Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayers in Restraining the Polysulfide Shuttle of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Designing and Working Principles of Interlayers in LSBs
3. Free-Standing Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayers
3.1. Free-Standing PPy-Based Interlayers
3.2. Free-Standing PANI-Based Interlayers
3.3. Free-Standing PEDOT: Poly(styrene sulfonate)(PSS)-Based Interlayers
4. Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayer Modified Separators
4.1. PPy-Based Material Modified Separators
4.2. PANI-Based Material Modified Separators
4.3. PEDOT: PSS-Based Material Modified Separators
5. Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayer Modified Sulfur Electrode
6. Summary and Prospects
- (1)
- For the free-standing conductive polymer-based interlayers: The preparation methods mainly include vacuum filtration and vapor deposition. The inhibition of the shuttle effect is the functional groups of conductive polymers and the special structure design of materials. The main problems that confront defects are the high consumption of electrolytes and the high weight of materials, leading to low gravimetric energy density. To solve these problems, the functional interlayer materials need to be lighter and thinner.
- (2)
- For the conductive polymer-based interlayer modified separators: Their preparation methods mainly include vacuum filtration, blade scraping/coating, in situ vapor-phase polymerization, binder-free coating, spray coating, and splash coating. The inhibition of the shuttle of polysulfides is mainly attributed to the functional groups applied on conductive polymers and the special structure design of materials. The main problem conductive polymer-based materials modified separators confront is the poor uniformity of the coating. In situ vapor-phase polymerization and spray coating are the best ways to achieve uniformity of the coating. The adsorption and conversion mechanism of polysulfides needs to be further explored by in situ techniques [86,87,88], such as in situ electron microscopy, in situ FT-IR spectroscopy, etc.
- (3)
- For the conductive polymer-based interlayer modified sulfur electrode: The preparation methods mainly include oxidation polymerization, blade scraping/coating and in situ polymerization. The suppression of the shuttle of polysulfides mainly originates from the increase in functional groups and active sites in conductive polymers. The main problem of the conductive-polymer-based modified sulfur electrodes is the complexity of their preparation. Compared with the coating modification of sulfur electrode, the electrochemical performance of this modification is inferior to the former. In the future, the preparation method needs to be simpler and the interlayer materials need to be multifunctional. The coating needs a stronger adsorption and conversion effect on polysulfides than the method of using a host to load sulfur.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification of Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayers | Interlayer Material | Thickness (μm)/Mass Loading (mg cm−2) | Conductivity (S cm−1) | Initial Capacity (mAh g−1) (without Interlayer) | Capacity Increase Rate (%) | Initial capacity (mAh g−1) (with Interlayer) | Residual Capacity (mAh g−1) (with Interlayer) | Capacity Decay per Cycle (%) (with Interlayer) | Electrochemical Window (V) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free-standing conductive polymer-based interlayers | PPy | 35/1 | - | - | - | 1102 (0.5 C) | 712 (0.5 C, 300 cycles) | 0.118 | 1.8–2.8 | [24] |
PPy/carbon paper | 200/0.1 | - | 1012.4 | 9.6 | 938.8 (0.5 C) | 555 (0.5 C, 200 cycles) | 0.200 | 1.7–3 | [43] | |
PPy/carbon paper | -/1.3 | - | 777.95 | 54.8 | 1204.5 (0.1 C) | 853.7 (0.5 C, 300 cycles) | 0.097 | 1.5–3 | [44] | |
PPy/carbon paper | -/- | - | 776 | 39.8 | 1085 (0.1 C) | 768 (0.1 C, 200 cycles) | 0.146 | 1.5–3 | [45] | |
PANI/GO | 9/2.48 | 6.62 × 10−3 | 1110 | 13.6 | 1261 (0.5 C) | 896 (0.5 C, 150 cycles) | 0.193 | 1.7–3 | [46] | |
