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Article

Reaction of Aldoximes with Sodium Chloride and Oxone under Ball-Milling Conditions

by
Kuan Chen
1,
Chuang Niu
1 and
Guan-Wu Wang
1,2,*
1
Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(16), 3719; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163719
Submission received: 17 July 2020 / Revised: 9 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 / Published: 14 August 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development of Mechanochemical Synthesis)
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Abstract

:
The solvent-free mechanochemical reaction has aroused increasing interest among scientists. Mechanical ball-milling can implement reactions under mild conditions, shorten the reaction time, and improve the reaction efficiency. Particularly, the most attractive characteristic of mechanochemistry is that it can alter the reaction pathway. However, few such examples have been reported so far. In this paper, we report the reaction of aldoximes with NaCl and Oxone under ball-milling conditions to afford N-acyloxyimidoyl chlorides, which are different from those of the liquid-phase counterpart.

1. Introduction

Since the rise of modern chemistry in the 17th century, traditional solution-based methods have dominated in most synthetic research laboratories and industries. Nevertheless, liquid-phase reactions are characterized by using bulk toxic organic solvents and harsh reaction conditions. With the need for cleaner, safer, and more sustainable chemical transformations, the use of mechanochemistry, which is identified by IUPAC as one of the 10 world-changing technologies [1] in chemical synthesis, has boomed over the past few decades and is rapidly becoming a powerful tool for environmentally friendly and sustainable synthesis of molecules and materials, including coordination, supramolecular, and covalent structures [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14].
The mechanical ball-milling technique, an eco-friendly mechanochemical protocol, can not only promote solvent-free reactions and increase the reaction efficiency [6,7,8,9,10,11,12], even more attractively, but also alter chemical reactivity and selectivity compared to the solution-based counterparts, leading to different products, which draws forth the tantalizing hypothesis that some molecules can only be obtained by mechanochemistry [13,14]. For instance, Wang et al. reported the reaction of [60]fullerene (C60) and KCN under high-speed vibration ball milling (HSVM) for 30 min to unexpectedly afford fullerene dimer C120 even after quenching with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) [15], while the same reaction in a mixture of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and N,N-dimethylformamidal (DMF) reported earlier by Wudl and coworkers afforded a different fullerene product, C60H(CN) [16]. Another example was the mechanochemical reaction of C60 and N-benzhydryl sulfonamides in the presence of FeCl3 to give fulleroindanes, which could not be obtained in ODCB or 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) solution at 120 °C [17]. A more recent example reported by Bolm, Hernández, and coworkers was the reaction of aldehydes with amines and CaC2 under ball-milling conditions to give 1,4-diamino-2-butynes [18]. In contrast, terminal propargylamines were the major products by heating the same reaction mixtures in undried acetonitrile [19]. The use of CaC2, a solid replacement of hazardous and difficult-to-handle acetylene gas, in organic synthesis has been widely reported [20,21,22,23,24]. Nevertheless, its application is still limited because of its very poor solubility in organic solvents. Moreover, an Oxone (2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4)-NaCl-Na2CO3 system could react with aldoximes to afford nitrile oxides [25]. In this context, we attempted the reaction of CaC2 with (E)-4-methylbenzaldehyde oxime (1a), NaCl, Oxone, and Na2CO3 in order to obtain 3,4-di-p-tolyl-3a,6a-dihydroisoxazolo[4,5-d]isoxazole via double [2 + 3] cycloadditions between the in situ generated acetylene and 1,3-dipolar nitrile oxide under ball-milling conditions. Unexpectedly, (Z)-4-methyl-N-((4-methylbenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2a) was obtained as the major product with no participation of CaC2 (Scheme 1). To further investigate this unexpected reaction pathway, we conducted the present work.

