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Article

Selectively Charged and Zwitterionic Analogues of the Smallest Immunogenic Structure of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 14

by
Tiziana Gragnani
1,
Doretta Cuffaro
1,
Silvia Fallarini
2,
Grazia Lombardi
2,
Felicia D’Andrea
1,* and
Lorenzo Guazzelli
1,*
1
Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6/33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2019, 24(18), 3414; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183414
Submission received: 5 September 2019 / Revised: 16 September 2019 / Accepted: 17 September 2019 / Published: 19 September 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbohydrates in Synthesis)
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Abstract

:
Zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPs) have been shown in recent years to display peculiar immunological properties, thus attracting the interest of the carbohydrate research community. To fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying these properties and exploit the potential of this kind of structures, in depth studies are still required. In this context, the preparation of two cationic, an anionic, as well as two zwitterionic tetrasaccharide analogues of the smallest immunogenic structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 (SP14) capsular polysaccharide are presented. By exploiting a block strategy, the negative charge has been installed on the non-reducing end of the lactose unit of the tetrasaccharide and the positive charge either on the non-reducing end of the lactosamine moiety or on an external linker. These structures have then been tested by competitive ELISA, showing that the structural variations we made do not modify the affinity of the neutral compound to binding to a specific antibody. However, lower efficacies than the natural SP14 compound were observed. The results obtained, although promising, point to the need to further elongate the polysaccharide structure, which is likely too short to cover the entire epitopes.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Vaccination represents one of public health’s most cost-effective interventions, deeply contributing to global health security and striving against antimicrobial resistance. In this context, carbohydrate-based vaccines have been studied and developed for many years [1,2,3,4]. The cells of several bacteria, virus, and fungi are surrounded by a complex, often specific, pattern of non-mammalian glycan structures, which represent their primary virulence factor and can protect them from the hosts’ immune defenses. These pathogen-specific glycan structures act as epitopes, able to elicit specific antibodies when in contact with the host immune cells, representing promising target structures for the development of vaccines.
In general, polysaccharides are characterized by low immunogenic activities, they are able to trigger B-cell-mediated immune responses without IgG class switching and memory development [5]. For this reason, the two polysaccharide vaccines currently on the market are both conjugated to an immunogenic carrier protein. The 10-valent (PCV10) vaccine is composed of capsular polysaccharides purified from 10 serotypes (1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F). Each capsular polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, either protein D (an outer membrane protein from non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae), tetanus toxoid or diphtheria toxoid. PCV13 contains the capsular polysaccharides of serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F, individually conjugated to a nontoxic diphtheria cross-reactive material (CRM197) carrier protein. Both PCV10 and PCV13 have been shown to be safe, effective and to have both direct (in vaccinated individuals) and indirect (in unvaccinated individuals living in communities with vaccinated children) effects against pneumococcal diseases [6]. Literature data have shown that particular polysaccharides, bearing on their structure both negatively and positively charged functionalities, and thus called zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPs), are endowed with peculiar immunological properties [7]. ZPs, in fact, are able to be processed by the antigen presenting cells (APC) and loaded into the class-II major histocompatibility complex (MCH II), for presentation to T-cells and activation of immune responses [8].
Carbohydrate synthetic chemistry has become, during the years, a valuable tool for the preparation of complex structures both in the search of protective epitopes [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18] and in the preparation of epitope analogues and mimics [19,20,21]. Due to the interest raised by ZPs in the carbohydrate-based vaccine research area, several recent synthetic efforts have been devoted to the preparation of both natural zwitterionic structures [21,22,23] and even to the transformation of otherwise neutral carbohydrate capsular fragments into their zwitterionic analogues [21]. From the synthetic perspective, the insertion of charged species in the target structures represents an extra-challenging aspect.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for invasive and non-invasive infections in adults and children [24]. As mentioned previously, different carbohydrate-based vaccines against S. pneumoniae (Prevenar®, Synflorix™ (PCV10) [25] Prevenar 13® (PCV 1)) have been licensed and commercialized. S. pneumoniae type 14 (SP14) is one of the serotypes with major worldwide clinical relevance. In 2008, Safari et al. [26] established that the synthetic branched tetrasaccharide β-d-Galp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-[β-d-Galp-(1→4)]-β-d-GlcpNAc (1) of the SP14 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) (Figure 1), previously identified by Mawas et al. [27], elicits a protective antibody response when conjugated with the immunogenic protein CRM197.
This fragment of SP14 CPS thus represents the smallest structure for the development of a synthetic vaccine and was further studied after conjugation with the bovine serum albumin (BSA) carrier protein [28] or as part of future potential synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines in the case of gold glyconanoparticles [29,30].
As part of an ongoing project aimed at further elucidating the molecular basis of the ZPS immunological properties, we selected this well-known model tetrasaccharide with the intention to study how its gradual zwitterionization affects the biological activity. Therefore, along with the synthesis of the methyl glycoside of 1 [26,27], needed as a benchmark for biological evaluation, here we report the preparation of an anionic, two cationic, and two zwitterionic tetrasaccharide analogues. The prepared structures were evaluated by competitive ELISA to understand whether the introduction of charges or the zwitterionization influence the ability to bind to specific antibodies.

2. Results and Discussion

Several different synthetic approaches have been explored thus far for preparing tetrasaccharide 1, which is formally constituted by a lactose unit linked to an N-acetyl-lactosamine unit through a beta 1→6 glycosidic linkage. Thanks to a long-lasting experience in modifying the structure of lactose [31,32,33,34], we decided to use this natural disaccharide as the starting material for the preparation of lactose/lacturonic building block donors, while we built up lactosamine acceptors from suitably protected monosaccharide derivatives. The general design of the planned synthetic strategy is reported in Scheme 1, with the negative charge located on the galactose frame of the lactose unit (X) and the positive charge inserted either on the galactose part of the lactosamine unit (Y) or on the external linker (R).

2.1. Chemistry

2.1.1. Preparation of Required N-acetyl-glucosamine Acceptors 20–23 and Lacturonic Donor 28

β-d-GlcNAc acceptors 20–23 (Scheme 2), characterized by the presence of an orthogonal protecting group on the 6-OH in view of their further use in the preparation of lactosamine acceptors, were synthesized starting from known 8 [35] and 9 [36]. The fully protected derivatives 10–15 (78–97%) were obtained by the introduction of a 4,6-O-isopropylidene acetal (2-methoxypropene/CSA) and either benzylation or benzoylation of OH-3.
The acid hydrolysis of the acetal group of 10–15 lead to the corresponding diols 16–19 (89–96%) which were submitted to a regioselective 6-OH silylation affording target acceptors 20–23 (91–96%, see Supporting Information File for full experimental details).
Lacturonic donor 28 (Scheme 3) was synthesized starting from known lactose derivative 24 [37], prepared by benzylation at the C-2′ of known 2,3:5,6:3′,4′-tri-O-isopropylidene-6′-O-(1-methoxy-1-methylethyl)lactose dimethyl acetal [38] followed by mild acidic hydrolysis of the 6’-O-methoxyisopropyl acetal. Oxidation at the C-6′ position of 24 (TEMPO, NaOCl-NaHCO3-Me2CO) followed by protection of the carboxylic acid as benzyl ester (BnBr, KF, DMF) afforded 25 in an excellent yield (93%). This was converted into 26 (α/β ratio = 2:3, NMR) through acidic hydrolysis of acetal protections (80% aq AcOH, 80 °C) and consecutive acetylation with acetic anhydride in pyridine. Selective removal of the acetyl group at the anomeric position of 26 under mild basic condition (NH2NH2·AcOH, DMF) followed by treatment of 27 with trichloroacetonitrile in the presence of DBU gave pure α-d-trichloroacetimidate 28 (70% from 25) (see Supporting Information File for full experimental details).

