maritima Blume. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46, 1189–1193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Higa, M.; Noha, N.; Yokaryo, H.; Ogihara, K.; Yogi, S. Three new naphthoquinone derivatives from Diospyros maritima BLUME. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 590–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Kuo, Y.H.; Chang, C.I; Li, S.Y.; Chou, C.J.; Chen, C.F.; Kuo, Y.H.; Lee, K.H. Cytotoxic constituents from the stems of Diospyros maritima. Planta Med. 1997, 63, 363–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Gu, J.Q.; Graf, T.N.; Lee, D.; Chai, H.B.; Mi, Q.; Kardono, L.B.; Setyowati, F.M.; Ismail, R.; Riswan, S.; Farnsworth, N.R.; Cordell, G.A.; Pezzuto, J.M.; Swanson, S.M.; Kroll, D.J.; Falkinham, J.O., 3rd; Wall, M.E.; Wani, M.C.; Kinghorn, A.D.; Oberlies, N.H. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial constituents of the bark of Diospyros maritima collected in two geographical locations in Indonesia. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1156–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Kan, W.S. Pharmaceutical Botany; National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine: Taipei, Taiwan, 1997; p. 440. [Google Scholar]
  6. Tezuka, M.; Takahashi, C.; Kuroyanagi, M.; Satake, M.; Yoshihira, K.; Natori, S. New naphthoquinones from Diospyros. Phytochemistry 1973, 12, 175–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Kuo, Y.H.; Chang, C.I.; Kuo, Y.H. New naphthoquinones from the stem of Diospyros maritima Blume. J. Chin Chem. Soc. 1996, 43, 511–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kuo, Y.H.; Chang, C.I.; Kuo, Y.H.; Huang, S.L. Three new naphthoquinones from the stem of Diospyros maritima Blume. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1998, 45, 111–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Kuo, Y.H.; Chang, C.I.; Kuo, Y.H. Triterpenes from the stem of Diospyros maritima Blume. Phytochemistry 1997, 46, 1135–1137. [Google Scholar]
  10. Kuo, Y.H.; Chang, C.I.; Kuo, Y.H. A novel trisnorlupane, diospyrolide, from Diospyros maritima. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 1221–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Chang, C.I.; Kuo, Y.H. Three new lupane-type triterpenes from Diospyros maritima. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46, 1627–1629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Chang, C.I.; Kuo, Y.H. Two new lupane-type triterpenes from Diospyros maritima. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 309–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Kuo, Y.H.; Chang, C.I. Six new compounds from the heartwood of Diospyros maritima. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000, 48, 1211–1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Kuo, Y.H.; Huang, S.L.; Chang, C.I. A phenolic and an aliphatic lactone from the Diospyros maritima. Phytochemistry 1998, 49, 2505–2507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Bhattacharyya, J.; De Carvalho, V.R. epi-Isoshinanolone from Plumbago scandens. Phytochemistry 1986, 25, 764–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Chandler, I.M.; Mclntyre, C.R.; Simpson, T.J. Structural revision and synthesis of ll-d253 and related chromanone fungal metabolites. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1992, 2271–2284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Anderson, J.R.; Edwards, R.L.; Whalley, A.J.S. 3-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins and related compounds from the ascomycete family Xylariaceae. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1983, 2185–2192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Auricchio, S.; Morrocchi, S.; Ricca, A. Phenol compounds from isoxazoles, considered as masked β-polyketones. Tetrahedron Lett. 1974, 15, 2793–2796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Gramatica, P.; Gianotti, M.P.; Speranra, G.; Manitto, P. Synthesis of naturally occurring 2,5-dialkylchromones. Part 1: Synthesis of aloesone and aloesol. Heterocycles 1986, 24, 743–750. [Google Scholar]
  20. Lee, C.K.; Chang, M.H. The chemical constituents from the heartwood of Eucalyptus citrodora. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2000, 47, 555–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Ito, J.; Chang, F.R.; Wang, H.K.; Park, Y.K.; Ikegaki, M.; Kilgore, N.; Lee, K.H. Anti-AIDS agents. 48. anti-HIV activity of moronic acid derivatives and the new melliferone-related triterpenoid isolated from Brazilian Propolis. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 1278–1281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Crestini, C.; D’Auria, M. Singlet oxygen in the photodegradation of lignin models. Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 7877–7888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Carpinella, M.C.; Giorda, L.M.; Ferrayoli, C.G.; Palacios, S.M. Antifungal effects of different organic extracts from Melia azedarach L. on phytopathogenic fungi and their isolated active components. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 2506–2511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Daubresse, N.; Francesch, C.; Mhamdi, F.; Rolando, C. A mild synthesis of coumaryl, coniferyl, sinapyl aldehydes and alcohols. Synthesis 1994, 4, 369–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Otsuka, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Inoshiri, S.; Sato, T.; Yamasaki, K. Phenolic compounds from Coix lachrymal-jobi var. ma-yuen. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 883–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Fuchino, H.; Saton, T.; Tanaka, N. Chemical evaluation of Betula species in Japan. I. constituents of Betula ermanii. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 43, 1937–1942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Saraswathy, A.; Sasikala, E. betulin-28-acetate from Capparis sepiaria L. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1991, 68, 633–634. [Google Scholar]
  28. Rashid, M.A.; Gray, A.I.; Waterman, P.G.; Armstrong, J.A. Coumarins from Phebalium tuberculosum ssp. megaphyllum and Phebalium filifolium. J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 851–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Zhong, S.M.; Waterman, P.G.; Jeffreys, J.A.D. Naphthoquinones and triterpenes from African Diospyros species. Phytochemistry 1984, 23, 1067–1072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Kuo, Y.H.; Chu, P.H. Studies on the constituents from the bark of Bauhinia purpurea. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2002, 49, 269–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Kundu, A.B.; Barik, B.R.; Mondal, D.N.; Dey, A.K.; Banerji, A. Zizyberanalic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid of Zizyphus jujuba. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 3155–3158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Barba, B.; Diaz, J.G.; Herz, W. Cassanes and anthraquinones from Chamaecrista greggii. Phytochemistry 1994, 37, 837–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Ahman, V.U.; Basha, A.; Rahman, A. Identification and C-13 N.M.R. spectrum of stachydrine from Cadaba fruticosa. Phytochemistry 1975, 14, 292–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Majumder, P.L; Bagchi, A. Oxidative transformations of triterpenoids of the ursane and oleanane skeleta with hydrogen peroxide. introduction of 11,12-double bond and 13(28)oxide moiety in the ursane system. Tetrahedron 1983, 39, 649–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Elujoba, A.A; Fell, A.F.; Linley, P.A.; Maitland, D.J. Triterpenoid saponins from fruit of Lagenaria breviflora. Phytochemistry 1990, 29, 3281–3285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Tkachev, A.V.; Denisov, A.Y. Oxidative decarboxylation by hydrogen peroxide and a mercury (II) salt: A simple route to nor-derivatives of acetyloleanolic, acetylursolic and dehydroabietic acids. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 2591–2598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Tkachev, A.V.; Denisov, A.Y.; Gatilov, Y.V.; Bagryanskaya, I.Y.; Shevtsov, S.A.; Rybalova, T.V. Stereochemistry of hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid oxidation of ursolic acid and related compounds. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 11459–11488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Errington, S.G.; Jefferies, P.R. Triterpenoid sapogenins of Pittosporum phillyraeoides. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 543–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Table
Table 1. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data for 1 (300 and 75 MHz in CDCl3).
Table 1. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data for 1 (300 and 75 MHz in CDCl3).
positionδCδHpositionδCδH
1, 1’110.4 718.33.67 s
2, 2’149.5 2, 2’ -OCH362.14.07 s
3, 3’135.0 3, 3’ -OCH361.13.75 s
4, 4’152.8 4, 4’ -OCH355.93.77 s
5, 5’97.76.30 s6, 6’ -OH 8.10 s
6, 6’151.6

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chang, C.-I.; Chen, C.-R.; Chiu, H.-L.; Kuo, C.-L.; Kuo, Y.-H. Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Diospyros maritima. Molecules 2009, 14, 5281-5288. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125281

AMA Style

Chang C-I, Chen C-R, Chiu H-L, Kuo C-L, Kuo Y-H. Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Diospyros maritima. Molecules. 2009; 14(12):5281-5288. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125281

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang, Chi-I, Chiy-Rong Chen, Hsi-Lin Chiu, Chao-Lin Kuo, and Yueh-Hsiung Kuo. 2009. "Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Diospyros maritima" Molecules 14, no. 12: 5281-5288. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125281

APA Style

Chang, C. -I., Chen, C. -R., Chiu, H. -L., Kuo, C. -L., & Kuo, Y. -H. (2009). Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Diospyros maritima. Molecules, 14(12), 5281-5288. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125281

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop