Bent Dinuclear Platinum(II) Halo-Bridged Carbonyl Complexes
Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2011, 16(7), 6082-6091; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16076082
Submission received: 24 June 2011
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Revised: 14 July 2011
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Accepted: 18 July 2011
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Published: 20 July 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organometallic Chemistry)
Abstract
:Crystals of trans-Pt2(μ-X)2X2(CO)2 (X = Br, I) have been grown and their molecular and crystalline structures have been solved by X-ray diffraction methods. In both cases the dinuclear molecules are bent, with a bending angle of 164.6° and 156.5° for the bromide and the iodide, respectively. While the structure of the bromo-derivative is reported here for the first time, a modification of trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 with planar centrosymmetric molecules is known. This appears to be a rare case of a platinum(II) halo-bridged derivative structurally characterized in both bent and planar forms.
1. Introduction
Halo-bridged dinuclear derivatives of palladium(II) and platinum(II) [1,2] usually show square coordination geometries around the metal centres, with a θ angle between the two coordination planes (see Figure 1A) equal or close to 180°, corresponding to a planar or quasi-planar molecular arrangement.
Nevertheless, some exceptions are known [3,4,5] and bent molecules showing θ minor than 160° have been structurally characterized. Among the bent halo-bridged complexes of d8 transition metal ions the rhodium(I) carbonyl Rh2(µ-Cl)2(CO)4 is well-known (θ = 124°) [6,7]; in this complex the presence of a metal−metal bond has been suggested, in view of the rather short intra-molecular Rh−Rh distance (3.12 Å).
Figure 1.
Planar (A) or bent (B) edge-sharing binuclear complexes of platinum(II).
A theoretical investigation concerning the geometry of edge-sharing binuclear square complexes of d8 transition metal ions, enriched with a comparative analysis of the available experimental structural data, has been reported some years ago [1]. The authors concluded that the tendency to form bent structures increases this way: (a) concerning the metal centre, when descending along a group of the periodic table and from right to left along a period, (b) in the presence of two good σ-donor (and preferably good π-acid) terminal ligands per metal atom (in absence of steric hindrance) and (c) as the electronegativity of the bridging atoms decreases.
A search on deposited structures in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Base [8] with formulae [L2Pt(μ-X)2PtL2] limited to the halo-bridged items, gave 74 results: 46 chloro-, 20 iodo- and eight bromo-complexes. In 64 of them the coordination squares of the two platinum centres in the molecule are coplanar (or quasi-coplanar), but in eight of them the molecules are bent, showing a θ angle significantly less than 180° [3,4,5,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Among the halocarbonyl complexes of platinum(II) [15] two dinuclear halo-bridged derivatives, namely trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2 [16,17] and trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 [18], have been structurally characterized and both complexes appear to be essentially planar.
Here we present the crystal and molecular structure of a second structural isomer of trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2, which shows a bent geometry, and the first crystallographic characterization of the isotypic trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2.
2. Results and Discussion
In previous studies [18] it has been observed that PtI2(CO)2 (predominantly the trans isomer), easily obtained by reacting PtI2 with CO at atmospheric pressure Equation (1), partially loses CO under vacuum Equation (2) affording the dinuclear trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2.
PtI2 + 2 CO → trans-PtI2(CO)2
2 trans-PtI2(CO)2 ⇌ trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 + 2 CO
The product, recrystallized from a toluene solution at room temperature under dinitrogen, and studied by X-ray single crystal diffraction, appeared to be planar and centrosymmetric [18].
In the course of this work single crystals of the same product were obtained by recrystallization from toluene under CO atmosphere at −30 °C. Both trans-PtI2(CO)2 and trans-Pt2(µ-I)2I2(CO)2 were present in solution, according to equilibrium 2, the less soluble dinuclear complex precipitating out first. An X-ray diffraction experiment showed that we were dealing with a polymorph of trans-Pt2(μ‑I)2I2(CO)2 with a bent geometry (θ = 154.5°, see Figure 1B), named β-polymorph later on in the text. A view of the molecular structure is shown in Figure 2. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) are reported in Table 1.
The analogous bromo-derivative, trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2, has been prepared by refluxing solutions of cis-PtBr2(CO)2 in 1,2-dichloroethane under a gentle N2 flow to favour CO removal (see Equation (3).
2 cis-PtBr2(CO)2 ⇌ trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2 + 2 CO
Crystals have been grown by slow evaporation of a solution of the derivative in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. No previous structural characterization of the product has been reported. An X-ray diffraction experiment has shown that the complex is bent (θ = 164.6°). The molecular structure is analogous to that observed in β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2, shown in Figure 2. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) are reported in Table 1.
Both trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2 and β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2, reported in this work, along with the already studied trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2 [16,17] and α-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 [18] show the expected molecular structure consisting in two edge sharing squares. All the four structures, as they appear in a projection on their mean plane, may be represented by the same sketch shown in Figure 2, the main difference being the symmetry operator (SO) relating the two squares.
Figure 2.
The molecular structure of trans-Pt2(μ-X)2X2(CO)2, X = Cl, Br, I. Thermal ellipsoids are at 30% probability. SO is the symmetry operator relating the two halves of the molecule: ![Molecules 16 06082 i001]()
for X = Cl and I(α) and 2 for X = Br and I(β).
for X = Cl and I(α) and 2 for X = Br and I(β).
Figure 2.
The molecular structure of trans-Pt2(μ-X)2X2(CO)2, X = Cl, Br, I. Thermal ellipsoids are at 30% probability. SO is the symmetry operator relating the two halves of the molecule: ![Molecules 16 06082 i001]()
for X = Cl and I(α) and 2 for X = Br and I(β).
for X = Cl and I(α) and 2 for X = Br and I(β).
In both trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2 and α-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 the symmetry operator is the inversion center ![Molecules 16 06082 i001]()
, which imposes two coplanar squares, while in the isotypic bent molecules trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2 and β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 the operator is the twofold axis.
, which imposes two coplanar squares, while in the isotypic bent molecules trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2 and β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 the operator is the twofold axis.The geometries of the four molecules are compared in Table 1, where the corresponding lengths and angles are listed in the same rows. All molecules show longer Pt−X bond distances for the bridging- with respect to the corresponding terminal halides, the difference decreasing from chloro- (0.215 Å) to iodo-complexes (0.030 and 0.017 Å for α and β, respectively). While in trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2 the Pt−Cl(1) distance (trans to CO) is significantly shorter than Pt−Cl(1') (trans to terminal Cl), hardly significant differences (limit of 3σ ) are observed between the Pt−X bond distances for the bridging halides in the bromo- and iodo-complexes. A feature shared by the four molecules is the value of the bond angle X(1)−Pt−X(1'), which is constantly about 85°, regardless of the identity of X and the planar or bent shape of the molecule. Another common feature is the planarity of the square coordination around platinum, the maximum deviation being about 0.02 Å observed in β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2. The intramolecular Pt···Pt distances are in the range 3.4–3.8 Å, markedly longer than those expected in the presence of metal−metal bond (2.774 Å in the metal).
What distinguishes the two compounds described in this work from the other two already known [16,18], is the value of the θ angle (see Figure 1 and Table 1).
Table 1.
Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) in the molecular structure of trans-Pt2(μ-X)2X2(CO)2.
| Cla | Brb | I(β)b | I(α)c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pt−X(1) | 2.284 | 2.464(2) | 2.608(3) | 2.622(3) |
| Pt−X(1') d | 2.392 | 2.457(2) | 2.620(4) | 2.630(2) |
| Pt−X(2) | 2.123 | 2.411(3) | 2.597(4) | 2.596(3) |
| Pt−C | 1.85 | 1.88(2) | 1.84(4) | 1.88(3) |
| C−O | 1.07 | 1.12(2) | 1.14(4) | 1.06(4) |
| Pt⋯Pt' | 3.441 | 3.579(1) | 3.760(3) | 3.846(2) |
| Pt⋯Pt'',e | 3.525 | 3.741(2) | 4.070(3) | -- |
| X(1)−Pt−X(2) | 93.96 | 90.34(8) | 90.39(11) | 90.68(10) |
| X(1)−Pt−X(1') | 85.29 | 85.65(8) | 85.29(10) | 85.83(10) |
| X(2)−Pt−C | 89.41 | 88.6(7) | 89.4(15) | 87.0(8) |
| X(1')−Pt−C | 91.34 | 95.4(8) | 94.9(16) | 96.50(8) |
| Pt−X(1)−Pt' | 94.71 | 93.31(7) | 91.97(9) | 94.17(10) |
| θ | 180 | 164.6 | 156.4 | 180 |
a ref. [16]; standard deviations are not reported as the structure of the chloride has been refined in an incorrect space group [17]. b this work; c ref. [18]; d Symmetry transformation used to generate equivalent atoms: ' =1−x, −y, −z for X = Cl, −x, 1−y, z for X = Br and I(β) and −x, −y, −z for X = I(α),'' = x, y, 1+z for X = Cl and −1/2+ y, 1/2+x, 1/2+z for X = Br and I(β), respectively; ePt⋯Pt distances among the nearest neighbours in the stacks.
In their survey on the d8-bent dimers with a core [M(μ-X)2M], Aullón et al. [1] attribute the driving force for bending to interactions between dz2 and pz orbitals of the metal; however, they support this idea only for strongly bent molecules, say for complexes showing θ ≤ 120°, a class our complexes do not belong to. According to the same authors our bromo-dimer may be classified as almost planar while the β-polymorph of the iodo-dimer belongs to the class with 150 ≤ θ ≤ 160°.
As already discussed, with such a little bending the two metal centres do not get close enough to allow intra-molecular Pt···Pt bonding interaction. As intramolecular interactions do not appear to stabilize a particular form (planar or bent) with respect to the other, it is interesting to investigate if intermolecular contacts can play a role. The availability of the metric data for both geometries in the case of trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 allows such a comparison. Let us start with a description of the crystal structures of the four compounds. The crystal structure of trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2 is shown in Figure 3. The molecules are stacked in columns running along c with a step corresponding to c (3.525 Å). Each column is hinged on a twofold axis crossing the inversion centres of the molecules, which this way, lie on a mirror plane (symmetry 2/m). Moreover, an equal number of inversion centres are placed on the stack axes in the middle of each couple of molecules, imposing perfectly eclipsed molecules. As shown at the bottom of Figure 3, each quartet of stacks is related by a screw 42 so that the nearest stacks are staggered by a half step (top of the figure).
Figure 3.
The crystal structure of trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2 viewed in the c (bottom) and in the a (top) directions. Some symmetry operators are reported.
Figure 3.
The crystal structure of trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2 viewed in the c (bottom) and in the a (top) directions. Some symmetry operators are reported.
The crystal structure of the isotypic trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2 and β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 is reported in Figure 4. Also in this case, the molecules are stacked in columns running along c with stacking steps 3.74 and 4.07 Å, respectively, and the columns are hinged on a simple twofold axis. This allows bent and not eclipsed molecules alternate in each column with CO groups pointing in perpendicular directions. The repetition occurs every two molecules and the vector c is approximately doubled (see the top of Figure 4). The quartets of columns are related by ![Molecules 16 06082 i002]()
operations, which imply columns are staggered. The molecules of each column are bent in the same direction, while those of the nearest neighbour columns are bent in the opposite direction.
operations, which imply columns are staggered. The molecules of each column are bent in the same direction, while those of the nearest neighbour columns are bent in the opposite direction.
Figure 4.
The crystal structure of trans-Pt2(μ-X)2X2(CO)2, X= Br, I(β) viewed in the c (bottom) and in the a (top) directions. Some symmetry operators are reported.
Figure 4.
The crystal structure of trans-Pt2(μ-X)2X2(CO)2, X= Br, I(β) viewed in the c (bottom) and in the a (top) directions. Some symmetry operators are reported.
Also the crystal structure of α-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2, sketched in Figure 5, may be described in terms of stacks of molecules, but the planar molecules are heavily tilted, 47.6°, with respect to the column axis, running in this case along b. In the stacks only the inversion centres are present, as shown at the bottom of Figure 5. The nearest stacks in the a directions are related by the C centring of the lattice and so are staggered by b/2. On the other hand, the nearest rows of columns in the c direction, being related by twofold axes parallel to b, are staggered and show molecules tilted in the opposite direction. This feature produces the fishbone-like disposition of the stacks shown at the top of Figure 5.
Figure 5.
The crystal structure of α-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 viewed in the b (bottom) and in the a (top) directions. Some symmetry operators are reported.
Figure 5.
The crystal structure of α-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 viewed in the b (bottom) and in the a (top) directions. Some symmetry operators are reported.
As discussed so far, the crystal structures of the two complexes characterized in the course of this work show analogies with that of trans-Pt2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)2, but are rather different from that of α-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2.
The planar (α-) and bent (β-) forms of trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 show a different molecular packing although in both structures the shortest intermolecular distances do not appear to imply significant interactions. In both polymorphs, having molecules organized in stacks, the intermolecular Pt···Pt distances, shorter in the β-modification, are however too long to support any hypothesis of significant metal-metal contacts. On the other hand, the slightly higher density (1.6 %) of the α-form is a signal of a more efficient system of intermolecular attractive interactions in this modification.
3. Experimental
3.1. General
All the operations were carried out using standard Schlenk tube techniques under dinitrogen or carbon monoxide. Solvents were purified according to standard methods. cis-PtBr2(CO)2 and trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 were prepared according to the literature [16,18]. Platinum elemental analyses were carried out by calcining the products at 850 °C in a platinum crucible. Bromine elemental analyses were performed by the Volhard’s method previous reduction of the platinum to platinum(0). IR spectra were recorded with a FTIR Perkin-Elmer mod. Spectrum-One spectrophotometer.
3.2. Preparation of trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2
A pale yellow solution of cis-PtBr2(CO)2 (0.37 g, 0.9 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (50 mL) was refluxed for about 7 h under a slight stream of N2. An orange solution was obtained whose IR spectrum showed an absorption at 2,127 cm−1 due to trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2. The solution was concentrated at reduced pressure till about half its volume. Addition of heptane (50 mL) caused the precipitation of an orange solid which was separated by filtration and dried in vacuo (144 mg, 42% yield). From the filtrate, cooled at about 0 °C, a second crop of the product was obtained (111 mg, 74% total yield). Elemental Analysis: Found (calc) %: Br: 41.4 (41.7); Pt: 51.0 (50.9). IR (PCTFE): 2,129 cm−1.
3.3. Crystallography
The X-ray diffraction measurements have been carried out at room temperature (T = 293 K) by means of a Bruker P4 diffractometer equipped with a graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). The intensity data collection was carried out with the w/2θ scan mode, collecting a redundant set of data in order to check the diffraction symmetry and the reliability of the absorption correction procedure. Three standard reflections were measured every 97 measurements to check sample decay and equipment stability. The intensities were corrected for Lorentz and polarisation effects and for absorption by means of an integration method based on the crystal shape [19]. The structure solutions were obtained by means of the Patterson method and the refinements, based on full-matrix least-squares on F2, were done by means of SHELXTL programme [20].
Crystals of trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2 were grown by slow evaporation at room temperature of a solution of the product in CH2Cl2. A stick shaped sample 0.07 × 0.11 × 0.50 mm wide was sealed in a glass capillary. The cell parameters, calculated from the setting angles of 32 reflections having 5.4° < θ < 17.9°, are listed in Table 2, together with some other structural details. A total of 2148 intensities between 2.0° < θ < 30.0° was collected. The structure solution was obtained in the space group P ![Molecules 16 06082 i002]()
21c. All the atoms were refined with anisotropic thermal parameters. The final refinement cycles gave the reliability factors listed in Table 2.