2.1.2. Synthesis of the Target Tetrasaccharides 2–7

Tetrasaccharide target structures were then built up from the prepared blocks. First, lactosamine acceptors 36–40 were synthetized (Scheme 4). Glycosylation of the OH-4 of N-acetyl-glucosamines is known to represent a challenging reaction [39,40]. Instead of changing the protecting group pattern on the acceptors, and in particular the protecting group on the amino function which would ultimately require the deprotection/acetylation sequence on larger structures, we decided to screen several reaction conditions on this kind of structure (supporting information file).
The optimal conditions found were the following: trimethylsilyltriflate (TMSOTf, 0.5 eq) [41] as the catalyst of the glycosylation reaction which was added at −30 °C to a strictly anhydrous solution of acceptors 20–23 (1.0 eq) and known donors 29 [42] and 30 [43] (1.5 eq) in dry DCM. After 24–48 h the desired β-(1→4)-lactosamine derivatives 31–35 were obtained as the only products with satisfying yields (40%–72%) for all substrates (Scheme 4). NMR data confirmed the disaccharide structures and the high values (about 7.5 Hz) of the J1′,2′ coupling constants, in agreement with an axial-axial disposition of H-1′ and H-2′, ascertained the desired beta configuration of the formed glycosidic bonds. Disaccharide acceptors 36–40 were then prepared in good to excellent yields (83%–96%) through an easy acid cleavage of the silyl protecting group by treating 31–35 with a 70% aq AcOH solution at 70 °C.
Lactose donors 28 and 41 [43,44] were employed for the glycosylation reaction with the prepared lactosamine acceptors 36–40 (Scheme 5). As expected, this glycosylation step was less problematic when compared to the previous β-(1→4)-galactosylation reaction due to the higher accessibility and reactivity of the primary 6-OH than the 4-OH in 20–23.
Thus, lactosamine acceptors 36–40 (1.0 eq) were coupled with trichloroacetimidate donors 28 and 41 (1.5 eq) in CH2Cl2 using boron trifluoride etherate (BF3·Et2O, 1.3 eq) as the catalyst in the presence of acid-washed molecular sieves. Tetrasaccharides 42–47 (Scheme 5) were isolated in good yields (70%–89%) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel of crude products. The presence of the acetate participating group on donors 28 and 41 allowed again for obtaining only the beta anomer. It is worth noticing that no differences in reactivity were observed between the peracetylated lactose trichloroacetimidate donor 41 and its C-6’ oxidized analogue 28.
The target point-charged tetrasaccharide analogues (anionic 3, and cationic 4 and 6) of the neutral structure 2 [44], as well as zwitterionic analogues (5 and 7), were then prepared by the following removal of the protecting groups (Scheme 6). Deprotection of compound 42 required a simple Zemplen reaction (0.33M MeONa/MeOH) to afford the neutral tetrasaccharide 2 (72%) which, as mentioned before, was needed as a benchmark for the biological evaluation of the charged structures. The desired ammonium derivatives 4 (71%) and 6 (96%) were obtained by deprotection of compounds 43 and 44 respectively (Scheme 6), through a two-step procedure. After the basic hydrolysis of the ester groups either by using Zemplen conditions (0.33M MeONa/MeOH) or by treating with a methanolic ammonia solution (3.5N NH3-MeOH) [45], the partially deprotected disaccharides 48 and 49 were submitted to catalytic hydrogenolysis (H2, 10% Pd/C) in MeOH in the presence of 1% HCl-MeOH.
Unfortunately, unsatisfactory results were obtained when the same deprotection protocol was applied to tetrasaccharides 45 and 46. In fact, during the basic hydrolysis of the acetyl groups a side trans-esterification reaction involving the 6’’’ position occurred, and the corresponding methyl esters of benzylic esters 45 and 46 were isolated. Therefore, a slightly different deprotection pathway was followed (Scheme 6) by reversing the order of the two deprotection steps. The catalytic hydrogenolysis (H2, 10% Pd/C) of 45 and 46 was performed in 2.5:1 MeOH-EtOAc or in a ternary solvent system (3:1:0.5 MeOH-CH2Cl2-H2O) and in all cases, the purification by chromatographic mean, afforded pure uronic acids 50 and 51 in good yields (70% and 98%, respectively). The following deacetylation reaction with 3.5N NH3-MeOH gave the desired deprotected target tetrasaccharides 3 and 5 (89% and 98%, respectively). As no drawbacks were encountered, this second protocol was also applied to 47 (Scheme 6), thus obtaining zwitterionic tetrasaccharide 7 (86%).
All compounds were characterized and their mono- and two-dimensional NMR analyses (1H, 13C, DEPT-135, COSY, HETCOR, HSQC) were consistent with their structures (please refer to the experimental section).

2.2. Biological Tests

First of the all, we determined the biocompatibility of the newly synthesized compounds by calcein-AM viability assay on the RAW 264.7 cell line [46]. No compounds resulted toxic at all concentrations tested (1 × 10−5 –1 × 10−1 mg/mL), suggesting that the structural changes we have introduced into the CPS fragments did not modify cell viability (data not shown). Competitive ELISA were then performed to investigate the importance of the chain length, as well as of the structural charges, on the antigenic properties of the newly synthesized compounds [20]. Experiments performed with a specific rabbit anti-SP14 polyclonal antibody showed that the natural SP14 CPS (positive control) and all synthesized oligosaccharides are recognized by the antibody in a concentration-dependent manner. Colominic acid was always included as a negative control (Table 1 and Figure 2).
Data show that the relative affinities, expressed as IC50 values (mg/mL) resulted similar among the different charged fragments 3–7. The introduction of either a positive 4 and 6 or a negative 3 charge into these molecules did not modify the potency of neutral tetrasaccharide 2 (IC50 calculated values at 10−5 order of magnitude for all compounds), suggesting that the presence of charged functionalities within the repeating unit do not improve the ability of compounds to bind to a specific antibody. The introduction of both positive and negative charges (ZPS compounds, 5 and 7) gave the same results, independently of the charge positions within the tetrasaccharide structure. All analogues (2–7) exhibited similar efficacies (31 ± 3), which are lower (−70%) than the natural compound (100 ± 3). These results confirm that to obtain a high inhibition of the antibody binding to natural SP14 CPS, a higher number of different CPS epitopes is required [47].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

3.1.1. General

Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter at 20 ± 2 C. Melting points were determined with a Kofler hot-stage apparatus and are uncorrected. 1H NMR spectra were recorded in appropriate solvents with a Bruker Avance II operating at 250.13 MHz or a Bruker DRX 600 (biodrx600) spectrometer operating at 600 MHz. 13C NMR spectra were recorded with the above spectrometers operating at 62.9 or 150 MHz. The assignments were made, when possible, with the aid of DEPT, HETCOR, HSQC and COSY experiments. The first order proton chemical shifts δ are referenced to either residual CD3CN (δH 1.94, δC 1.28) or residual CD3OD (δH 3.31, δC 49.0) and J-values are given in Hz. All reactions were followed by TLC on Kieselgel 60 F254 or Silica gel 60 RP-18 F254s or with detection by UV light and/or with ethanolic 10% phosphomolybdic or sulfuric acid, and heating. Kieselgel 60 (E. Merck, 70–230 and 230–400 mesh, respectively) or Biotage reverse phase C18 silica columns was used for column and flash chromatography. Some of the flash chromatography were conducted by the automated system Isolera Four (Biotage®, Uppsala, Sweden), equipped with a UV detector with variable wavelength (200–400 nm). Unless otherwise noted, solvents and reagents were obtained from commercial suppliers and were used without further purification. All reactions involving air- or moisture-sensitive reagents were performed under an argon atmosphere by using anhydrous solvents. Anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and methanol (CH3OH) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Other dried solvents were obtained by distillation according to standard procedure [48] and stored over 4Å molecular sieves activated for at least 12 h at 200 °C. MgSO4 was used as the drying agent for solutions. Elemental analysis were obtained using an Elementar Vario MICRO cube equipment.
Compound 8 [35], 9 [36] and donors 29 [42], 30 [43], 28 [43,44] were prepared according to the reported procedure. The synthesis of compounds 10–15, 18–23, 25–28 and 31–40 is reported in the Electronic Supplementary Information.

3.1.2. General Procedure for the 6-O-glycosylation: Synthesis of the Tetrasaccharides 42–47

A mixture of the appropriate acceptors 36–40 (1.0 eq), excess of opportune donors 28 or 41 (1.5 eq) and activated AW 300 MS (800 mg) in dry CH2Cl2 (20 mL), was stirred for 15 min at room temperature, cooled to −15 °C and BF3·Et2O (1.3 eq) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly attain room temperature with stirring until the appropriate acceptor was disappeared (17–24 h, TLC, EtOAc or 1:9 toluene-EtOAc) and the formation of a major UV visible spot had occurred. Et3N (1.0 mL) was added and after 30 min the mixture was filtered through a short pad of Celite, diluted with CH2Cl2, and concentrated under diminished pressure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel afforded pure tetrasaccharides 42–47.
Methyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (42). The glycosylation of lactosamine acceptor 36 (155 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1 eq) with lactose donor 41 (269 mg, 0.345 mmol, 1.5 eq) was performed in dry CH2Cl2 (5.5 mL) with AW-300 MS (300 mg) and BF3.Et2O (36 μL, 0.30 mmol, 1.3 eq) in dry CH2Cl2 (0.5 mL) in accordance with the general procedure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (5:95 hexane-EtOAc + 0.1% Et3N) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 42 (208 mg, 70%) as a white foam, Rf 0.19 (5:95 hexane-EtOAc); (α)D -16.1 (c 0.93 in CHCl3); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3CN): δ 8.00–7.96 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.58–7.55 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.49–7.42 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 6.54 (d,1H, J2,NH 9.5 Hz, NH), 5.30 (dd, 1H, J3′′′4′′′3.4 Hz, J4′″,5′″ 1.0 Hz, H-4′′′), 5.25 (dd, 1H, J2,3 10.2 Hz, J3,4 8.5 Hz, H-3), 5.17 (dd, 1H, J2″,3″ 9.7 Hz, J3″,4″ 8.9 Hz, H-3″), 5.11 (dd, 1H, J4′,5′ 1.1 Hz, J3′,4′ 3.4 Hz, H-4′), 5.03 (dd, 1H, J2′″,3′″ 10.4 Hz, H-3′″), 4.96 (dd, 1H, J2′,3′ 10.4 Hz, H-3′), 4.94 (dd, 1H, J1′″ ′,2′″ 7.8 Hz, H-2′″), 4.84 (dd, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.6 Hz, H-2′), 4.83 (dd, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.9 Hz, H-2″), 4.70 (d, 1H, H-1′′), 4.58 (d, 1H, H-1′′′),4.53 (d, 1H, H-1′),4.46 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.5 Hz, H-1), 4.39 (dd, 1H, J6″a,6″b 12.2 Hz, J5″,6″b 2.2 Hz, H-6″b), 4.18-3.98 (m, 5H, H-4, H-5′′′, H-6′′a, H-6′′′a, H-6′′′b), 3.97-3.81 (m, 2 H, H-2, H-4′′), 3.80-3.63 (m, 5H, H-5, H-5′, H-5′′, H-6′a, H-6′b), 3.42 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.39 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.1 Hz, J5,6b 7.4 Hz, H-6b), 3.22 (dd, 1H, J5,6a 6.0 Hz, H-6a), 2.08, 2.07, 2.03, 2.02, 2.01, 2.00, 1.99, 1.94, 1.89, 1.87, 1.86 (11s, each 3H, 11 × MeCOO), 1.68 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3CN): δ 171.5-170.4 (12 × MeCO), 166.5 (PhCO), 134.1, 130.3, 129.4 (Ar-CH), 131.1 (Ar-C), 102.3 (C-1), 101.4 (C-1′, C-1″, C-1′′′), 77.6 (C-5′′), 77.0 (C-4), 74.5 (C-3), 75.0 (C-5), 73.4 (C-5′′′), 73.1 (C-3′′), 72.3 (C-2′′), 71.6 (C-3′′′), 71.5 (C-3′), 71.4 (C-4′′), 71.1 (C-5′), 69.9 (C-2′, C-2′′′), 68.8 (C-6), 68.0 (C-4′′′), 67.7 (C-4′), 62.9 (C-6′′), 61.9, 61.1 (C-6′, C-6′′′), 57.2 (MeO), 54.5 (C-2), 23.0 (MeCON), 21.1-20.6 (11 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 52.25; H, 5.75; N, 1.13. Calculated for C56H73NO33 (1288.17): C, 52.21; H, 5.71; N, 1.09.
3-Azidopropyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (43). The glycosylation of lactosamine acceptor 38 (338 mg, 0.457 mmol, 1 eq) with lactose donor 41 (535 mg, 0.685 mmol, 1.5 eq) was performed in dry CH2Cl2 (10 mL) with AW-300 MS (550 mg) and BF3.Et2O (69 μL, 0.594 mmol, 1.3 eq) in dry CH2Cl2 (1.0 mL), as described in the general procedure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (15:85 hexane-EtOAc + 0.1% Et3N) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 43 (505 mg, 81%) as a white foam, Rf 0.34 (1:9 toluene-EtOAc); (α)D -16.5 (c 0.98 in CHCl3); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3CN): δ 8.02–7.96 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.62–7.55 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.50–7.43 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 6.46 (d,1H, J2,NH 9.6 Hz, NH), 5.30 (dd, 1H, J4′″,5′″ 1.0 Hz, J3′″,4′″ 3.5 Hz, H-4′″), 5.26 (dd, 1H, J2″,3″ 10.4 Hz, J3″,4″ 8.8 Hz, H-3″), 5.18 (dd, 1H, J2,3 9.6 Hz, J3,4 9.1 Hz, H-3), 5.11 (dd, 1H, J3′,4′ 3.4 Hz, J4′,5′ 1.1 Hz, H-4′), 5.02 (dd, 1H, J2′″,3′″ 9.3 Hz, H-3′″), 5.00 (dd, 1H, J2′,3′ 9.7 Hz, H-3′), 4.89 (dd, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.7 Hz, H-2″), 4.84 (dd, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.8 Hz, H-2′″), 4.83 (dd, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.9 Hz, H-2′), 4.70 (d, 1H, H-1′), 4.56 (d, 1H, H-1′″), 4.55 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.4, H-1), 4.53 (d, 1H, H-1″), 4.39 (dd, 1H, J6″a,6″b 12.4 Hz, J5″,6″b 2.1 Hz, H-6b″), 4.18-3.95 (m, 5H, H-6′a, H-6′b, H-6″a, H-6′″a, H-6′″b), 3.94- 3.81 (m, 4 H, H-2, H-4, H-4″, H-5′″), 3.80-3.50 (m, 5H, H-5, H-5′, H-5″, CH2O), 3.39 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.1 Hz, J5,6b 7.4 Hz, H-6b), 3.36 (t, 2H, Jvic 6.8 Hz, CH2N3), 3.24 (m, 1H, J5,6a 5.9 Hz, H-6a), 2.08, 2.02, 2.01, 2.00, 1.99, 1.97, 1.94, 1.93, 1.89, 1.87, 1.86 (11s, each 3H, 11 × MeCOO), 1.81 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.70 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3CN): δ 171.5-170.4 (12 × MeCO), 166.5 (PhCO), 134.1, 130.4, 129.4 (Ar-CH), 131.1 (Ar-C), 101.5 (C-1, C-1″), 101.4 (C-1′, C-1′″), 74.7 (C-3), 77.5 (C-5), 77.0 (C-4), 75.1 (C-5′), 75.0 (C-5′″), 73.5 (C-4″), 73.2 (C-3″), 71.6 (C-3′″), 71.4 (C-3′, C-2″), 69.9 (C-2′, C-2′″), 68.8 (C-6), 68.0 (C-4′″), 67.7 (C-4′), 54.7 (C-2), 67.1 (CH2O), 62.9, 61.9, 61.1 (C-6′, C-6″, C-6′″), 48.8 (CH2N3), 29.4 (CH2), 23.0 (MeCON), 21.1-20.7 (11 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 51.37; H, 5.67; N, 4.16. Calculated for C58H76N4O33 (1357.24): C, 51.33; H, 5.64; N, 4.13.
Methyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-azido-6-deoxy-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (44). The glycosylation of lactosamine acceptor 40 (97 mg, 0.152 mmol, 1 eq) with lactose donor 41 (178 mg, 0.228 mmol, 1.5 eq) was performed in dry CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL) with AW-300 MS (270 mg) and BF3·Et2O (27 μL, 0.196 mmol, 1.3 eq) in dry CH2Cl2 (0.5 mL), as described in the general procedure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (1:9 hexane-EtOAc + 0.1% Et3N) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 44 (170 mg, 89%) as a white foam, Rf 0.32 (1:9 hexane-EtOAc); (α)D -27.3 (c 1.2 in CHCl3); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3CN): δ 7.35–7.29 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 6.52 (d,1H, J2,NH 9.3 Hz, NH), 5.28 (m, 2H, H-4′, H-4′″), 5.16 (dd, 1H, J2″,3″ 8.8 Hz, J3″,4″ 9.7 Hz, H-3″), 5.01 (m, 3H, H-3′, H-2′″, H-3′″), 4.93 (dd, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.8 Hz, J2′,3′ 10.4 Hz, H-2′), 4.86, 4.54 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 11.1 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.81 (dd, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.9 Hz, H-2″), 4.68 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.9 Hz, H-1′″),4.65 (d, 1H, H-1′), 4.56 (d, 1H, H-1″), 4.26 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.8 Hz, H-1), 4.39 (dd, 1H, J6″a,6″b 12.1 Hz, J5″,6″b 1.9 Hz, H-6″b), 4.15-3.97 (m, 5H, H-6b, H-6″a, H-5′″, H-6′″a, H-6′″b), 3.86 (m, 2H, H-5′, H-4″), 3.77–3.65 (m, 4H, H-2, H-4, H-6a, H-5″), 3.51 (m, 2H, H-3, H-5), 3.37 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.26 (dd, 1H, J6′a,6′b 12.9 Hz, J5′,6′b 7.4 Hz, H-6′b), 3.13 (dd, 1H, J5′,6′a 5.4 Hz, H-6′a), 2.10, 2.08, 2.06, 2.03, 2.02, 2.01, 2.00, 1.99, 1.92, 1.89 (10s, each 3H, 10 × MeCOO), 1.83 (1s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3CN): δ 171.4-170.4 (11 × C=O), 139.9 (Ar-C), 129.0–128.2 (Ar-CH), 102.8 (C-1), 101.4 (C-1″, C-1′″), 100.7 (C-1′), 80.5 (C-3), 77.7 (C-4), 76.6 (C-4″), 76.9 (C-5), 74.2 (CH2Ph), 73.3 (C-5″), 73.1 (C-3″), 72.6 (C-5′), 72.3 (C-2″), 71.3 (C-5′″), 71.6 (C-3′, C-3′″), 70.1 (C-2′″), 69.2 (C-6), 68.6 (C-4′″), 68.0 (C-4′), 68.8 (C-2′), 62.9 (C-6″), 61.9 (C-6′″), 56.9 (MeO), 54.6 (C-2), 50.7 (C-6′), 23.2 (MeCON), 21.1-20.7 (10 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found C, 51.63; H, 5.80; N, 4.49. Calculated for C54H72N4O30 (1257.17): C, 51.59; H, 5.77; N, 4.46.
Methyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(benzyl-(2-O-benzyl-3,4-di-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl) uronate)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (45). The glycosylation of lactosamine acceptor 37 (159 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1 eq) with lacturonic donor 38 (321 mg, 0.36 mmol, 1.5 eq) was performed in dry CH2Cl2 (5.5 mL) with AW-300 MS (310 mg) and BF3.Et2O (36.4 μL, 0.315 mmol, 1.3 eq) in dry CH2Cl2 (0.5 mL), as described in the general procedure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (2:8 hexane-EtOAc + 0.1% Et3N) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 45 (292 mg, 88%) as a white foam, Rf 0.24 (2:8 hexane-EtOAc); (α)D -15.1 (c 1.1 in CHCl3); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3CN): δ 7.67–7.23 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 6.48 (d, 1H, J2,NH 9.4 Hz, NH), 5.47 (dd, 1H, J3′″,4′″ 3.7 Hz, J4′″,5′″ 1.4 Hz, H-4′″), 5.30 (dd, 1H, J2″,3″ 10.3 Hz, J3″,4″ 8.9 Hz, H-3″), 5.32 (m, 1H, H-4′), 5.15, 5.08 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 12.1 Hz, COOCH2Ph), 5.08 (m, 2H, H-3′, H-2′), 5.00 (dd, 1H, J′″3′″ 10.0 Hz, H-3′″), 4.84 (dd, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.9 Hz, H-2″), 4.73 (d, 1H, H-1″), 4.77, 4.54 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 11.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.73, 4.57 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 11.3 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.68 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.8 Hz, H-1′), 4.48 (d, 1H, H-5′″), 4.46 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.9 Hz, H-1′″), 4.35 (dd, 1H, J6′a,6′b 12.1 Hz, J5′,6′b 2.0 Hz, H-6′b), 4.28 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.9 Hz, H-1), 4.20 (dd, 1H, J5′,6′a 4.9 Hz, H-6′a), 4.08-3.79 (m, 6H, H-6b, H-5′, H-5″, H-4″, H-6″a, H-6″b), 3.77-3.65 (m, 3H, H-2, H-4, H-6a), 3.53 (dd, 1H, J2,3 9.5 Hz, J3,4 8.2 Hz, H-3), 3.50 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.49 (dd, 1H, H-2′″), 3.41 (s, 3H, MeO), 2.10, 2.07, 2.03, 2.02, 1.98, 1.92, 1.88, 1.87, 1.85 (9s, each 3H, 9 × MeCOO), 1.83 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3CN): δ 171.3–170.5 (10 × C=O), 167.0 (C-6′″), 139.8, 138.9, 136.4 (3 × Ar-C), 129.5-129.3 (Ar-CH), 103.3 (C-1′″), 102.8 (C-1′), 101.4 (C-1″), 101.1 (C-1), 80.6 (C-3), 78.2 (C-4), 77.3 (C-5), 77.0 (C-4″), 75.8, 74.0 (CH2Ph), 75.4 (C-5), 73.7 (C-5″), 72.9, 72.9, 72.8, 72.5, 72.4 (C-5′, C-2″, C-3″, C-5′″, C-3′″), 71.6, 71.4 (C-3′, C-2′″), (70.2 (C-2′), 69.5 (C-4′″), 69.2 (C-6), 68.1 (C-4′), 67.8 (COOCH2Ph), 62.9 (C-6′), 61.9 (C-6″), 57.0 (MeO), 54.6 (C-2), 23.3 (MeCON), 21.0–20.5 (9 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 57.29; H, 5.94; N, 1.05. Calculated for C66H81NO31 (1384.35) C, 57.26; H, 5.90; N, 1.01.
3-Azidopropyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(benzyl-(3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-O-benzyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl) uronate)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (46). The glycosylation of lactosamine acceptor 39 (71 mg, 0.098 mmol, 1 eq) with lacturonic donor 28 (131 mg, 0.147 mmol, 1.5 eq) was performed in dry CH2Cl2 (3.0 mL) with AW-300 MS (175 mg) and BF3.Et2O (14.6 μL, 0.26 mmol, 1.3 eq) in dry CH2Cl2 (0.5 mL), as described in the general procedure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (3:7 hexane-EtOAc + 0.1% Et3N) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 46 (107 mg, 75%) as a clear syrup, Rf 0.23 (3:7 hexane-EtOAc); (α)D -14.9 (c 1.2 in CHCl3); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3CN): δ 7.39-7.24 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 6.60 (d, 1H, J2,NH 9.3 Hz, NH), 5.48 (dd, 1H, J3′″,4′″ 3.7 Hz, J4′″,5′″ 1.4 Hz, H-4′″), 5.33 (m, 1H, H-4′), 5.29 (dd, 1H, J2″,3″ 9.4 Hz, J3″,4″ 8.0 Hz, H-3″), 5.16, 5.07 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 12.1 Hz, COOCH2Ph), 5.10- 5.05 (m, 2H, H-3′, H-2′), 5.00 (dd, 1H, J2′″,3′″ 10.2 Hz, H-3′″), 4.82 (dd, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.4 Hz, H-2″), 4.78, 4.57 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 11.7 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.73, 4.55 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 11.3 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.69 (d, 1H, H-1″), 4.67 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.9 Hz, H-1′), 4.5 (d, 1H, H-5′″), 4.46 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.9 Hz, H-1′″), 4.37 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.2 Hz, H-1), 4.36 (dd, 1H, J6″a,6″b 12.1 Hz, J5″,6″b 1.7 Hz, H-6″b), 4.20 (dd, 1H, J5″,6″a 5.1 Hz, H-6″a), 4.08–3.86 (m, 9H, H-5, H-5′, H-5″, H-4, H-4″, H-6a, H-6′a, H-6b, H-6′b), 3.85 (m, 2H, CH2O), 3.78–3.66 (m, 3H, H-2, H-4, H-4″), 3.55 (dd, 1H, J2,3 9.8 Hz, J3,4 8.4 Hz, H-3), 3.51 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.43 (dd, 1H, H-2′″), 3.36 (t, 1H, Jvic 6.7 Hz, CH2N3), 2.10, 2.07, 2.04, 2.03, 1.98, 1.92, 1.89, 1.87, 1.86 (9s, each 3H, 9 × MeCOO), 1.84 (s, 3H, MeCON), 1.77 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3CN,): δ 171.4-170.3 (10 × C=O), 167.0 (C-6′″), 139.9, 139.0, 136.4 (3 × Ar-C), 129.5-128.3 (Ar-CH), 103.3 (C-1′″), 101.9 (C-1), 101.4 (C-1″), 101.2 (C-1′), 80.6 (C-3), 78.2 (C-4″), 78.1 (C-4), 77.3 (C-2′″), 75.6 (C-5′″), 75.8, 74.1 (CH2Ph), 73.7 (C-5′), 72.9 (C-3″), 72.9 (C-5″), 72.6 (C-3′″), 72.4 (C-2″), 71.6 (C-3′), 71.4 (C-5), 70.3 (C-2′), 69.5 (C-4′″), 69.0 (C-6), 68.1 (C-4′), 67.9 (COOCH2Ph), 66.9 (CH2O), 62.9 (C-6″), 61.9 (C-6′), 54.9 (C-2), 48.8 (CH2N3), 29.5 (CH2), 23.3 (MeCON), 21.1–20.5 (9 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 56.23; H, 5.84; N, 3.88. Calculated for C68H84N4O31 (1453.42): C, 56.20; H, 5.83; N, 3.85.
Methyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-azido-6-deoxy-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(benzyl-(3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-benzyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl) uronate)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (47). The glycosylation of lactosamine acceptor 40 (145 mg, 0.227 mmol, 1 eq) with lacturonic donor 28 (303 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.5 eq) was performed in dry CH2Cl2 (7.5 mL) with AW-300 MS (400 mg) and BF3.Et2O (33.8 μL, 0.292 mmol, 1.3 eq) in dry CH2Cl2 (0.5 mL), as described in the general procedure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (2:8 hexane-EtOAc + 0.1% Et3N) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 47 (238 mg, 77%) as a white foam, Rf 0.35 (2:8 hexane-EtOAc); (α)D -18.64 (c 1.2 in CHCl3); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3CN): δ 7.38–7.23 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J2,NH 9.4 Hz, NH), 5.47 (dd, 1H, J3′″,4′″ 3.7 Hz, J4′″, 5′″ 1,5 Hz, H-4′″), 5.31 (m, 1H, H-4′), 5.27 (dd, 1H, J2″,3″ 9.6 Hz, J3″,4″ 8.8 Hz, H-3″), 5.16–5.06 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 12.1 Hz, COOCH2Ph), 5.09 (m, 2H, H-3′, H-2′), 5.00 (dd, 1H, H-3′″), 4.84 (dd, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.9 Hz, H-2″), 4.84, 4.55 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 11.0 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.75, 4.56 (AB system, 2H, JA,B 11.3 Hz, CH2Ph), 4.73 (d, 1H, H-1″), 4.67 (d, 1H, J2′,3′ 7.9 Hz, H-1′), 4.49 (d, 1H, H-5′″), 4.46 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.9 Hz, H-1′″), 4.35 (dd, 1H, J6″a,6″b 12.1 Hz, J5″,6″b 1.5 Hz, H-6″b), 4.20 (dd, 1H, J5″,6″a 4.9 Hz, H-6″a), 4.27 (d, 1H, J1,2 7.8 Hz, H-1), 4.01 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 10.9 Hz, J5,6b 2.2 Hz, H-6b), 3.93 (dd, 1H, J5,6a 6.8 Hz, H-6a), 3.90 (m, 1H, H-5″), 3.90–3.65 (m, 3H, H-2, H-4, H-5), 3.87 (m, 1H, H-5′), 3.84 (m, 1H, H-4″), 3.53 (dd, 1H, J2,3 9.4 Hz, J3,4 8.1 Hz, H-3), 3.43 (dd, 1-H, J2′″,3′″ 10.1 Hz, H-2′″), 3.41 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.27 (dd, 1H, J6′a,6′b 12.8 Hz, J5′,6′b 7.3 Hz, H-6′b), 3.12 (dd, 1H, J5′,6′a 5.6 Hz, H-6′a), 2.10, 2.06, 2.04, 2.03, 1.98, 1.91, 1.87, 1.85 (8s, each 3H, 8 × MeCOO), 1.83 (1s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3CN): δ 171.6-170.5 (9 × C=O), 167.1 (C-6′″), 139.9, 138,9, 136.4 (Ar-C), 129.5-128.3 (Ar-CH), 103.3 (C-1′″), 102.9 (C-1), 101.5 (C-1″), 100.9 (C-1′), 80.6 (C-3), 77.9 (C-4″), 77.4 (C-2′″), 77.0 (C-4), 75.9, 74.4 (CH2Ph), 75.4 (C-5″), 73.7 (C-5′), 73.0 (C-5′″), 72.9 (C-3″), 72.6 (C-5, C-3′″), 72.4 (C-2″), 71.6 (C-3′), 70.2 (C-2′), 69.6 (C-4′″), 69.3 (C-6), 68.6 (C-4′), 67.9 (COOCH2Ph), 63.0 (C-6″), 57.0 (MeO), 54.7 (C-2), 50.8 (C-6′), 23.3 (MeCON), 21.1–20.5 (8 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 56.26; H, 5.78; N, 4.14. Calculated for C64H78N4O29 (1367.33): C, 56.22; H, 5,75; N, 4.10.

3.1.3. Synthesis of 3-Azidopropyl 2-acetamido-4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (48)

A solution of tetrasaccharide 43 (200 mg, 0.147 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) was cooled at 0 °C, treated with a methanolic solution of MeONa (0.33M, 3 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C until TLC analysis (1:1 CHCl3-MeOH) showed the complete disappearance of the starting material (48 h). The solution was neutralized with resin acid (Amberlist-15), filtered on a cotton pad, washed with MeOH and concentrated under diminished pressure. Purification of crude product by reversed-phase flash chromatography on C-18 silica gel (1:1 MeOH-H2O) followed by trituration with Et2O afforded pure tetrasaccharide 48 (80 mg, 69%) as a white solid, Rf 0.20 (4:6 CHCl3-MeOH); mp 159–161 °C (from MeOH-Isopropanol); (α)D -6.05 (c 1.19 in MeOH); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 4.53 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 8.0 Hz, H-1″), 4.47 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.8 Hz, H-1′), 4.43 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.3 Hz, H-1), 4.35 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.7 Hz, H-1′″), 3.95-3.70 (m, 13H, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-4′, H-4′″, H-5a, H-6b, H-6′a, H-6′b, H-6″a, H-6″b, H-6′″a, H-6′″b), 3.67-3.54 (m, 11H, CH2O, H-2′, H-2′″, H-4″, H-5, H-5′, H-5″, H-5′″, H-2″, H-3″), 3.51–3.3.34 (m, 2H, H-3′, H-3′″), 3.37 (t, 2H, Jvic 6.7 Hz, CH2N3), 2.00 (s, 3H, MeCON), 1.81 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 170.7(C=O), 104.7 (C-1′″), 104.4 (C-1′), 104.1 (C-1″), 102.8 (C-1), 80.1 (C-4″), 79.6 (C-4), 76.8 (C-5′), 76.6 (C-5′″), 76.2 (C-5″), 75.9 (C-5), 74.9 (C-2″), 74.3–73.7 (C-3′, C-3′″, C-3, C-3″), 72.4 (C-2′, C-2′″), 70.1 (C-4′, C-4′″), 68.6 (C-6), 67.7 (CH2O), 62.4 (C-6′, C-6′″), 61.5 (C-6″), 56.4 (C-2), 48.6 (CH2N3), 29.8 (CH2), 23.1 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 44.09; H, 6.41; N, 7.13. Calculated for C29H50N4O21 (790.73): C, 44.05; H, 6.37; N, 7.09.

3.1.4. Synthesis of Methyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4-O-(6-azido-6-deoxy-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (49)

A solution of tetrasaccharide 44 (170 mg, 0.135 mmol) in MeOH (1.35 mL) was treated with 7N NH3-MeOH (1.35 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature until TLC analysis (3:7 MeOH-H2O, reversed-phase) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (20 h). The solution was concentrated under diminished pressure and the purification of crude product by reversed-phase flash chromatography on C-18 silica gel (3:7 MeOH-H2O) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 49 (73 mg, 65%) as a white foam, Rf 0.47 (3:7 MeOH-H2O); (α)D -10.86 (c 1.04 in MeOH); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 7.36–7.19 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 4.95 (m, 2H, CH2Ph), 4.60 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.9 Hz, H-1″), 4.42 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.8 Hz, H-1′), 4.36 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.1 Hz, H-1), 4.34 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.9 Hz, H-1′″), 4.25 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.08-3.42 (m, 21H, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, H-6a, H-2′, H-3′, H-4′, H-5′, H-2″, H-3″, H-4″, H-5″, H-6″a, H-6″b, H-2′″, H-3′″, H-4′″, H-5′″, H-6′″b, H-6′″a), 3.38-3.27 (m, 2H, H-6′a, H-6′b), 3.42 (s, 3H, MeO), 1.85 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 173.5 (C=O), 140.2 (Ar-C), 129.1–128.4 (Ar-CH), 104.8 (C-1), 104.4, 104.2 (C-1′, C-1″), 103.6 (C-1′″), 81.9 (C-3), 80.3 (C-4″), 78.0 (C-4), 76.9 (C-5), 76.3, 76.2, 75.5, 74.5, 74.4, 74.3, 74.0, 72.6, 72.4, 69.9, 69.8, (C-2′, C-3′, C-4′, C-5′, C-2″, C-3″, C-5″, C-2′″,C-3′″, C-4′″, C-5′″), 75.1 (CH2Ph), 68.1 (C-6), 62.4 (C-6″), 61.6 (C-6′″), 57.4 (OMe), 55.8 (C-2), 51.6 (C-6′), 23.3 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 48.84; H, 6.27; N, 6.74. Calculated for C34H52N4O20 (836.80): C, 48.80; H, 6.23; N, 6.70.

3.1.5. Synthesis of Methyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(3,4-di-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoyl uronic acid)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (50)

Compound 45 (70.6 mg, 0.051 mmol) in 2.5:1 MeOH-EtOAc (3.5 mL) was treated with 10% Pd on activated charcoal (8 mg). The suspension was stirred at room temperature under H2 atmosphere until TLC analysis (8:2 CHCl3-MeOH) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (48 h) and the formation of a product at Rf 0.16 (no UV visible spot). The suspension was filtered on a cotton pad, washed with MeOH and concentrated under diminished pressure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (8:2 CHCl3-MeOH) gave the uronic acid pure 50 (55.7 mg, 98%) as a white foam, Rf 0.16 (8:2 CHCl3-MeOH); (α)D +4.74 (c 1.16 in CHCl3); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD): δ 5.61 (bd, 1H, H-4′″), 5.38 (m, 1H, H-4′), 5.20-4.90 5.11-4.90 (m, 4H, H-3″, H-3′″, H-2′, H-3′), 4.80 (m, 3H, H-1′, H-1″, H-2″), 4.40–4.20 (m, 3H, H-1′″, H-1, H-6′b,), 4.10–4.02 (m, 2H, H-6′a, H-6″b H-5′″, H-6″a), 4.00-3.88 (m, 2H, H-5′, H-6a), 3.77–3.15 (m, 8H, H-6b, H-5″, H-4, H-4″, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-2′″), 3.43 (s, 3H, MeO), 2.13, 2.07, 2.06, 1.98 (4s, each 3H, 4 × MeCOO), 2.02 (s, 9H, 3 × MeCOO), 1.95 (s, 6H, 2 × MeCOO), 1.64 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD): δ 172.4-170.2 (10 × C=O, C-6′″), 104.3 (C-1′″), 101.8 (C-1), 101.5 (C-1′), 100.9 (C-1″), 81.9 (C-3), 77.0 (C-4″), 75.2 (C-5), 74.2 (C-3″), 74.1 (C-5″), 74.0 (C-3′), 73.6 (C-3′″), 73.1 (C-4), 72.6 (C-5′), 72.2 (C-2″), 71.3 (C-5′″), 71.2 (C-2′), 69.2 (C-2′″), 69.8 (C-4′″), 69.0 (C-6), 67.4 (C-4′), 63.0 (C-6′), 61.7 (C-6″), 56.7 (MeO), 55.2 (C-2), 22.9 (MeCON), 20.9-20.6 (9 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 48.55; H, 5.74; N, 1.29. Calculated for C45H63NO31 (1113.98): C, 48.52; H, 5.70; N, 1.26.

3.1.6. Synthesis of 3-Ammoniumpropyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-benzyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl uronate)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (51)

A solution of 46 (142.4 mg, 0.098 mmol) in 3:1:0.5 MeOH-CH2Cl2-H2O (14 mL) was treated with 10% Pd on activated charcoal (74.4 mg). The suspension was stirred at room temperature under H2 atmosphere until TLC analysis (7:3 CHCl3-MeOH) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (48 h). The suspension was filtered on a cotton pad, washed with MeOH and concentrated under diminished pressure. Purification of crude product by flash chromatography on silica gel (7:3 CHCl3-MeOH) gave pure zwitterionic tetrasaccharide 51 (80 mg, 70%) as a white solid, Rf 0.23 (7:3 CHCl3-MeOH); mp 193–195 °C (after trituration with Et2O); (α)D +2.57 (c 1.13 in MeOH); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3OD) led to identify only some signals as: δ 4.72 (m, 2H, H-1′, H-1″), 4.46 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.9 Hz, H-1′″), 4.36 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.1 Hz, H-1), 4.01 and 3.63 (2m, each 1H, CH2O), 3.15 (bt, 1H, Jvic 6.8 Hz, CH2NH3+), 2.15, 2.11, 2.10, 2.07, 2.05, 2.03, 1.98, 1.95, 1.94 (9s, each 3H, 9 × MeCOO), 1.91 (s, 3H, MeCON), 1.88 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3OD): δ 174.1 (C-6′″), 173.0-171.2 (10 × C=O), 104.9 (C-1′″), 102.4 (C-1), 101.9 (C-1′), 101.8 (C-1″), 82.1 (C-4″), 78.0 (C-4), 75.0 (C-5″), 74.7 (C-5, C-2″, C-3″, C-5′″), 74.2 (C-5′), 73.3 (C-3), 72.2, 72.1, 70.9, 70.4 (C-2′″, C-3′″, C-3′, C-2′), 69.9 (C-4′″), 69.7 (C-6), 68.6 (C-4′), 68.5 (CH2O), 63.9 (C-6″), 62.7 (C-6′), 56.4 (C-2), 39.3 (CH2NH3+), 28.1 (CH2), 23.0 (MeCON), 21.3-20.5 (9 × MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 48.82; H, 5.95; N, 2.44. Calculated for C47H68N2O31 (1157.04): C, 48.79; H, 5.92; N, 2.42.

3.1.7. Synthesis of Methyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(6-ammonium-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-deoxy-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(3,4-di-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl uronate)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (52).