2. Results

At the outset of our study, 1a was selected as the representative substrate to screen the optimal reaction conditions. When a mixture of 1a (0.2 mmol), NaCl (2 equiv.), CaC2 (1 equiv.), Oxone (2 equiv.), and Na2CO3 (2 equiv.) along with four stainless steel balls (5 mm in diameter) were introduced into a stainless steel jar (5 mL) and milled vigorously at a frequency of 30 Hz in a Retsch MM400 mixer mill (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany) at room temperature for 30 min, an unexpected product 2a was isolated in 23% yield (Table 1, entry 1). The structure of product 2a was unambiguously established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (see the Supplementary Materials for details). Because CaC2 did not take part in the formation of 2a, the same reaction was repeated without CaC2. Similar results, that is, 24% yield for 2a, were obtained (entry 2). Encouraged by this initial result, the employed oxidant and base, molar ratio of the reactants, reaction time, as well as the liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) agent [26], were screened to attain the optimal conditions, and the results are shown in Table 1. At first, we tried to replace Oxone with K2S2O8, Na2S2O8, (NH4)2S2O8, 1,4-benzoquinone quinone (BQ), and PhI(OAc)2, but all of these reactions failed and indicated that Oxone was the best oxidant (entries 3–7). Then, the replacement of Na2CO3 with other different bases, including NaHCO3, NaOAc, NaOtBu, KOtBu, Cs2CO3, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), gave inferior results (entries 8–15). Subsequently, the amounts of the reactants were varied. The yield of 2a was only 7% if 1 equiv. of Oxone was used (entry 16), while a better yield of 41% was obtained by using 3 equiv. of Oxone (entry 17). To our delight, the yield of 2a was increased to 57% when the amount of Oxone was further increased to 4 equiv. (entry 18). Further screening the amounts of Na2CO3 and NaCl revealed that the best molar ratio of 1a, NaCl, Oxone, and Na2CO3 was still 1:2:4:2 (entries 19–23 vs. entry 18). Based on these results, the effect of the reaction time on the product yield was investigated. However, the yield by either shortening to 20 min or prolonging to 40 min was not improved (entries 24 and 25 vs. entry 18). The LAG protocol has been known as a powerful tool to promote mechanochemical reaction [1,13,14,26]. Therefore, several liquids including dichloromethane (DCM), EtOH, and H2O were added to the reaction mixture as LAG agents. Unfortunately, the yield of 2a could not be improved (entries 26–28). Therefore, the optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: 0.2 mmol of 1a, 2 equiv. of NaCl, 4 equiv. of Oxone, and 2 equiv. of Na2CO3 at 30 Hz for 30 min under solvent-free ball-milling conditions (entry 18).
With the optimized reaction conditions in hand, the substrate scope and functional group tolerance of this reaction were then investigated with a range of aldoximes 1a–o (Scheme 2). In general, benzaldehyde oximes 1a–o with both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring were tolerated under our reaction conditions, affording the corresponding products 2a–o in moderate to good yields.
Firstly, the substrate 1b with no substituent was examined and afforded 2b in 44% yield. The para-halogen-substituted (E)-benzaldehyde oximes 1c–e also worked and afforded the desired products 2c–e in 35–48% yields. For the substrate 1f with the para-substituted CF3 group, the corresponding product 2f could be isolated in 37% yield. As for the meta-substituted substrates 1g–i bearing Me, Br, and F, the desired products 2g–i were synthesized in 26–43% yields. Substrates 1j–l with the ortho-substituted Me, Br, and Cl groups were also compatible, resulting in products 2j–l in 40–46% yields. Delightedly, the disubstituted substrates 1m and 1n performed well, furnishing products 2m and 2n in 81% and 65% yields, respectively. The trisubstituted substrate 1o also underwent well to generate the desired product 2o in a good yield of 75%. Taking the multistep processes from the aldoximes to N-acyloxyimidoyl chlorides (vide infra) into account, the yields of ~40–60% in most cases were satisfactory.
It was believed that hydroximoyl chloride 3 might be the key intermediate of this reaction. To prove our assumption, control experiments were performed. The reaction of (Z)-N-hydroxy-4-methylbenzimidoyl chloride (3a) (0.2 mmol) with Na2CO3 (1 equiv.) and Oxone (2 equiv.) under solvent-free ball-milling conditions indeed afforded 2a in 78% yield (Scheme 3). However, 2a could not be formed from 3a in the presence of just Na2CO3 under the same ball-milling conditions, indicating that Oxone was essential for the mechanochemical transformation of 3a to 2a.
Although the exact reaction mechanism towards the formation of 2 is not clear, a proposed reaction pathway is shown in Scheme 4 based on the aforementioned experiments and previous literature [25,27,28]. First, NaCl is oxidized to the chlorinating species I in the presence of Oxone [25]. Next, I undergoes chlorination reaction with 1 to generate the hydroximoyl chloride 3 via intermediate II or III [25]. The key precursor 3 is then dimerized to IV in the presence of Na2CO3. Subsequently, the deoximation of IV by Oxone [27] and/or a combination of excess Oxone and NaCl via the gem-chloronitro intermediate V and following hydrolysis [28] provides the final product 2.

3. Discussion

The formation of 2b as a byproduct in 12% yield upon distillation of the chlorination product of benzaldoxime in methylene chloride was previously reported by Chiang [29]. Subsequently, the same author disclosed that the thermolysis of N-hydroxybenzimidoyl chloride (3b) at 180 °C (8 mm) afforded 70% of phenyl isocyanate and 21% of 2b [30]. Similarly, product 2c was also isolated in 10% yield along with 4-chlorobenzonitrile from the pyrolysis of 4-chloro-N-hydroxybenzimidoyl chloride (3c) [30]. These product yields are lower than those from aldoximes (see Scheme 2) and should be much lower than those from the same hydroximoyl chlorides under our mechanochemical conditions (see Scheme 3).
The oxidation reactions of aldoximes have been widely investigated in organic synthesis, among which the most typical one is to be oxidized to 1,3-dipolar nitrile oxide, which undergoes cyclization reaction with alkenes or alkynes to form isoxazolines [25]. When it comes to the α-chlorination of aldoximes, N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) [31] is the most common chlorinating agent, chlorine (Cl2) [29,30] is also used, yet it is hard to handle. Compared to the other reagents utilized for the α-chlorination of aldoximes, including benzyltrimethylammonium tetrachloroiodate (BTMA ICl4) [32] and t-butyl hypochlorite (t-BuOCl) [33], NaCl-Oxone is more convenient, cheaper and easier to handle. In the present work, when aldoximes were treated with NaCl, Oxone, and Na2CO3 under our solvent-free ball-milling conditions, N-acyloxyimidoyl chlorides were obtained unexpectedly. However, when NaCl was replaced with NCS, NaBr, or NaI, neither the corresponding N-acyloxyimidoyl halides, nor hydroximoyl halides could be isolated except for some yet-unidentified products.
For comparison purpose, the present reaction was also carried out under liquid-phase conditions. By using the reaction of 1a with NaCl, Oxone, and Na2CO3 as an example, a number of solvents and different reaction temperature were examined, hydroximoyl chloride 3a instead of 2a was obtained in all cases. Our best result is shown in Scheme 5. When a mixture of 1a (0.2 mmol), NaCl (2 equiv.), Oxone (4 equiv.), and Na2CO3 (2 equiv.) was stirred in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature for 1 h, 3a was obtained in 94% yield. It is obvious that different products, 2a and 3a, are formed under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions and liquid-phase conditions. The most likely reason is that the possibility for the close contact of two neighboring molecules of 3a to dimerize under solvent-free conditions is much higher than that under liquid-phase conditions [15]. This result provided another example to showcase the uniqueness of altering the reaction pathway by the mechanochemical protocol [15,17,18]. It should be noted that the expected product shown in Scheme 1 still could not be obtained from the reaction of 1a with CaC2, NaCl, Oxone, and Na2CO3; compound 3a was obtained in essentially the same yield as that without CaC2 after stirring for 1 h (Scheme 1), while a similar complex mixture with no obvious predominant product was observed for the reaction with or without CaC2 after 24 h. These results indicated that CaC2 did not participate in the present liquid-phase reaction, and a longer reaction time could not afford 2a, 3a, or any other meaningful product.

4. Experimental Section

4.1. General Information

All reagents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Advance III HD 400 NMR spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland; 400 MHz for 1H NMR; 101 MHz for 13C NMR; 376 MHz for 19F NMR) and a Bruker Advance III HD 500 NMR spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland; 500 MHz for 1H NMR; 126 MHz for 13C NMR; 471 MHz for 19F NMR). 1H NMR chemical shifts were determined relative to CDCl3 at δ 7.26 ppm. 13C NMR chemical shifts were determined relative to CDCl3 at δ 77.16 ppm. Data are reported as follows: chemical shift (δ, ppm), multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, m = multiplet, q = quartet). High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were taken on a Waters Acquity UPLC-Xevo G2 QTof mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) with FTMS-ESI in positive mode. Ball-milling reactions were performed in a MM400 mixer mill (Retsch GmbH, Haan, Germany), using a 5 mL stainless steel jar with four 5 mm diameter stainless steel balls and were milled vigorously at a frequency of 1800 rounds per minute (30 Hz) at room temperature. Aldoximes 1 were prepared according to the reported protocol [25]. Single crystals of 2a were grown from dichloromethane/n-hexane at 4 °C.

4.2. Synthesis and Characterization of Products 2

A mixture of 1 (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), NaCl (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.), Oxone (0.8 mmol, 4.0 equiv.), and Na2CO3 (0.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) together with four stainless balls (5 mm in diameter) were introduced into a stainless steel jar (5 mL). The reaction vessel and another identical vessel were closed and fixed on the vibration arms of a Retsch MM400 mixer mill, and were vibrated vigorously at a rate of 1800 rounds per minute (30 Hz) at room temperature for 30 min. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixtures from the two runs were combined and extracted with dichloromethane and water. The organic layer was decanted, and the aqueous layer was extracted by dichloromethane (2 × 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were evaporated to remove the solvent in vacuo. The residue was separated by flash column chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether as the eluent to afford 2.
(Z)-4-Methyl-N-((4-methylbenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2a). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1a (55.6 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (48.0 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (987.3 mg, 1.6 mmol), and Na2CO3 (85.5 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2a (32.7 mg, 57% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.08 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.9, 147.9, 144.8, 142.8, 130.2 (2C), 129.5 (2C), 129.4 (2C), 128.7, 128.3 (2C), 125.3, 21.9, 21.6; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C16H1435ClNO2Na [M + Na]+ 310.0605; found 310.0613.
(Z)-N-(Benzoyloxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2b). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1b (44 μL, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (48.5 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (993.5 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (86.8 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2b (22.8 mg, 44% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.21 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.57–7.43 (m, 5H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.8, 148.1, 134.0, 132.3, 131.5, 130.2 (2C), 128.82 (2C), 128.76 (2C), 128.4 (2C), 128.1; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H1035ClNO2Na [M + Na]+ 282.0292; found 282.0299.
(Z)-4-Chloro-N-((4-chlorobenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2c). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1c (62.8 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (47.2 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (983.6 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (85.4 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2c (22.9 mg, 35% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.12 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.8, 147.3, 140.7, 138.8, 131.5 (2C), 129.8, 129.6 (2C), 129.3 (2C), 129.1 (2C), 126.3; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H935Cl3NO2 [M + H]+ 327.9693; found 327.9685.
(Z)-4-Bromo-N-((4-bromobenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2d). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1d (80.7 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (48.0 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (984.9 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (86.3 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2d (37.2 mg, 45% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.04 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.0, 147.5, 132.3 (2C), 132.1 (2C), 131.6 (2C), 130.3, 129.8 (2C), 129.5, 127.3, 126.8; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H979Br235ClNO2 [M + H]+ 415.8683; found 415.8683.
(Z)-4-Fluoro-N-((4-fluorobenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2e). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1e (57.2 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (47.3 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (985.0 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (86.3 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2e (28.6 mg, 48% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.21 (dd, J = 8.9, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (dd, J = 9.0, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 7.24–7.12 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.4 (d, JC-F = 255.9 Hz), 165.31 (d, JC-F = 254.2 Hz), 161.8, 147.2, 132.8 (d, JC-F = 9.5 Hz, 2C), 130.7 (d, JC-F = 9.0 Hz, 2C), 127.5 (d, JC-F = 3.3 Hz), 124.2 (d, JC-F = 3.0 Hz), 116.2 (d, JC-F = 22.2 Hz, 2C), 116.1 (d, JC-F = 22.2 Hz, 2C); 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ –103.35 to –103.43 (m, 1F), –106.51 to –106.59 (m, 1F); HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H935ClF2NO2 [M + H]+ 296.0284; found 296.0289.
(Z)-4-(Trifluoromethyl)-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2f). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1f (76.3 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (48.8 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (987.0 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (85.3 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2f (29.5 mg, 37% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.32 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.4, 147.5, 135.6 (q, JC-F = 32.9 Hz), 134.6, 134.1 (q, JC-F = 32.9 Hz), 131.1, 130.7 (2C), 128.9 (2C), 126.0 (q, JC-F = 3.8 Hz, 2C), 125.9 (q, JC-F = 3.7 Hz, 2C), 123.5 (q, JC-F = 272.6 Hz), 123.4 (q, JC-F = 272.9 Hz); 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ –63.09 (s, 3F), –63.26 (s, 3F); HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C16H835ClF6NO2Na [M + Na]+ 418.0040; found 418.0060.
(Z)-3-Methyl-N-((3-methylbenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2g). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1g (55.5 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (71.1 mg, 1.2 mmol), Oxone (985.7 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (43.2 mg, 0.4 mmol) afforded 2g (24.7 mg, 43% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.03–7.99 (m, 2H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.85–7.81 (m, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.37–7.33 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.1, 148.3, 138.7, 138.6, 134.8, 133.1, 131.4, 130.7, 128.8, 128.71, 128.65, 128.0, 127.3, 125.8, 21.5, 21.4; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C16H1535ClNO2 [M + H]+ 288.0786; found 288.0787.
(Z)-3-Bromo-N-((3-bromobenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2h). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1h (88.4 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (48.6 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (987.0 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (85.8 mg, 0.4 mmol) afforded 2h (22.0 mg, 26% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.4, 147.2, 137.1, 135.4, 133.2, 133.1, 131.2, 130.5, 130.3, 129.8, 128.8, 127.1, 122.97, 122.95; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H879Br235ClNO2Na [M + Na]+ 437.8503; found 437.8503.
(Z)-3-Fluoro-N-((3-fluorobenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2i). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1i (59.3 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (47.3 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (986.0 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (85.8 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2i (23.6 mg, 40% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.00 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.90–7.84 (m, 2H), 7.77 (dt, J = 9.5, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (td, J = 8.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (td, J = 8.1, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (td, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29–7.22 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.74 (d, JC-F = 248.1 Hz), 162.71 (d, JC-F = 247.6 Hz), 161.6 (d, JC-F = 3.2 Hz), 147.3 (d, JC-F = 3.3 Hz), 133.4 (d, JC-F = 8.4 Hz), 130.6 (d, JC-F = 7.8 Hz), 130.5 (d, JC-F = 8.1 Hz), 130.0 (d, JC-F = 7.5 Hz), 126.0 (d, JC-F = 3.2 Hz), 124.2 (d, JC-F = 3.1 Hz), 121.3 (d, JC-F = 21.3 Hz), 119.5 (d, JC-F = 21.2 Hz), 117.1 (d, JC-F = 23.5 Hz), 115.6 (d, JC-F = 24.7 Hz); 19F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl3) δ –111.26 to –111.35 (m, 1F), –111.56 to –111.65 (m, 1F); HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H935ClF2NO2 [M + H]+ 296.0284; found 296.0291.
(Z)-2-Methyl-N-((2-methylbenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2j). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1j (59.1 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (48.3 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (987.6 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (86.3 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2j (22.8 mg, 40% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.12 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42–7.25 (m, 5H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.4, 147.2, 141.5, 137.5, 133.1, 132.2, 132.1, 131.2, 131.1 (2C), 130.0, 127.2, 126.1 (2C), 22.0, 20.7; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C16H1435ClNO2Na [M + Na]+ 310.0605; found 310.0612.
(Z)-2-Bromo-N-((2-bromobenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2k). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1k (81.7 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (49.3 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (985.0 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (87.7 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2k (38.5 mg, 46% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.98 (dd, J = 7.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47–7.39 (m, 3H), 7.36 (td, J = 7.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.0, 147.2, 134.8, 133.9, 133.69, 133.67, 132.4, 132.0, 131.3, 129.6, 127.6, 127.5, 122.6, 122.1; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H879Br235ClNO2Na [M + Na]+ 437.8503; found 437.8511.
(Z)-2-Chloro-N-((2-chlorobenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2l). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1l (64.4 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (50.3 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (986.0 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (85.9 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2l (28.5 mg, 43% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.02 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.60–7.33 (m, 7H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 161.6, 146.3, 134.7, 133.7, 133.4, 132.3, 132.1, 131.9, 131.5, 131.3, 130.6, 127.7, 127.1, 126.9; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C14H835Cl3NO2Na [M + Na]+ 349.9513; found 349.9519.
(Z)-N-((3,4-Dimethylbenzoyl)oxy)-3,4-dimethylbenzimidoyl chloride (2m). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1m (62.6 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (51.1 mg, 0.4 mmol), Oxone (986.1 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (86.9 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2m (50.9 mg, 81% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 2.32 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.2, 148.1, 143.6, 141.6, 137.3, 137.2, 131.2, 130.1, 130.0, 129.2, 129.1, 127.7, 126.1, 125.6, 20.3, 20.0, 19.9, 19.8; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C18H1835ClNO2Na [M + Na]+ 338.0918; found 338.0922.
(Z)-4-Fluoro-N-((4-fluoro-3-methylbenzoyl)oxy)-3-methylbenzimidoyl chloride (2n). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1n (63.9 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (48.4 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (986.8 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (86.9 mg, 0.8 mmol) afforded 2n (41.8 mg, 65% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.07–8.00 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.87–7.82 (m, 1H), 7.15–7.05 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 165.0 (d, JC-F = 254.5 Hz), 163.9 (d, JC-F = 252.7 Hz), 162.1, 147.3, 133.9 (d, JC-F = 6.7 Hz), 131.7 (d, JC-F = 6.1 Hz), 130.1 (d, JC-F = 9.5 Hz), 128.1 (d, JC-F = 9.0 Hz), 127.2 (d, JC-F = 3.5 Hz), 125.9 (d, JC-F = 18.1 Hz), 125.8 (d, JC-F = 18.1 Hz), 123.8 (d, JC-F = 3.3 Hz), 115.7 (d, JC-F = 23.3 Hz), 115.6 (d, JC-F = 23.3 Hz), 14.67 (d, JC-F = 4.8 Hz), 14.65 (d, JC-F = 4.7 Hz); 19F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl3) δ –107.66 to –107.74 (m, 1F), –110.77 to –110.85 (m, 1F); HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C16H1235ClF2NO2Na [M + Na]+ 346.0417; found 346.0421.
(Z)-2,4,5-Trimethyl-N-((2,4,5-trimethylbenzoyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (2o). By following the general procedure, the reaction of 1o (67.2 mg, 0.4 mmol) with NaCl (53.5 mg, 0.8 mmol), Oxone (996.0 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na2CO3 (178.1 mg, 1.6 mmol) afforded 2o (51.5 mg, 75% yield). White solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 6H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.7, 147.2, 142.5, 140.0, 138.9, 134.7, 134.3, 133.5, 132.5, 132.1, 131.0 (2C), 129.6, 124.4, 21.6, 20.3, 20.0, 19.8, 19.4, 19.3; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C20H2235ClNO2Na [M + Na]+ 366.1231; found 366.1239.

4.3. Liquid-Phase Synthesis and Characterization of 3a

To a stirred solution of 2a (0.2 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) were added NaCl (23.8 mg, 0.4 mmol), Na2CO3 (42.6 mg, 0.4 mmol) and Oxone (493.1 mg, 0.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 h. Then, the reaction mixture was filtered through a silica gel plug with ethyl acetate as the eluent, and subsequently the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate as eluent to give product 3a (31.9 mg, 94% yield).
(Z)-N-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzimidoyl chloride (3a). Pale yellow solid; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 141.3, 140.5, 129.8, 129.4 (2C), 127.3 (2C), 21.5; HRMS (FTMS-ESI) Calcd for C8H935ClNO [M + H]+ 170.0367; found 170.0367.

4.4. Mechanochemical Synthesis of 2a from 3a

A mixture of 3a (0.1 mmol, 17.2 mg), Oxone (0.2 mmol, 125.4 mg), and Na2CO3 (0.1 mmol, 11.1 mg) together with four stainless balls (5 mm in diameter) were introduced into a stainless steel jar (5 mL). The reaction vessel and another same vessel were closed and fixed on the vibration arms of a Retsch MM400 mixer mill, and were vibrated vigorously at a rate of 1800 rounds per minute (30 Hz) at room temperature for 30 min. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixtures from the two runs were combined and extracted with dichloromethane and water. The organic layer was decanted, and the aqueous layer was extracted by dichloromethane (2 × 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were evaporated to remove the solvent in vacuo. The residue was separated by flash column chromatography on silica gel with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether as the eluent to afford 2a (22.4 mg, 78% yield).

5. Conclusions

In summary, we have disclosed the unexpected formation of N-acyloxyimidoyl chlorides from the solvent-free reaction of aldoximes with NaCl and Oxone under ball-milling conditions, while hydroximoyl chlorides are obtained from the liquid-phase counterparts. The present work provides another verification that mechanochemistry can alter the reaction pathways leading to different products compared to the solution-based counterparts.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 2, 3a, X-ray structure and crystal data of 2a.