21c. All the atoms were refined with anisotropic thermal parameters. The final refinement cycles gave the reliability factors listed in Table 2.Crystals of β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 separated out by cooling at −30 °C a solution containing Pt2I4(CO)2 and PtI2(CO)2 in toluene under CO. A stick shaped sample 0.03 × 0.05 × 0.30 mm wide was sealed in a glass capillary. The cell parameters, calculated from the setting angles of 47 reflections having 3.4° < θ < 17.1°, are listed in Table 2, together with some other structural details. A total of 1640 intensities between 2.3° < θ < 25.0° was collected. Since lattice parameters, intensity statistics and systematic extinctions suggested the structure was isotypic with the analogous bromide, the atomic parameters of that structure were used as a starting model for the refinement. The reliability factors obtained in the final refinement cycle are listed in Table 2.
Further details about collection and refinement with full lists of atomic parameters for both the crystal structures described in this paper have been deposited in the form of CIF files with the Cambridge Crystallographic Database. Dep. No. CCDC 830938 and 830939 for the bromide and the iodide, respectively. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ UK; fax +44 1223 336033; Email: depositccdc.cam.ac.uk).
| Compound | trans-Pt2(μ-Br)2Br2(CO)2 | β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 |
|---|---|---|
| Empirical formula | C2Br4O2Pt2 | C2I4O2Pt2 |
| Formula weight | 765.78 | 953.78 |
| Crystal system | Tetragonal | Tetragonal |
| Space group | P 21c (No. 114) | P 21c (No. 114) |
| a / Å | 11.522(1) | 12.125(1) |
| c / Å | 7.475(2) | 8.132(1) |
| U / Å3 | 992.4(3) | 1195.5(2) |
| Z | 4 | 4 |
| Dcalc / Mg·m−3 | 5.125 | 5.299 |
| μ / mm−1 | 44.213 | 33.662 |
| No. measured | 2148 | 1640 |
| No. unique [Rint] | 1033 [0.0513] | 775 [0.1089] |
| No. parameters | 48 | 48 |
| R1, wR2 [I>2σ(I)] | 0.0478, 0.0798 | 0.0517, 0.0857 |
| R1, wR2 (all data) | 0.0973, 0.0937 | 0.1325, 0.1093 |
| Goodness of fit on F2 | 0.991 | 0.899 |
4. Conclusions
At the best of our knowledge, among the neutral [L2Pt(μ-X)2PtL2] complexes, α-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 [18] and β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 (described in this work) represent the first case where planar and bent structural isomers are both structurally characterized. It is reasonable to suppose that the two polymorphs do not differ much in energy and that they are in rapid equilibrium in solution. Most likely, slight differences in the crystallization conditions (temperature, the presence of other species in solution) can favour a form with respect to the other. Although the intra-molecular Pt⋯Pt distance in the bent complex is shorter than in the planar one, it is however long enough to consider the presence of a metal-metal bond unlikely.
Only one comparable structural characterization of both bent and planar isomers has been reported for platinum(II) halo-bridged dimers: it concerns the cationic complex [H2bpyrPt(μ-Cl)2PtbpyrH2]6+ (bpyr = bis-pyrimidine) in the salts [Pt2Cl2bpyr2H4] [SbF6]4[Sb2F11]2·2HF (θ = 148.4°) and [Pt2Cl2bpyr2H4][Sb2F11]6·4HF (θ = 180°) [10]. However, unlike the neutral α- and β-trans-Pt2(μ-I)2I2(CO)2 species, the difference of the anionic counterpart in these two salts could justify a different stability of two cation forms.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca Universitaria (MIUR), Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN 2007). We thank Chimet S.p.A., I–52041 Badia al Pino (Arezzo), for a loan of platinum.
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Dell'Amico, D.B.; Labella, L.; Marchetti, F. Bent Dinuclear Platinum(II) Halo-Bridged Carbonyl Complexes. Molecules 2011, 16, 6082-6091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16076082
AMA Style
Dell'Amico DB, Labella L, Marchetti F. Bent Dinuclear Platinum(II) Halo-Bridged Carbonyl Complexes. Molecules. 2011; 16(7):6082-6091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16076082
Chicago/Turabian StyleDell'Amico, Daniela Belli, Luca Labella, and Fabio Marchetti. 2011. "Bent Dinuclear Platinum(II) Halo-Bridged Carbonyl Complexes" Molecules 16, no. 7: 6082-6091. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16076082
