Chemical Analysis and Biological Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Endemic Soqotri Commiphora Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Essential oil analysis
2.2. Antimicrobial activity
No. | Compounds | RI | C. ornifolia | C. parvifolia | Identification a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Nonane | 897 | - | 0.3 | 1,2 |
2 | t-Linalool oxide | 1059 | 0.2 | - | 1,2 |
3 | Fenchone | 1071 | 4.4 | 0.6 | 1,2,3 |
4 | Linalool | 1085 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1,2,3 |
5 | α-Fenchol | 1104 | 15.5 | 3.9 | 1,2,3 |
6 | t- Pinene hydrate | 1110 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1,2 |
7 | Camphor | 1127 | 27.3 | 9.1 | 1,2,3 |
8 | Camphene hydrate | 1138 | 0.3 | - | 1,2 |
9 | Pinocarvone | 1142 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1,2 |
10 | Borneol | 1154 | 2.9 | 1 | 1,2,3 |
11 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1165 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1,2,3 |
12 | α-Terpineol | 1175 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1,2,3 |
13 | Myrtenol | 1182 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1,2,3 |
14 | Bornylacetate | 1270 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1,2 |
15 | Theaspirane (Isomer I) | 1295 | - | 0.7 | 1,2 |
16 | α-Copaene | 1379 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1,2 |
17 | (E)- β-Caryophyllene | 1424 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1,2,3 |
18 | Gernaylacetone | 1429 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1,2 |
19 | β-Farnesene | 1450 | 0.5 | - | 1,2 |
20 | α-Humulene | 1457 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1,2 |
21 | β-Ionene | 1467 | 0.2 | - | 1,2 |
22 | γ-Muurolene | 1476 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1,2 |
23 | β-Selinene | 1488 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1,2 |
24 | α-Muurolene | 1497 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1,2 |
25 | α-Alaskene | 1512 | 0.3 | - | 1,2 |
26 | δ-Cadinene | 1517 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1,2 |
27 | Elemol | 1540 | - | 0.5 | 1,2 |
28 | E-Nerolidol | 1549 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1,2 |
29 | n-Dodecanoic acid | 1551 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1,2 |
30 | t- Dauca-4(11),7-diene | 1557 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1,2 |
31 | Spathulenol | 1574 | 1.1 | 1 | 1,2 |
32 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1580 | 6.5 | 14.2 | 1,2,3 |
33 | α-Guaiol | 1592 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1,2 |
34 | Humulene epoxide II | 1604 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1,2 |
35 | γ-Eudesmol | 1618 | 0.5 | - | 1,2 |
36 | T-Cadinol | 1632 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 1,2 |
37 | β-Eudesmol | 1645 | 1.6 | 7.7 | 1,2 |
38 | α-Cadinol | 1649 | 0.6 | - | 1,2 |
39 | Bulnesol | 1661 | 0.9 | 5.7 | 1,2 |
40 | α-Bisabolol | 1677 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1,2 |
41 | Pentadecanal | 1693 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1,2 |
42 | n-Heptadecane | 1702 | 0.2 | - | 1,2 |
43 | n-Tetradecanoic acid | 1745 | - | 1.8 | 1,2 |
44 | Pentadecanoic acid | 1842 | - | 0.3 | 1,2 |
45 | Farnesylacetone | 1894 | - | 0.3 | 1,2 |
46 | Cemberene | 1940 | 0.2 | - | 1,2 |
47 | Hexadecanoic acid | 1950 | - | 18.4 | 1,2 |
48 | Cemberene A | 1969 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 1,2 |
49 | Thunbergol | 2061 | 6.4 | 0.4 | 1,2 |
50 | Manool | 2078 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 1,2 |
51 | Phytol | 2114 | - | 5.8 | 1,2 |
52 | Insensol | 2195 | 3.8 | 1.1 | 1,2 |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 56.3 | 16.4 | |||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 4.7 | 5 | |||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 16.4 | 36.1 | |||
Aliphatic acids | 0.9 | 22.8 | |||
Other compounds | 8.2 | 6.8 |
2.3. Antioxidant activity
Plant species/reference | Radical scavenging activity in % | MIC a | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1000 | S. aureus | B. subtilis | E. coli | P. aeuginosa | C. albicans | |
C. ornifolia | 1.2 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 0.81 | 0.4 | 3.25 | 3.25 | - |
C. parvifolia | 0.1 | 1.5 | 6.2 | 9.1 | 13.4 | 2.18 | 2.18 | 8.75 | 8.75 | - |
Amoxicillin | 3.5 | 3.5 | nt | nt | nt | |||||
Gentamicin | nt | nt | 3.5 | 7 | nt | |||||
Nystatin | nt | nt | nt | nt | 3.5 | |||||
Ascorbic acid | 48.2 | 89.5 | 95.8 | 96.1 | 96 |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Plant materials
3.2. Isolation of the volatile oils
3.3. Gas chromatography analysis
3.4. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry
3.5. Identification of components
3.6. Determination of antimicrobial activity
3.6.1. Test organisms
3.6.2. Broth micro-dilution assay for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)
3.7. Determination of antioxidant activity (scavenging activity of DPPH radical)
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References and Notes
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Mothana, R.A.; Al-Rehaily, A.J.; Schultze, W. Chemical Analysis and Biological Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Endemic Soqotri Commiphora Species. Molecules 2010, 15, 689-698. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15020689
Mothana RA, Al-Rehaily AJ, Schultze W. Chemical Analysis and Biological Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Endemic Soqotri Commiphora Species. Molecules. 2010; 15(2):689-698. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15020689
Chicago/Turabian StyleMothana, Ramzi A., Adnan J. Al-Rehaily, and Wulf Schultze. 2010. "Chemical Analysis and Biological Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Endemic Soqotri Commiphora Species" Molecules 15, no. 2: 689-698. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15020689