A Reliable Multifaceted Solution against Foodborne Viral Infections: The Case of RiLK1 Decapeptide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Peptide Design
2.2. Structural Characterization of RiLK30 and AVP2
2.3. Antiviral Activity of Peptides
2.4. Antibacterial Activity of Peptides
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Virus Strains and Cell Lines
3.2. Antimicrobial Peptides
3.3. Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy
3.4. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
3.5. Cytotoxicity Determination of Peptides on Cells
3.6. Virucidal Effect of Peptides
3.7. Antibacterial Assays
3.8. Mechanism of Action of RiLK1 and RiLK3 Peptides
- i)
- A virus pre-treatment assay to assess the direct interaction between the virus and peptide: the incubation of the peptide with viral suspension for 1 h at room temperature was carried out, followed by its incubation on cells for 1 h at 37 °C. Then, cell monolayers were washed twice with PBS and incubated with 500 µL DMEM/MEM supplemented with 2% of FBS to determine the TCID50/mL.
- ii)
- A cell pre-treatment assay to assess the interaction between the peptide and cells before the viral infection: cell monolayers were preincubated with 100 µL of peptide solution for 1 h at 37 °C, followed by the removal of the peptide, addition to cells of viral suspensions for 1 h at 37 °C, washing step, and culture with 2% FBS DMEM/MEM.
- iii)
- An attachment assay to assess the possible action of the peptide at the stage of virus attachment to cells: cell monolayers were incubated with 100 µL of a suspension containing both the peptide and virus and were incubated for 1 h at 4 °C. Subsequently, the cell monolayers were washed with PBS and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C with a culture medium followed by a washing step and the addition of culture with 2% FBS DMEM/MEM.
- iv)
- An entry assay to assess the possible action of the peptide at the stage of virus internalization into cells: cell monolayers were incubated with 100 µL of the viral suspension for 1 h at 4 °C, followed by the addition of the peptide and incubation for 1 h at 37 °C. Cells were then washed with PBS, and 2% FBS DMEM/MEM was finally added.
3.9. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peptide | Sequence | MW (Da) | Net Charge | BI (kcal/mol) | Hydrophobicity | AVP § |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RiLK1 a | RLKWVRIWRR-NH2 (10 aa) | 1467.8 | +6 | 4.70 | −0.56 | 1 |
RiLK3 b | RLRWVRIWRR-NH2 (10 aa) | 1495.8 | +6 | 5.6 | −0.63 | 0.932 |
RiLK30 | KLRWVKIWKK-NH2 (10 aa) | 1383.8 | +6 | 1.85 | −0.36 | 0.994 |
1018-K6 c | VRLIVKVRIWRR-NH2 (12 aa) | 1594.0 | +6 | 3.00 | −0.35 | 0.558 |
MTP1 d | KVSGVLFGTGLWVAL-NH2 (15 aa) | 1545.8 | +2 | −1.68 | 0.23 | 0.744 |
AVP2 e | GWFDVVKHIAKRF-NH2 (13 aa) | 1601.9 | +4 | 1.18 | −0.10 | 0.926 |
Viral Titre after Treatment (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | LRV (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | 4 °C | RT | 4 °C | RT |
Untreated HAV | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.2 a | n.r. | n.r. a |
RiLK1 [80 µM] | 3.6 ± 0.1 * | 3.3 ± 0.2 *,a | 1.1 ± 0.3 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 *,a |
RiLK1 [40 µM] | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.1 *,a | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 *,a |
RiLK3 [80 µM] | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 a |
RiLK3 [40 µM] | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.3 a |
RiLK30 [80 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
RiLK30 [40 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
1018-K6 [80 µM] | 3.3 ± 0.2 * | 3.3 ± 0.2 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 * |
1018-K6 [40 µM] | 3.4 ± 0.1 * | 3.3 ± 0.2 * | 1.3 ± 0.3 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 * |
MTP1 [80 µM] | 3.8 ± 0.2 * | 3.5 ± 0.1 * | 0.9 ± 0.4 * | 1.2 ± 0.3 * |
MTP1 [40 µM] | 3.6 ± 0.3 * | 3.2 ± 0.2 * | 1.1 ± 0.2 * | 1.5 ± 0.4 * |
AVP2 [80 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.5 |
AVP2 [40 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 |
Viral Titre after Treatment (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | LRV (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | 4 °C | RT | 4 °C | RT |
Untreated MNV-1 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | n.r. | n.r. |
RiLK1 [80 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 * | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 * |
RiLK1 [40 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 * | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 * |
RiLK3 [80 µM] | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 0 ± 0.4 | 0 ± 0.3 |
RiLK3 [40 µM] | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 0 ± 0.3 | 0 ± 0.4 |
RiLK30 [80 µM] | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0 ± 0.3 |
RiLK30 [40 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0 ± 0.4 |
1018-K6 [80 µM] | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 |
1018-K6 [40 µM] | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 0 ± 0.3 | 0 ± 0.4 |
MTP1 [80 µM] | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 0 ± 0.3 | 0 ± 0.4 |
MTP1 [40 µM] | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0 ± 0.4 |
AVP2 [80 µM] | 3.6 ± 0.1 * | 3.5 ± 0.1 * | 0.9 ± 0.3 * | 1.0 ± 0.3 * |
AVP2 [40 µM] | 3.6 ± 0.1 * | 3.6 ± 0.1 * | 0.9 ± 0.3 * | 0.9 ± 0.3 * |
RiLK1 | RiLK3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Viral Titre (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | LRV (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | Viral Titre (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | LRV (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | |
untreated virus | 4.7 ± 0.2 | - | 4.7 ± 0.2 | - |
virus pre-treatment | 3.3 ± 0.2 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 * | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.3 |
cell pre-treatment | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.2 * | 0.9 ± 0.4 * |
attachment | 3.3 ± 0.2 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 * | 3.7 ± 0.2 * | 1.0 ± 0.4 * |
entry | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
RiLK1 | RiLK3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Viral Titre (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | LRV (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | Viral Titre (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | LRV (logTCID50/mL ± SD) | |
untreated virus | 4.5 ± 0.2 | - | 4.5 ± 0.2 | - |
virus pre-treatment | 3.3 ± 0.2 * | 1.2 ± 0.4 * | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 0 ± 0.3 |
cell pre-treatment | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.1 * | 1.0 ± 0.3 * |
attachment | 3.1 ± 0.2 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 * | 3.5 ± 0.1 * | 1.0 ± 0.3 * |
entry | 3.5 ± 0.2 * | 1.0 ± 0.4 * | 3.5 ± 0.1 * | 1.0 ± 0.3 * |
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Galatola, E.; Agrillo, B.; Gogliettino, M.; Palmieri, G.; Maccaroni, S.; Vicenza, T.; Proroga, Y.T.R.; Mancusi, A.; Di Pasquale, S.; Suffredini, E.; et al. A Reliable Multifaceted Solution against Foodborne Viral Infections: The Case of RiLK1 Decapeptide. Molecules 2024, 29, 2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102305
Galatola E, Agrillo B, Gogliettino M, Palmieri G, Maccaroni S, Vicenza T, Proroga YTR, Mancusi A, Di Pasquale S, Suffredini E, et al. A Reliable Multifaceted Solution against Foodborne Viral Infections: The Case of RiLK1 Decapeptide. Molecules. 2024; 29(10):2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102305
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalatola, Emanuela, Bruna Agrillo, Marta Gogliettino, Gianna Palmieri, Serena Maccaroni, Teresa Vicenza, Yolande T. R. Proroga, Andrea Mancusi, Simona Di Pasquale, Elisabetta Suffredini, and et al. 2024. "A Reliable Multifaceted Solution against Foodborne Viral Infections: The Case of RiLK1 Decapeptide" Molecules 29, no. 10: 2305. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102305