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Article

Total Content and Composition of Phenolic Compounds from Filipendula Genus Plants and Their Potential Health-Promoting Properties

by
Ekaterina Sokolova
*,†,
Tatiana Krol
†,
Grigorii Adamov
,
Yulia Minyazeva
,
Dmitry Baleev
and
Nikolay Sidelnikov
All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Grina Street, 7, Moscow 117216, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092013
Submission received: 10 April 2024 / Revised: 22 April 2024 / Accepted: 25 April 2024 / Published: 27 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing Pharmacological and Biological Performance of Synthetic and Natural Compounds—2nd Edition)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This current article was dedicated to the determination of the composition of phenolic compounds in extracts of four species of the genus Filipendula in order to establish a connection between the composition of polyphenols and biological effects. A chemical analysis revealed that the composition of the extracts studied depended both on the plant species and its part (leaf or flower) and on the extractant used. All four species of Filipendula were rich sources of phenolic compounds and contained hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins, phenolic acids and their derivatives, and flavonoids. The activities included data on those that are most important for creating functional foods with Filipendula plant components: the influence on blood coagulation measured by prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time, and on the activity of the digestive enzymes (pancreatic amylase and lipase). It was established that plant species, their parts, and extraction methods contribute meaningfully to biological activity. The most prominent result is as follows: the plant organ determines the selective inhibition of either amylase or lipase; thus, the anticoagulant activities of F. camtschatica and F. stepposa hold promise for health-promoting food formulations associated with general metabolic disorders.

1. Introduction

In the last 20 years, medicinal practitioners have pushed forward the concept of therapeutic effects via the gastrointestinal system [1]. As a result, a variety of foods labeled ‘functional’ have emerged. Currently, this is defined as ‘industrially processed or natural foods that, when regularly consumed within a diverse diet at efficacious levels, have potentially positive effects on health beyond basic nutrition’ [2]. Functional food is in the spotlight of extensive research covering the field of therapeutic plants. An unrivaled drive for the use of herbal preparations as prescription drugs in modern healthcare is charged by their enticing therapeutic potential and the general belief that they are safe. The concern about the safety attributed to plant-based therapeutics has already been raised, as has the level of study on the promised biological effects [3].
One of the approaches in the therapy of obesity and diabetes mellitus is the inhibition of the activity of the enzymes secreted in the lumen. Pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3; triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) exerts its activity in conjunction with bile salts and co-lipase by releasing glycerol esters, 2-monoacylglycerols, glycerol, and free fatty acids from triglycerides [4]. The only approved anti-lipase drug is orlistat, so the search for new substances with this type of activity is ongoing [4]. In turn, pancreatic α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1; α-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase) attracts no less attention than lipase because amylase catalyzes the first step in the digestion of starch, a main source of carbohydrates in the human diet [5]. Acarbose is an approved amylase inhibitor; however, it has been marked by some drawbacks [6].
Cardiovascular disease is yet another disorder whose prevalence worldwide is staggering and associated with obesity and diabetes mellitus [7,8]. Presently, the treatment of cardiovascular disease focuses on the application of oral anticoagulants. The reason is that oral anticoagulants demonstrated significant potency for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis and were associated with a decreased risk of potentially fatal bleeding. Licensed direct oral anticoagulants function via targeting thrombin or factor Xa and have a lower propensity for food and drug interactions than vitamin K antagonists [9].
Multiple examples of literature data report that plants are a rich source of compounds with potential inhibitory properties towards both pancreatic enzymes and coagulation pathway enzymes [10,11,12,13,14]. Currently, there are about 800 plant species known to exhibit antidiabetic properties [15]. For example, it has been found that an increase in galloyl groups in the structure of ellagitannins reduces the activity of amylase, while ellagitannins with β-galloyl groups in the C-1 glucose positions have a stronger inhibitory effect [16]. The inhibition of pancreatic lipase by phenolic compounds of plant extracts has also been demonstrated [17,18,19,20].
The genus Filipendula Mill belongs to the Rosaceae family, representatives of which grow in temperate and subarctic zones in the Northern Hemisphere [21]. The composition of F. ulmaria and F. vulgaris has been studied in more detail [22,23,24]. The aerial part of F. ulmaria (meadowsweet) is included in European Pharmacopoeia 10.5. [25,26]. Plants of the genus Fillipendula contain various classes of biologically active compounds, including salicylates (salicyaldehyde and methyl salicylate), phenolic acids, flavonoids and their glycosides, ellagitannins, and condensed tannins [21,22,23,27]. The genus Filipendula comprises several aromatic species that are cultivated worldwide due to their horticultural, aromatic, nutritional, and therapeutic value. If Filipendula plants are used in food products as flavoring agents, then in medicine, they are well-recognized for their ability to alleviate symptoms of cold, fever, arthritis, diarrhea, peptic ulcers, diphtheria, and cardiovascular disorders [28]. For all of the aforementioned properties, Filipendula plants have fluctuations in activity depending on plant species and organs.
The purpose of this article was to study the prospects of Filipendula plants in the functional food industry by performing a chemical analysis of the phenolic composition of the F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica extracts and their biological effects in vitro. According to the literature data, plants in the Rosaceae family contain a substantial amount of polyphenols, which, in the case of these plants, are better extracted with 80% acetone [29]. The aqueous extraction was performed under conditions previously established as optimal to produce food-grade extracts rich in phenols and with a minimum tannin fraction suitable for direct incorporation into food products [30]. The biological part of the investigation was composed of the anticoagulant properties and the ability to affect pancreatic lipase and α-amylase activity of phenolic-rich extracts. Two types of extractions were applied, aqueous and acetone extracts, and to add dimension to the study, two parts of every plant species were subjected to extraction: flowers and leaves.

2. Results and Discussion

Foods rich in phytochemicals and polyphenols are proposed to be able to protect against vascular dysfunction, promote vascular health, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases both in vitro [13] and in vivo [14]. Additionally, substantial evidence indicates that regular dietary consumption of such foods favorably affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism [31,32]. In our study, we focused on aqueous and acetone extracts. Since plant extracts are traditionally used as concoctions made of combinations of different ingredients [33], and due to the lack of efficacy of purified plant compounds used in drug discovery [34], we studied the phenolic composition of crude extracts of some officinal Filipendula plants and their biological effects on digestive enzymes and blood coagulation in vitro.
An analysis of the total content of phenolic compounds did not reveal a significant difference between aqueous and acetone extracts (see Table 1 below). However, a dependence on plant organs (p < 0.05) and plant species (p < 0.05) was observed. Flower extracts contained a higher amount of phenolic compounds than leaf extracts, which is most noticeable for the F. palmata extracts series. Aqueous flower extracts contained 380 mg GAE g−1 dry weight of phenolic content compared to 109 mg GAE g−1 dry weight in leaf extracts. Acetone extracts resulted in a smaller but still significant difference between organs up to 160 mg GAE g−1 dry weight of flower extracts above the value for the leaf ones. On average, the extraction of total phenolics was good in our experimental design because complete methanol extraction of aerial parts of F. ulmaria had previously been reported to be similar to our data and about 288 mg GAE g−1 [27].
At the same time, the results of the flavonoid contents showed the influence of both the species of plant and the extractant (acetone or water). Aqueous extraction yielded lower amounts of flavonoids. Extracts of F. camtchatica and F. stepposa contained fewer flavonoids than those of other plants. The dependence on the plant organ (leaf or flower) was generally not significant. In combination, the flavonoid constituents in the total phenolic pool of the acetone and water extracts signified that Filipendula species produced varied contents of phenolic compounds. The literature data for aqueous extracts (tea) from F. ulmaria, F. camtschatica, F. denudata, and F. stepposa also reported different phenolic profiles [35]. Additionally, our data suggested that acetone extracts from the Filipendula plants were richer in flavonoids than water ones.
We also studied the composition of phenolic compounds in the extracts and performed tentative identification of the phenolic compounds (Table 2). Various classes of phenolic compounds were present in the flowers and leaves of F. camtschatica, F. palmata, F. stepposa, and F. ulmaria: hydrolyzable tannins (galloyl glucose and ellagitannins), condensed tannins (dimers and trimers), phenolic acids and their derivatives, and flavonoids (catechins, derivatives of quercetin, and kaempferol). The acetone leaf extracts of F. stepposa, F. ulmaria, F. camtschatica, and F. palmata contained peaks of 18, 40, 35, and 29 phenolic compounds, respectively, while the acetone flower extracts of F. stepposa, F. ulmaria, F. camtschatica, and F. palmata had peaks of 46, 43, 40, and 47 phenolic compounds, respectively. Aqueous leaf extracts of F. stepposa, F. ulmaria, F. camtschatica, and F. palmata showed peaks of 26, 39, 35, and 36 phenolic compounds, respectively. The aqueous flower extracts of F. stepposa, F. ulmaria, F. camtschatica, and F. palmata had peaks of 48, 44, 49, and 40 phenolic compounds, respectively. The composition of the extracts studied depended both on the plant species and its part (leaf or flower) and on the extractant used.
The composition of hydrolyzable tannins in flowers was more diverse compared to leaves (Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4). Monogalloyl hexoside (isomer 1) and digalloyl hexoside (isomer 3) are found only in meadowsweet flowers (F. ulmaria). The presence of monogalloylhexoside (isomer 2) was noted only in the flowers of F. stepposa. Digalloyl hexoside (isomer 1) was present in all aqueous flower extracts, and digalloyl hexoside (isomer 2) was present in the aqueous extracts of flowers and leaves except for the aqueous leaf extract of F. stepposa. Trigalloylhexoside (isomer 1) was present in the aqueous flower extracts of all species studied, as well as in the aqueous leaf extract of F. camtschatica. Its isomer is found in the acetone extracts of flowers, as well as the aqueous extracts of F. ulmaria and F. camtschatica flowers. Tetragalloyl glucose was present in the acetone extracts of F. ulmaria and F. palmata, as well as in the acetone extract of F. stepposa flowers. Pentagalloyl glucose was found in the acetone flower extracts of F. stepposa, F. ulmaria, and F. palmata, as well as in the aqueous extract of F. stepposa.
Rugosin E (isomer 1) was identified only in the flower acetone extracts of F. camtschatica, F. palmata, and F. stepposa; rugosin E (isomer 2) was found exclusively in the acetone extracts of all Filipendula species studied, and tellimagrandin II was present in all studied flowers, regardless of the extractant used. Flowers of F. stepposa, F. ulmaria, and F. palmata were also marked by the accumulation of rugosin A. This compound was absent only in the acetone leaf extract of F. camtschatica. Rugosin D was present in acetate extracts of F. ulmaria and F. palmata, as well as in acetone flower extracts of F. stepposa and F. camtschatica. Tellimagrandin I (isomer 1) was detected in almost all samples, except for the aqueous leaf extract of F. stepposa and the acetone leaf extract of F. ulmaria. Tellimagrandin I (isomer 2) was not detected in the acetone extract of F. ulmaria leaves. Tellimagrandin (isomer 3) was identified in the flowers of F. stepposa and F. camtschatica, as well as in the aqueous flower extract of F. palmata.
Catechins and condensed tannins were present mainly in the leaves. No condensed tannins were detected in acetone and aqueous extracts from F. ulmaria and F. camschatica flowers, as well as in the aqueous extract of F. palmata flowers.
A total of 16 quercetin derivatives were identified, most of which were present in the leaves and flowers of F. palmata and F. ulmaria.
Twenty-three compounds were attributed to phenolic acids and their derivatives: caftaric acid, caffeoyl-threonic acid isomers, coumaroyl threonic acid isomers, dihydroxybenzoic acid glucoside isomers, dihydrocaffeic acid glucuronide isomers, caffeic acid hexoside isomers, and coumaroyl hexoside. At the same time, only compounds 4 and 3 from this group were identified in the acetone leaf extracts of F. stepposa and F. palmata, respectively.
Of the salicylic derivatives, only salicylic acid hexoside and isosalicin were observed. At the same time, isosalicin accumulated only in the flowers of F. camtschatica and F. stepposa. Salicylic acid hexoside was not detected in F. stepposa but was present in the acetone extracts of flowers of the other species, as well as in the acetone leaf extract of F. ulmaria and the aqueous flower extract of F. palmata.
Valoneic acid dilactone was detected only in the aqueous flower extracts of F. camtschatica, F. palmata, and F. stepposa and in the aqueous leaf extract of F. palmata
The coagulation cascade is an intricate system of clotting factors where inactive precursors, after activation through proteolysis, catalyze the formation of the next sequential factor. This cascade occurs via one of two pathways: (1) the extrinsic, or tissue factor (measured by prothrombin time, PT), and (2) the intrinsic, or contact pathway (measured by activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT). Elevated coagulation is generally associated with cardiovascular disorders such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc. [46].
Over the years, medicinal herbs for cardiovascular disorders have proven to be prospective to serve as oral anticoagulants, as revealed by their influence on laboratory data on several cardiovascular disease risk factors. Thus, there have been a great deal of attempts to relate studies on medicinal herbs to cardiovascular disease treatments [3]. In this study, aqueous and acetone extracts of four Filipendula plants were investigated to determine their effects on red blood cell hemolysis and coagulation. In general, no hemolysis was induced by the extracts tested, but they had an effect on coagulation time. Among the acetone extracts of Filipendula plants, only the flower ones exhibited tangible prolonging action on coagulation. In the APTT assay, flower extracts of F. camtschatica and F. stepposa (increase by 50 and 100%, respectively) showed a significant and pronounced effect, while a drastically less potent but still significant elongation of the PT time was observed by extracts of F. palmata and F. stepposa (increase by about 10–15%) (Figure 5). The aqueous extracts were active in equal measure, prolonging both the APTT and PT, but the tendency for stronger effects by flower extracts was preserved. Out of all the data as regards water extracts, F. camtschatica extracts were the most active (prolonging coagulation by approximately 50%), which was fair even for leaf extracts in the APTT (Figure 5). Overall, it can be concluded that the extracts from F. camtschatica were noticeably more active anticoagulants.
Our present results are especially important since few studies have been carried out to determine the direct effect of plant extracts on blood parameters such as hemolysis and coagulation, and even less so for widely used medicinal plants of the genus Filipendula. According to the literature, F. ulmaria possessed anticoagulant activity because of a heparin-like compound [28,47]; however, the chemical characterization of that compound has not been described. The intensity of the anticoagulant action in our experiments was exceptionally lower than that of heparin, and in addition, F. ulmaria extracts were weaker than F. camtschatica ones. The phytochemical analysis of F. camtschatica extracts differentiates them from other studied Filipendula plants by the distinguished presence of dihydrocaffeic acid 3-O-glucuronide (11), bergenin or its isomer (12), and isomers galloyl-caffeoyl-threonic acid (66, 67) compounds (Figure 4, Table 2). Whether those phytochemicals