A solution of 47 (238 mg, 0.174 mmol) in 3:1:0.5 MeOH-CH2Cl2-H2O (13.5 mL) was treated with 10% Pd on activated charcoal (131 mg). The suspension was stirred at room temperature under H2 atmosphere until TLC analysis (7:3 CHCl3-MeOH) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (48 h). The suspension was filtered on a cotton pad, washed with MeOH and concentrated under diminished pressure. Purification of crude product by reversed-phase flash chromatography on C-18 silica gel (4:6 MeOH-H2O) gave pure zwitterionic tetrasaccharide 52 (141 mg, 76%) as a white solid, Rf 0.40 (4:6 MeOH-H2O, reversed-phase); mp 195–197 °C (after trituration with Et2O); (α)D –1.75 (c 1.03 in MeOH); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 5.49 (m, 1H, H-4′″), 5.31 (m, 1H, H-4′), 5.23 (m, 1H, H-3″), 5.12-4.91 (m, 2H, H-3′, H-2′), 4.90–4.70 (m, 2H, H-3′″, H-2″), 4.75 (bd, 2H, J 7.5 Hz, H-1″, H-1′), 4.54-4.20 (m, 5H, H-1′″, H-5′″, H-1, H-6″b, H-6″a), 4.13- 3.88 (m, 4H, H-6b, H-6a, H-5″, H-5′), 3.82- 3.40 (m, 6H, H-2, H-4, H-5, H-4″, H-3, H-2′″), 3.47 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.10-2.95 (m, 2H, H-6′a, H-6′b), 2.10-1.88 (m, 27H, 9 × MeCO); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 174.6-172.3 (9 × C=O, C-6′″), 104.3 (C-1′″), 103.0 (C-1), 101.9 (C-1″), 101.3 (C-1′), 79.9 (C-3), 77.0 (C-4″), 75.4 (C-2″), 74.6 (C-4, C-5′, C-5″), 73.8, 73.5, 73.2, 72.0 (C-5′″, C-3″, C-3′″, C-5), 71.0 (C-3′, C-2′″), 70.5 (C-2′), 69.9 (C-6), 69.7 (C-4′″), 69.5 (C-4′), 64.0 (C-6″), 57.5 (OMe), 56.5 (C-2), 40.8 (C-6′), 23.1 (MeCON), 21.5-20.7 (8 ×MeCOO). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 48.26; H, 5.87; N, 2.65. Calculated for C43H62N2O29 (1070.95): C, 48.23; H, 5.84; N, 2.62.

3.1.8. Synthesis of Methyl 2-acetamido-4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (2)

A solution of 42 (99.7 mg, 0.0774 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) was treated with a methanolic solution of MeONa (0.33 M, 3 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C until TLC analysis (9:1 CHCl3-MeOH) showed the complete disappearance of the starting material (12 h). The solution was neutralized with resin acid (Amberlist-15), filtered on a cotton pad, washed with MeOH and concentrated under diminished pressure. Crystallization of the crude product with EtOH-H2O afforded pure tetrasaccharide 2 (40 mg, 72%) as a white solid, Rf 0.10 (9:1 CHCl3-MeOH); mp 158-160 °C (from EtOH-H2O); (α)D –14.42 (c 1.2 in H2O); Lit [44] (α)D +1 (c 1 in H2O); Lit [49] (α)D –4.40 (c 2.75 in H2O); 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O): δ 4.45 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 8.02 Hz, H-1″), 4.43 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.8 Hz, H-1′), 4.36 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.3 Hz, H-1), 4.34 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 8.2 Hz, H-1′″), 4.19 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 11.1 Hz, J5,6b 1.2 Hz, H-6b), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J5,6a 3.7 Hz, H-6a), 3.87 (m, 1H, H-6″a), 3.82 (m, 1H, H-4′″), 3.81 (m, 1H, H-4′), 3.71 (m, 1H, H-6″b), 3.65 (m, 4H, H-6′a, H-6′b, H-6′″a, H-6′″b), 3.74 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.63 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.61 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.59 (m, 1H, H-5′), 3.57 (m, 1H, H-3″), 3.567 (m, 1H, H-5′″), 3.56 (m, 4H, H-3, H-4′″, H-3′″, H-3′), 3.49 (m, 1H, H-5″), 3.43 (m, 2H, H-2′, H-2′″), 3.40 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.27 (m, 1H, H-2″), 1.93 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (D2O): δ 174.3 (C=O), 102.8 (C-1′″), 102.6 (C-1′), 102.2 (C-1″), 102.0 (C-1), 78.3 (C-4″), 77.7 (C-4), 75.2 (C-5′), 74.6 (C-5″), 74.4 (C-5′″), 74.2 (C-3′, C-3′″), 73.4 (C-5), 72.6 (C-2″), 72.4 (C-3), 72.3 (C-3″), 70.9 (C-2′, C-2′″), 68.5 (C-4′, C-4′″), 67.1 (C-6), 61.0 (C-6′, C-6′″), 59.9 (C-6″), 57.7 (MeO), 54.9 (C-2), 23.1 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 44.98; H, 6.59; N, 1.97. Calculated for C27H47NO21 (721.67): C, 44.94; H, 6.56; N, 1.94.

3.1.9. Synthesis of Methyl 2-acetamido-4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl uronate)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside Ammonium Salt (3)

A solution of 50 (40.7 mg, 0.0365 mmol) in MeOH (0.5 mL) was treated with 7N NH3-MeOH (0.5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until TLC analysis (6:4 CHCl3-MeOH) showed the complete disappearance of the starting material (48 h). The solution was concentrated under diminished pressure and purification of crude product by reversed-phase flash chromatography on C-18 silica gel (1:3 MeOH-H2O) gave pure tetrasaccharide 3 (24.4 mg, 89%) as a white solid, Rf 0.0 (8:2 CHCl3-MeOH); mp 241–243 °C (from isopropanol-MeOH); (α)D –50.6 (c 0.9 in MeOH); 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O): δ 4.46 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.99 Hz, H-1″), 4.43 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.87 Hz, H-1′), 4.36 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.37 Hz, H-1), 4.34 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.76 Hz, H-1′″), 4.20 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 10.9 Hz, J5,6b 1.1 Hz, H-6b), 4.11 (m, 1H, H-4′″), 3.99 (m, 1H, H-5′″), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J5,6a 3.1 Hz, H-6a), 3.81 (m, 1H, H-4′), 3.74 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.72 (m, 1H, H-6″b), 3.66 (m, 1H, H-6″a), 3.64 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.63 (m, 2H, 6′a, H-6′b), 3.62 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.60 (m, 1H, H-3′″), 3.60 (m, 1H, H-5′), 3.59 (m, 1H, H-3″), 3.58 (m, 2H, H-3, H-3′), 3.52 (m, 1H, H-4″), 3.507 (m, 1H, H-5″), 3.48 (m, 1H, H-2′″), 3.45 (m, 1H, H-2′), 3.44 (s, 3H, MeO), 3.29 (m, 1H, H-2″), 1.93 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (150 MHz, D2O): δ 178.2, 175.4 (MeCO, C-6′″), 102.5 (C-1′), 102.5 (C-1′″), 102.3 (C-1″), 102.0 (C-1), 78.9 (C-4″), 77.6 (C-4), 75.5 (C-4′″), 75.2 (C-5′), 75.1 (C-5′″), 74.6 (C-5″), 74.4 (C-3′), 73.5 (C-2′″), 73.4 (C-5), 73.4 (C-2′), 72.6 (C-2″), 72.4 (C-3, C-3″), 70.0 (C-3′″), 68.6 (C-4′), 67.2 (C-6), 61.0 (C-6′), 59.9 (C-6″), 54.9 (C-2), 58.2 (MeO), 22.2 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 43.12; H, 6.46; N, 3.75. Calculated for C27H48N2O22 (752.67): C, 43.09; H, 6.43; N, 3.72.

3.1.10. Synthesis of 3-Aminopropyl 2-acetamido-4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside Hydrochloride (4)

A solution of 48 (59.3 mg, 0.075 mmol) in 3:1 MeOH-H2O (4 mL) was turned to pH 3 adding few drops of 1% methanolic HCl (0.46 mL) and treated with 10% Pd on activated charcoal (42.2 mg). The suspension was stirred at room temperature under H2 atmosphere until TLC analysis (2:8 MeOH-H2O, reversed-phase) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (20 h). The suspension was filtered on a cotton pad, washed with MeOH and concentrated under diminished pressure. Crystallization of the crude product with EtOH afforded pure tetrasaccharide 4 (43 mg, 71%) as a white solid, Rf 0.98 (2:8 MeOH-H2O, reversed-phase); mp 183–185 °C (from EtOH); (α)D –4.3 (c 0.72 in MeOH); 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O): δ 4.45 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 8.1 Hz, H-1″), 4.43 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 8.03 Hz, H-1′), 4.42 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.3 Hz, H-1), 4.34 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.85 Hz, H-1′″), 4.19 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 10.9 Hz, J5,6b 1.1 Hz, H-6b), 3.87 (m, 1H, H-6″b), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J5,6b 3.1 Hz, H-6a), 3.82 (m, 1H, H-4′″), 3.81 (m, 1H, H-4′), 3.75 (m, 1H, H-4), 3.71 (m, 1H, H-6″a), 3.68 (m, 2H, CH2O), 3.65 (m, 2H, H-6′a, H-6′b), 3.64 (m, 3H, H-2, H-6′″a, H-6′″b,), 3.61 (m, 2H, H-5, H-5′″), 3.60 (m, 1H, H-5′), 3.59 (m, 1H, H-3), 3.57 (m, 2H, H-4″, H-3″), 3.56 (m, 1H, H-3′), 3.55 (m, 1H, H-3′″), 3.50 (m, 1H, H-5″), 3.44 (m, 2H, H-2′, H-2′″), 3.27 (m, 1H, H-2″), 3.01 (bt, 2H, Jvic 6.8 Hz, CH2N3), 2.01 (s, 3H, MeCON), 1.91 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (150 MHz, D2O): δ 175.7 (C=O), 102.9 (C-1′″), 102.6 (C-1′), 102.3 (C-1″), 101.3 (C-1), 78.3 (C-4″), 77.5 (C-4), 75.3 (C-5′, C-5′″), 74.6 (C-5″), 74.2 (C-3′, C-3′″), 73.3 (C-5), 72.6 (C-2″), 72.5 (C-3″), 72.2 (C-3), 70.9 (C-2′″, C-2′), 68.5 (C-4′″, C-4′), 68.3 (CH2O), 67.1 (C-6), 61.0 (C-6′″), 60.9 (C-6′), 59.8 (C-6″), 55.1 (C-2), 38.6 (CH2N3), 27.6 (CH2), 23.2 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 43.51; H, 6.69; N, 3.54. Calculated for C29H52ClN2O21 (801.19): C, 43.48; H, 6.67; N, 3.50.