Author Contributions

K.C. did experiments and provided a draft; C.N. characterized X-ray structure of 2a. G.-W.W. supervised the project, analyzed data, discussed with K.C. and wrote the manuscript; all authors contributed to the revision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 21372211.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Not available.
Molecules 25 03719 sch001 550
Scheme 1. The unexpected product 2a obtained from 1a without participation of CaC2.
Scheme 1. The unexpected product 2a obtained from 1a without participation of CaC2.
Molecules 25 03719 sch001
Molecules 25 03719 sch002 550
Scheme 2. The reaction of aldoximes with NaCl and Oxone under ball-milling conditions a,b. a Unless otherwise noted, the reactions were performed with 1 (0.2 mmol), NaCl (0.4 mmol), Oxone (0.8 mmol), and Na2CO3 (0.4 mmol) together with four stainless steel balls (5 mm in diameter) in a stainless steel jar (5 mL). b Isolated yields based on 1. c NaCl (0.6 mmol), Na2CO3 (0.2 mmol). d Na2CO3 (0.8 mmol).
Scheme 2. The reaction of aldoximes with NaCl and Oxone under ball-milling conditions a,b. a Unless otherwise noted, the reactions were performed with 1 (0.2 mmol), NaCl (0.4 mmol), Oxone (0.8 mmol), and Na2CO3 (0.4 mmol) together with four stainless steel balls (5 mm in diameter) in a stainless steel jar (5 mL). b Isolated yields based on 1. c NaCl (0.6 mmol), Na2CO3 (0.2 mmol). d Na2CO3 (0.8 mmol).
Molecules 25 03719 sch002
Molecules 25 03719 sch003 550
Scheme 3. The reaction of 3a with Oxone and Na2CO3 under ball-milling conditions.
Scheme 3. The reaction of 3a with Oxone and Na2CO3 under ball-milling conditions.
Molecules 25 03719 sch003
Molecules 25 03719 sch004 550
Scheme 4. A plausible reaction pathway.
Scheme 4. A plausible reaction pathway.
Molecules 25 03719 sch004
Molecules 25 03719 sch005 550
Scheme 5. The reaction of 1a with NaCl, Oxone, and Na2CO3 in DMF.
Scheme 5. The reaction of 1a with NaCl, Oxone, and Na2CO3 in DMF.
Molecules 25 03719 sch005
Table
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions a.
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions a.
Molecules 25 03719 i001
EntryNaCl (equiv.)Oxidant (equiv.)Base (equiv.)Yield of 2a (%) b
12.0Oxone (2.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)23 c
22.0Oxone (2.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)24
32.0K2S2O8 (2.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)trace
42.0Na2S2O8 (2.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)trace
52.0(NH4)2S2O8 (2.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)0
62.0BQ (2.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)trace
72.0PhI(OAc)2 (2.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)trace
82.0Oxone (2.0)NaHCO3 (2.0)10
92.0Oxone (2.0)NaOAc (2.0)6
102.0Oxone (2.0)NaOtBu (2.0)12
112.0Oxone (2.0)KOtBu (2.0)14
122.0Oxone (2.0)Cs2CO3 (2.0)9
132.0Oxone (2.0)DBU (2.0)0
142.0Oxone (2.0)DMAP (2.0)0
152.0Oxone (2.0)DABCO (2.0)0
162.0Oxone (1.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)7
172.0Oxone (3.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)41
182.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)57
192.0Oxone (5.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)46
202.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (1.0)35
212.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (3.0)29
221.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)39
233.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)43
24 d2.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)48
25 e2.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)37
26 f,g2.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)40
27 f,h2.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)trace
28 f,i2.0Oxone (4.0)Na2CO3 (2.0)45
a Unless otherwise noted, the reactions were carried out in a Retsch MM400 mixer mill with 0.2 mmol of 1a. b Isolated yields based on 1a. c CaC2 (1 equiv.) was added. d 20 min. e 40 min. f A liquid (100 µL, η = 0.17 µL/mg) was added as a LAG agent. g DCM was added. h EtOH was added. i H2O was added.

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Chen, K.; Niu, C.; Wang, G.-W. Reaction of Aldoximes with Sodium Chloride and Oxone under Ball-Milling Conditions. Molecules 2020, 25, 3719. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163719

AMA Style

Chen K, Niu C, Wang G-W. Reaction of Aldoximes with Sodium Chloride and Oxone under Ball-Milling Conditions. Molecules. 2020; 25(16):3719. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163719

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Chen, Kuan, Chuang Niu, and Guan-Wu Wang. 2020. "Reaction of Aldoximes with Sodium Chloride and Oxone under Ball-Milling Conditions" Molecules 25, no. 16: 3719. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163719

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