could be responsible for the anticoagulant effect is a matter of further research because, previously, there have been only a few studies dedicated to anticoagulant action in plants. Some explanations were tethered in the field of phenolic substances—for example, the inhibitory potential of coumarin [48] or phenolic-compound-enriched extracts from black chokeberry and grape seeds on coagulation factors [49]—whereas another study focused on macromolecular polysaccharide–polyphenolic conjugates as anticoagulant-rendering substances [50]. Here, it seems pertinent to mention that isosalicin derivatives of maltose were powerful anticoagulant agents in in vitro assays [51,52,53]. In our research, isosalicin (15) (Figure 1 and Figure 4, Table 2) was found only in aqueous extracts of F. camtschatica and F. stepposa flowers, which have been among the strongest test extracts in the anticoagulant experiments (Figure 5). It is important to raise awareness of the multiple biological effects of therapeutic herbs to make the most of their potential and acknowledge possible drawbacks depending on an individual’s state of health.
Our results demonstrated that all extracts tested had the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase and amylase activity. In both tests, the Filipendula plant extracts were less effective than the positive control for each enzyme. For amylase inhibition, the difference in the intensity of inhibition between different organs is pronounced (on average, 50% inhibition by flowers versus 25% inhibition by leaf extracts). F. ulmaria extracts showed a more prominent amylase inhibitory potential than the rest of the test plants. Previously, teas of F. camtschatica, F. denudate, F. stepposa, and F. ulmaria were studied for their pancreatic amylase inhibitory activity [35]. Out of all the aforementioned species, F. denudata tea had the highest inhibitory activity and F. camtschatica had the weakest. It should be noted that the amylase activity test made by Olennikov and co-authors [35] was different. The amylase assay with the CNP substrate used in our article was a variant of conventional clinical amylase assays. The amylase inhibitory effect of acetone extracts of Filipendula plants has not been an object of interest before, and this present work revealed that their inhibitory level was not particularly different from that of aqueous extracts (Figure 6). The literature reports suggested that phenolic compounds with evident anti-amylase activity belong to ellagitannin, especially rugosin D, which was more active than acarbose [35,54,55]. Rugosin A was also capable of inhibiting amylase [56]. Phytochemical analysis in our study demonstrated several ellagitannins: rugosin B (52, 57), rugosin E (75, 77), rugosin A (82), and rugosin D (91) (Table 2). However, only rugosin A was present in all flower extracts; the other rugosins were scattered among plant species, extracts, and organs, except for rugosin E (77), detected in all acetone extracts (Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4). Thus, the reason why flower extracts of F. ulmaria were the best inhibitors is a matter of further research, but rugosin A could be responsible for the general direction of amylase inhibition by F. camtschatica, F. denudate, F. stepposa, and F. ulmaria flower extracts.
With regard to lipase, this trend can be seen only for acetone extracts from F. ulmaria (inhibition by 57%); on average, the effects of all other plants showed a similar intensity in the range of 10–40% without significant dependence on the extractant, plant organ, or plant species, except for acetone extracts from F. ulmaria (Figure 6). Filipendula plants have not been extensively studied regarding their effect on lipase, but one study determined that 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-galloyl-L-threonic acid, a phytochemical isolated from F. camtschatica, inhibited pancreatic lipase with a half maximal concentration of 26 μM [57,58]. The current results indeed showed the presence of galloyl-caffeoyl-threonic acid (66, 67) in F. camtschatica extracts with no dependence on the extractant or the plant part. It had also been previously observed that the presence of a galloyl group in the structure of phenolic compounds had a positive effect on increasing the inhibitory effect on lipase [4]. Thus, tannic acid and pentagalloyl glucose are more effective inhibitors of pancreatic lipase than, for example, chlorogenic and protocatechuic acids [59]. However, it was impossible to attribute anti-lipase action solely to galloyl-caffeoyl-threonic acid because it was absent in other Filipendula extracts and had no visible detrimental effect on the lipase-inhibiting properties (Figure 6, Table 2). One of the tendencies in our results concerned catechins and condensed tannins, which were present predominantly in the leaves of the tested Filipendula plants (Table 2). The lipase-inhibiting properties were allocated to condensed tannins, which comprised a significant part of the extract of Araucaria angustifolia [60]. In general, out of the four Filipendula plants in our case, F. ulmaria acetone leaf extracts were the strongest inhibitors of lipase, suggesting the presence of some other important phytochemicals.