PEDOT:PSS/CNT | 7/0.7 | 930 | 611 | 50.7 | 921 (0.5 C) | 653 (0.5 C, 200 cycles) | 0.145 | 1.7–3 | [36] | |
Conductive polymer-based interlayer modified separators | PPy nanotube, PPy nanowire | -/1 | 4.2–4.8 | 1170 (0.2 C) | 2.56 | 1110.4 (0.5 C) | 801.6 (0.5 C, 300 cycles) | 0.093 | 1.8–2.8 | [53] |
PPy nanofiber | 10/1.4 | 19.23 | 1081 | 14.3 | 1236 (0.2 C) | 1073 (0.2 C, 200 cycles) | 0.066 | 1.7–2.8 | [33] | |
PPy sphere | 8/0.35 | - | 1100 | 14.7 | 1274 (0.2 C) | 855 (0.2 C, 100 cycles) | 0.329 | 1.7–2.8 | [54] | |
PPy/separator/PPy | 6.5 × 10−2/0.13 | 3.9 × 10−4 | 1107 | 14.8 | 985 (0.1 C) | 805 (0.5 C, 250 cycles) | 0.083 | 1.7–2.8 | [55] | |
PPy/separator/PPy | -/1.8–2 mg | 16.7 | 1038 | 26 | 1308 (0.1 A/g) | (1 A/g, 500 cycles) | 0.037 | 1.7–2.8 | [56] | |
PPy/ZnO | 12.4/- | - | 930 | 28.4 | 1194 (0.2 C) | 579 (0.2 C, 100 cycles) | 0.515 | 1.7–2.8 | [57] | |
PPy/NiCo2O4 | 30/0.7 | - | 790 | 101 | 1588 (0.1 C) | 423 (2 C, 400 cycles) | 0.107 | 1.7–2.8 | [58] | |
PPy/graphene | 30/0.35 | 2.4 | 874 | 65 | 1360 (0.2 C) | 900 (0.2 C, 200 cycles) | 0.169 | 1.8–2.7 | [59] | |
Hydrolyzed polyethylene grafted PANI | -/0.92 | 2.13 × 10−3 | 1221.5 | 6 | 1294.8 (0.1 C) | 63.4% (1 C, 500 cycles) | 0.073 | 1.6–3 | [64] | |
PANI nanofiber/MWCNT | 8/0.01 | - | 836 | 22 | 1020 (0.2 C) | 709 (0.2 C, 100 cycles) | 0.305 | 1.8–2.8 | [65] | |
SPANI/MWCNT | 10/- | - | 1047 | 7.5 | 1126 (100 mA/g) | 913 (100 mA/g, 100 cycles) | 0189 | 1.7–2.8 | [66] | |
PANI/V2O5 | 8/- | - | 748 | 51.4 | 1132.4 (0.2 C) | 586 (1 C, 1000 cycles) | 0.037 | 1.7–2.8 | [67] | |
PANI/TiO2/MWCNT | 10/0.4 | - | - | - | 1220 (0.5 C) | 1183 (0.5 C, 100 cycles) | 0.030 | 1.5–2.6 | [68] | |
PANI/Co-Fe Prussian blue | 7/0.2 | - | 801.05 | 21.8 | 975.3 (0.2 C) | 603 (1 C, 100 cycles) | 0.165 | 1.7–2.8 | [69] | |
PEDOT:PSS/Ti3C2TX | 49.7/0.8 | 3.19 | 866 | 43.3 | 1241.4 (0.2 C) | 485.3 (0.5 C, 1000 cycles) | 0.030 | 1.7–2.8 | [74] | |
PEDOT:PSS | -/0.07 | 10−6 | - | - | 914 (0.25 C) | 682 (0.25 C, 1000 cycles) | 0.036 | 1.5–2.8 | [76] | |
PEDOT:PSS/CTF | 0.15/1.4 × 10−3 | (0.33–0.36) × 10−3 | 970 | 24.2 | 1205 (1 C) | 577 (1 C, 1000 cycles) | 0.052 | 1.5–3 | [77] | |
PEDOT:PSS/CB | 6.4/0.604 | 0.045 | 682 | 92.8 | 1315 (0.2 C) | 956 (0.2 C, 100 cycles) | 0.273 | 1.5–2.8 | [78] | |
PEDOT:PSS/rGO | -/0.6 | - | 834.3 | 49.8 | 1249.4 (0.1 C) | 812.8 (0.5 C, 100 cycles) | - | 1.8–2.8 | [79] | |
Conductive polymer-based interlayer modified sulfur electrodes | PPy | 10/0.3 | - | 940 | - | 719 (0.2 C) | 846 (0.2 C, 200 cycles) | - | 1.5–2.8 | [81] |
PPy | 123/2.3 | - | - | - | 882 (1.4 mA/cm2) | 652 (1.4 mA/cm2, 100 cycles) | 0.261 | 1.7–2.8 | [82] | |
Spherical PPy | 3.6/- | - | - | - | 1037 (4.5 V) | 691 (4.5 V, 50 cycles) | 0.667 | 1.5–3 | [83] | |
PANI | 1.5/- | - | 1298 | - | 935 (1 C) | 901.34 (1 C, 200 cycles) | 0.018 | 1–3 | [34] | |
PANI/MoS2 | 200/- | - | 1110 | 11.7 | 1240 (0.1 C) | 440 (0.2 C, 400 cycles) | - | 1.7–2.8 | [84] | |
PEDOT:PSS | 4.5wt% | - | 867 | 22.4 | 1061 (0.2 C) | 638 (0.2 C, 100 cycles) | 0.399 | 1.7–3 | [85] |
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Hu, X.; Zhu, X.; Ran, Z.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.; Wei, W. Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayers in Restraining the Polysulfide Shuttle of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Molecules 2024, 29, 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051164
Hu X, Zhu X, Ran Z, Liu S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Wei W. Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayers in Restraining the Polysulfide Shuttle of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Molecules. 2024; 29(5):1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051164
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Xincheng, Xiaoshuang Zhu, Zhongshuai Ran, Shenghao Liu, Yongya Zhang, Hua Wang, and Wei Wei. 2024. "Conductive Polymer-Based Interlayers in Restraining the Polysulfide Shuttle of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries" Molecules 29, no. 5: 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051164