3.1.11. Synthesis of 3-Ammoniumpropyl 2-acetamido-4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl uronate)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (5)

A solution of 51 (60.1 mg, 0.052 mmol) in MeOH (1.0 mL) was treated with 7N NH3-MeOH (1.0 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature until TLC analysis (4:6 MeOH-H2O, reversed-phase) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (48 h). The solution was concentrated under diminished pressure and the purification of crude product by reversed-phase flash chromatography on C-18 silica gel (H2O) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 5 (39.8 mg, 98%) as a white solid, Rf 0.95 (H2O); mp 194–195 °C (after trituration with MeOH); (α)D –38.8 (c 0.99 in H2O); 1H NMR (600 MHz, D2O): δ 4.47 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.97 Hz, H-1″), 4.43 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.76 Hz, H-1′), 4.42 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.3 Hz, H-1), 4.33 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.86 Hz, H-1′″), 4.19 (dd, 1H, J6a,6b 10.9 Hz, J5,6b 1.2 Hz, H-6b), 4.12 (m, 1H, H-4′″), 3.98 (m, 1H, H-5′″), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J5,6a 3.7 Hz, H-6a), 3.86 (m, 1H, H-6″b), 3.81–3.72 (m, 3H, H-4′, H-4, H-6″a), 3.67–3.51 (m, 13H, H-3′″, H-2, H-6′a, H-6′b, CH2O, H-5, H-3, H-5′, H-3″, H-3′, H-4″, H-5″), 3.47 (m, 1H, H-2′″), 3.43 (m, 1H, H-2′), 2.98 (bt, 1H, Jvic 6.8 Hz, CH2NH3+), 3.27 (m, 1H, H-2″), 1.91 (s, 3H, MeCON), 1.82 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (150 MHz, D2O): δ 175.7 (C=O), 175.6 (C-6′″), 102.6 (C-1′), 102.4 (C-1′″), 102.2 (C-1″), 101.4 (C-1), 78.7 (C-4″), 77.5 (C-4), 75.6 (C-5′″), 75.0 (C-5′), 74.6 (C-5″), 73.3 (C-5), 72.7 (C-2″), 72.4 (C-3″, C-3′″), 72.3 (C-3, C-3′), 70.9 (C-2′), 70.4 (C-2′″), 69.9 (C-4′″), 68.4 (C-4′), 68.3 (CH2O), 67.1 (C-6), 60.9 (C-6′), 59.9 (C-6″), 55.0 (C-2), 38.6 (CH2NH3+), 27.6 (CH2), 23.1 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 44.76; H, 6.49; N, 3.64. Calculated for C29H50N2O22 (778.71): C, 44.73; H, 6.47; N, 3.60.

3.1.12. Synthesis of Methyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside Hydrochloride (6)

A solution of 49 (52 mg, 0.062 mmol) in 3:1 MeOH-H2O (2.5 mL) was turned to pH 3 adding few drops of 1% methanolic HCl (0.51 mL) and treated with 10% Pd on activated charcoal (50 mg). The suspension was stirred at room temperature under H2 atmosphere until TLC analysis (1:9 MeOH-H2O, reversed-phase) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (20 h). The suspension was filtered on a cotton pad, washed with MeOH and concentrated under diminished pressure. Purification of crude product by reversed-phase flash chromatography on C-18 silica gel (1:9 MeOH-H2O) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 6 (45 mg, 96%) as a white solid, Rf 0.47 (7:3 MeOH-H2O, reversed-phase); mp 183–186 °C (from MeOH-isopropanol); (α)D –19.9 (c 1.0 in MeOH); 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 4.67 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.6 Hz, H-1″), 4.42 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.8 Hz, H-1′), 4.39 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 7.9 Hz, H-1′″), 4.34 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.2 Hz, H-1), 4.28 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.10-3.51 (m, 21H, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, H-6a, H-2′, H-3′, H-4′, H-5′, H-2″, H-3″, H-4″, H-5″, H-6″a, H-6″b, H-2′″, H-3′″, H-4′″, H-5′″, H-6′″b, H-6′″a), 3.45 (s, 3H, MeO), 3.38–3.21 (m, 2H, H-6′a, H-6′b), 1.99 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, CD3OD-D2O): δ 173.3 (MeCO), 104.8 (C-1), 103.8, 103.5, 103.4 (C-1′, C-1″, C-1′″), 80.2 (C-4″), 77.8 (C-4), 76.7 (C-3, C-5), 76.1, 75.0, 74.4, 74.4, 74.0, 73.9, 72.2, 71.9, 71.6, 70.9, 69.9 (C-2′, C-3′, C-4′, C-5′, C-2″, C-3″, C-5″, C-2′″, C-3′″, C-4′″, C-5′″), 67.7 (C-6), 62.2 (C-6″), 61.4 (C-6′″), 57.1 (OMe), 56.2 (C-2), 41.7 (C-6′), 22.6 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 42.86; H, 6.55; N, 3.72. Calculated for C27H49ClN2O20 (757.13): C, 42.83; H, 6.52; N, 3.70.

3.1.13. Synthesis of Methyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(6-ammonium-6-deoxy-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-6-O-[4-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl uronate)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (7)

A solution of 52 (39.1 mg, 0.0365 mmol) in MeOH (1.0 mL) was treated with 7N NH3-MeOH (1.0 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature until TLC analysis (H2O, reversed-phase) revealed the complete disappearance of the starting material (48 h). The solution was concentrated under diminished pressure and the purification of crude product by reversed-phase flash chromatography on C-18 silica gel (H2O) afforded pure tetrasaccharide 7 (23 mg, 86%) as a white solid, Rf 0.95 (H2O, reversed-phase); mp 226–228 °C (from MeOH-EtOH); (α)D –16.67 (c 1.05 in H2O), 1H NMR (250.13 MHz, D2O): δ 4.46 (d, 1H, J1″,2″ 7.9 Hz, H-1″), 4.45 (d, 1H, J1′,2′ 7.3 Hz, H-1′), 4.40 (d, 1H, J1,2 8.4 Hz, H-1), 4.37 (d, 1H, J1′″,2′″ 8.1 Hz, H-1′″), 4.12 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.03 (m, 1H, H-4′″), 3.91 (m, 1H, H-5′″), 3.85-3.63 (m, 4H, H-4′, H-4, H-5, H-6b), 3.60-3.41 (m, 12H, H-2′″, H-3′, H-4″, H-3′″, H-3″, H-6″a, H-6″b, H-5′, H-5″, H-2, H-3, H-6a,), 3.40-3.10 (m, 5H, H-2′, H-2″, H-2, H-6′a, H-6′b), 3.33 (s, 3H, OMe), 1.85 (s, 3H, MeCON); 13C NMR (62.9 MHz, D2O): δ 175.7, 175.6 (C=O, C-6′″), 103.9 (C-1′), 103.7(C-1′″), 103.4 (C-1″), 103.0 (C-1), 80.1 (C-4″), 79.3 (C-4), 75.7 (C-5′″), 75.5 (C-5′), 74.5 (C-5″, C-2′″), 73.9 (C-2″), 73.8-73.7 (C-5, C-3″, C-3), 73.4 (C-3′″), 73.3 (C-3′), 71.8 (C-2′), 71.4 (C-4′″), 69.9 (C-4′), 68.4 (C-6), 61.1 (C-6″), 58.3 (OMe), 56.0 (C-2), 40.8 (C-6′), 23.2 (MeCON). Elemental Analysis Found: C, 44.17; H, 6.34; N, 3.84. Calculated for C27H46N2O21 (734.66): C, 44.14; H, 6.31; N, 3.81.

3.2. Biological Methods

3.2.1. Test ELISA

96-Well flat-bottomed plates were incubated overnight at 4–8 °C with a mixture of SP14 CPS (1 mg/mL) (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and methylated human serum albumin (1 mg/mL). A solution of fetal calf serum (5%) in phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with Brij-35 (0.1%) and sodium azide (0.05%) was applied to the plates for blocking of nonspecific binding sites. The plates were incubated overnight at 4–8 °C with a solution (1:200) of rabbit anti-SP14 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA), used as reference serum. When SP14 analogous were tested, they were added to each well immediately before the addition of the reference serum. The plates were then incubated with alkaline phosphatase conjugate goat anti-rabbit IgG stained with p-nitrophenylphosphate (Sigma Aldrich, Milan Italy), and the absorbance was measured at 405 nm with an Ultramark microplate reader.

3.2.2. Statistical Analysis

Results are expressed as the mean + SEM of at least five different experiments run in triplicate. Statistical significance was evaluated by Student′s t-test for unpaired varieties. Differences were considered statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05.

4. Conclusions

A synthetic approach for the synthesis of charged analogues of the smallest immunogenic structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 (SP14) capsular polysaccharide was explored. Suitable lacturonic and lactose donors were coupled with modified lactosamine acceptors which allowed, after the final deprotection, to obtain two cationic, an anionic as well as two zwitterionic tetrasaccharide target structures. From the synthetic perspective, the proposed block strategy proved to be feasible, permitting to build up several point-charged structures. The biological data we reported for the prepared tetrasaccharides clearly demonstrate that the introduction of positive and/or negative charges into the basic unit of SP14 CPS do not modify the affinity of a neutral compound to binding to a specific antibody. In our opinion, these results would represent an encouraging starting point for future studies on the ability of these charged compounds to stimulate immune cell responses. All analogues exhibited similar efficacies, which are lower than the natural SP-14 compound. This might be related to the length of synthetic fragments, too short to cover the entire SP14 CPS epitopes.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online, experimental procedures and characterization data of compound 10–23, 25–28 and 31–40. NMR spectra of new compounds.

Author Contributions

F.D.A. and L.G. designed the study and analyzed the data, T.G. and D.C. performed the chemical experimental, S.F and G.L. performed the biological experiments, F.D.A., L.G., D.C., S.F and G.L. wrote the main text. All authors reviewed and accepted the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by MIUR-Italy (PRIN 2010, prot. 2010JMAZML_008 and PRIN 2015, prot. 2015RNWJAM_003).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Professor Giorgio Catelani who inspired the whole project, Professor Alba Silipo (University of Napoli) for registering high-field NMR spectra of compounds 2–5, and undergraduates Chiara Esposto, Lara Zampini and Beatrice Tamassia (University of Pisa) for the contribution to the synthesis of compounds 42, 43, 3 and 6.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
Molecules 24 03414 g001 550
Figure 1. Identified smallest immunogenic fragment of S. pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide (CPS).
Figure 1. Identified smallest immunogenic fragment of S. pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide (CPS).
Molecules 24 03414 g001
Molecules 24 03414 sch001 550
Scheme 1. General approach for the synthesis of neutral tetrasaccharide 2 and of negatively/positively charged and zwitterionic target structures 3–7.
Scheme 1. General approach for the synthesis of neutral tetrasaccharide 2 and of negatively/positively charged and zwitterionic target structures 3–7.
Molecules 24 03414 sch001
Molecules 24 03414 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of the target acceptors 20–23. Reagents and conditions: (i) a) 2-MP, CSA, DMF, rt, 2–4 h (10: 91%; 13: 88%); b) BzCl, Py, rt, 2–5 h (11: 88%) or BnBr, KOH, THF-H2O, 18-crown-6, rt, 4 h (12: 78%); (ii) 70% aq AcOH, 40 °C, 3–5 h (16: 96%; 17: 96%; 18: 89% from 13; 19: 91% from 13); (iii) TBDMSCl, Py, rt, 2–4 h (20: 81%; 21: 93%; 22: 91%; 23: 96%).
Scheme 2. Synthesis of the target acceptors 20–23. Reagents and conditions: (i) a) 2-MP, CSA, DMF, rt, 2–4 h (10: 91%; 13: 88%); b) BzCl, Py, rt, 2–5 h (11: 88%) or BnBr, KOH, THF-H2O, 18-crown-6, rt, 4 h (12: 78%); (ii) 70% aq AcOH, 40 °C, 3–5 h (16: 96%; 17: 96%; 18: 89% from 13; 19: 91% from 13); (iii) TBDMSCl, Py, rt, 2–4 h (20: 81%; 21: 93%; 22: 91%; 23: 96%).
Molecules 24 03414 sch002
Molecules 24 03414 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Synthesis of the lacturonic donor 28. Reagents and conditions: (i) TEMPO, 5% aq NaHCO3, KBr, 13% aq NaOCl, Me2CO, rt, 15 min and then BnBr, KF, DMF, rt, overnight (93%); (ii) 80% aq ACOH, 80 °C, 4 h, and then 1:2 Ac2O-Py, rt, 12 h (98%); (iii): NH2NH2·AcOH, dry DMF, 60 °C, 30 min (79%); (iv) CCl3CN, DBU, dry CH2Cl2, rt, 30 min (91%).
Scheme 3. Synthesis of the lacturonic donor 28. Reagents and conditions: (i) TEMPO, 5% aq NaHCO3, KBr, 13% aq NaOCl, Me2CO, rt, 15 min and then BnBr, KF, DMF, rt, overnight (93%); (ii) 80% aq ACOH, 80 °C, 4 h, and then 1:2 Ac2O-Py, rt, 12 h (98%); (iii): NH2NH2·AcOH, dry DMF, 60 °C, 30 min (79%); (iv) CCl3CN, DBU, dry CH2Cl2, rt, 30 min (91%).
Molecules 24 03414 sch003
Molecules 24 03414 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Synthesis of the β-(1→4)-lactosamine acceptors 36–40. Reagents and conditions: (i) TMSOTf, CH2Cl2, 300-AW MS, −30 °C to rt, 17–24 h (31: 62%, 32: 40%, 33: 47%, 34: 72%, 35: 57%); (ii) 70% aq AcOH, 70 °C, 1–2 h (36: 83%, 37: 83%, 38: 96%, 39: 81%, 40: 92%).
Scheme 4. Synthesis of the β-(1→4)-lactosamine acceptors 36–40. Reagents and conditions: (i) TMSOTf, CH2Cl2, 300-AW MS, −30 °C to rt, 17–24 h (31: 62%, 32: 40%, 33: 47%, 34: 72%, 35: 57%); (ii) 70% aq AcOH, 70 °C, 1–2 h (36: 83%, 37: 83%, 38: 96%, 39: 81%, 40: 92%).
Molecules 24 03414 sch004
Molecules 24 03414 sch005 550
Scheme 5. Synthesis of tetrasaccharides 42–47. Reagents and conditions: (i): BF3·Et2O, AW-300 MS, CH2Cl2, −15 °C to rt, 17–24 h (42: 70%; 43: 81%; 44: 89%; 45: 88%; 46: 75%; 47: 77%).
Scheme 5. Synthesis of tetrasaccharides 42–47. Reagents and conditions: (i): BF3·Et2O, AW-300 MS, CH2Cl2, −15 °C to rt, 17–24 h (42: 70%; 43: 81%; 44: 89%; 45: 88%; 46: 75%; 47: 77%).
Molecules 24 03414 sch005
Molecules 24 03414 sch006 550
Scheme 6. Synthesis of target tetrasaccharides 2–7. Reagents and conditions: (i) for 2 and 48: 0.33M MeONa-MeOH, rt, 12-48 h (2: 72%; 48: 69%); for 49: 3.5N NH3-MeOH, rt (65%); for 50: H2, 10% Pd/C, 2.5:1 MeOH-EtOAc, 48 h (98%); for 51 and 52: H2, 10% Pd/C, 3:1:0.5 MeOH-CH2Cl2-H2O, 48 h (51: 70%; 52: 76%); (ii) for 3: 3.5N NH3-MeOH, 48 h (89%); for 4 and 6: H2, 10% Pd/C, 3:1 MeOH-H2O, 1% HCl-MeOH, 20 h (4: 71%; 6: 96%); for 5 and 7: 3.5N NH3-MeOH, rt, 48 h (5: 98%; 7: 86%).
Scheme 6. Synthesis of target tetrasaccharides 2–7. Reagents and conditions: (i) for 2 and 48: 0.33M MeONa-MeOH, rt, 12-48 h (2: 72%; 48: 69%); for 49: 3.5N NH3-MeOH, rt (65%); for 50: H2, 10% Pd/C, 2.5:1 MeOH-EtOAc, 48 h (98%); for 51 and 52: H2, 10% Pd/C, 3:1:0.5 MeOH-CH2Cl2-H2O, 48 h (51: 70%; 52: 76%); (ii) for 3: 3.5N NH3-MeOH, 48 h (89%); for 4 and 6: H2, 10% Pd/C, 3:1 MeOH-H2O, 1% HCl-MeOH, 20 h (4: 71%; 6: 96%); for 5 and 7: 3.5N NH3-MeOH, rt, 48 h (5: 98%; 7: 86%).
Molecules 24 03414 sch006
Molecules 24 03414 g002 550
Figure 2. a, b. Concentration-response curves of SP14 CPS fragments on the inhibition of SP-14 CPS binding to an anti-SP-14 rabbit polyclonal antibody (competitive ELISA).
Figure 2. a, b. Concentration-response curves of SP14 CPS fragments on the inhibition of SP-14 CPS binding to an anti-SP-14 rabbit polyclonal antibody (competitive ELISA).
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Table
Table 1. Results of the competitive ELISA assay.
Table 1. Results of the competitive ELISA assay.
CompoundIC50 (mg/mL)Maximum Inhibitiona (%)
SP-1428 × 10−5 ± 1.2100 ± 3
21.2 × 10−5 ± 0.530 ± 5
31.4 × 10−5 ± 0.431 ± 3
44.1 × 10−5 ± 0.331 ± 2
55.1 × 10−5 ± 0.431 ± 3
62.8 × 10−5 ± 0.233 ± 4
73.8 × 10−5 ± 0.334 ± 5
a The maximum inhibition elicited by each compound at 1 mg/mL.

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Gragnani, T.; Cuffaro, D.; Fallarini, S.; Lombardi, G.; D’Andrea, F.; Guazzelli, L. Selectively Charged and Zwitterionic Analogues of the Smallest Immunogenic Structure of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 14. Molecules 2019, 24, 3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183414

AMA Style

Gragnani T, Cuffaro D, Fallarini S, Lombardi G, D’Andrea F, Guazzelli L. Selectively Charged and Zwitterionic Analogues of the Smallest Immunogenic Structure of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 14. Molecules. 2019; 24(18):3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183414

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gragnani, Tiziana, Doretta Cuffaro, Silvia Fallarini, Grazia Lombardi, Felicia D’Andrea, and Lorenzo Guazzelli. 2019. "Selectively Charged and Zwitterionic Analogues of the Smallest Immunogenic Structure of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 14" Molecules 24, no. 18: 3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183414

APA Style

Gragnani, T., Cuffaro, D., Fallarini, S., Lombardi, G., D’Andrea, F., & Guazzelli, L. (2019). Selectively Charged and Zwitterionic Analogues of the Smallest Immunogenic Structure of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 14. Molecules, 24(18), 3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183414

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