3. Materials and Methods

The voucher specimens were deposited in the Voucher Fund, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Moscow, Russia: (Filipendula camtschatica (Pall.) Maxim. Specimen No. VF 008.23 collected on 25 July 2023, F. ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Specimen No. VF 009.23 collected on 12 Jul 2023, F. stepposa Juz.—synonym, priority name—Filipendula ulmaria subsp. picbaueri (Podp.) Smejkal Specimen No. VF 011.23 collected on 12 July 2023, and F. palmata (Pall.) Maxim. Specimen No. VF 012.23 collected on 25 July 2023). The collected leaves were stored at −80 °C and freeze-dried for 72 h (LABCONCO® FreeZone 2.5 L, Kansas City, MO, USA).

3.1. Acetone and Aqueous Extractions

Extraction with acetone was performed as previously described [29,61]. Sample material (leaves or flowers, 20.0 mg) was ground using a vibrating mill at 20 Hz (MM 400, Rersch, Haan, Germany) for 2–4 min, followed by maceration in 1 mL of 80% acetone and incubation under constant stirring for 60 min. The extract was separated by centrifugation for 15 min at 14,000 rpm. The extraction was repeated two more times. The solvent for the combined extract was entirely removed under vacuum at 40 °C (CentriVap DNA Concentrator, LABCONCO®, USA) to obtain the dry extracts.
Extraction with water (infusion, tea) was made according to the recommendations of F. ulmaria by N. Harbourne and co-authors [30]. Briefly, a finely powdered sample (20 mg) was steeped in MilliQ water (1 mL) and incubated at 92.5 °C for 15 min, and then immediately cooled on ice and centrifuged for 15 min at 14,000× g (Centrifuge 5430 R, Eppendorf®, Hamburg, Germany). The supernatants were collected and freeze-dried for 72 h.

3.2. Total Flavonoid Content

Flavonoid content was measured based on the chelate formation with AlCl3 in acetate buffer described elsewhere [62,63]. Briefly, the wells of a 96-well microplate contained 140 μL of H2O, 5 μL of 10% AlCl3, 5 μL of 1 M sodium acetate, and 100 μL of 1 mg mL−1 sample, which were added to the wells in triplicate and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Quercetin was used as a positive control, and the blank was the same as the assay wells, but 10% AlCl3 was substituted with the same amount of water. The absorbance was read at a wavelength of 415 nm (SPECTROstar Nano, BMG LABTECH®, Ortenberg, Germany), and the results calculated the mg Quercetin equivalent per g of dry weight. Stock quercetin solution was prepared by dissolving in EtOH; the reference solutions were serial dilutions from 6.25 to 200 μg mL−1.

3.3. Phenolic Content

The total phenolic content in the extracts and teas of Filipendula was assessed using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay [64] in 96-well microplates [65]. Briefly, 10 μL of 1 mg mL−1 samples was mixed with 100 μL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (10-fold diluted) and 80 μL of 1 M sodium carbonate, and the plate was shaken for 20 s. After 20 min incubation in the dark at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at λ = 630 nm. Total phenolic content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg GAE g−1).

3.4. HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Contents

Analysis of phenolic contents was performed by means of a chromatography system equipped with a tandem mass spectrometry detector and an electrospray ionization (ESI) system (LCMS-8045, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Primary data were processed using LabSolutions (Ver. 5.3) (Shimadzu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Mass spectrometric detection of compounds was carried out in total ion current (TIC), gas flow-3 L min−1, gas temperature 300 °C, nebulizer-3 L min−1, in negative and positive modes in the range of 100–2000 m/z.
For chromatographic separation, an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH Phenyl column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm, Waters, Wexford, Ireland) was used in gradient mode. Mobile phase A—0.1% formic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) in water, mobile phase B—100% acetonitrile (HPLC grade, MACRON, Gliwice, Poland). Mobile phase flow rate: 0.25 mL min−1. The column thermostat temperature was 40 °C. Elution program: 0.0–1.0 min, 1% B; 1.0–25.0 min, 1–30% B; 25.0–30.0 min, 30–40 B; 30.0–35.0 min, 40% B; 35.0–36.0 min, 40–90% B; 36.0–38.0 min, 90% B; 38.0–39.0 min, 90–1% B; 39.0–39.5 min, 1–1% B.
Identification of compounds was made using mass spectrometric data by comparison with the characteristics of known compounds from the open database The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB Version 5.0), as well as with published data from other researchers [21,22,23,35,36,37,39,42,43].

3.5. Blood Collection and Plasma Preparation

Human blood was drawn from the antecubital vein of normal healthy volunteers in vacuumed plastic tubes VacPlus® (“Hebei Xinle Sci & Tech”, Xinle county, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, China) with 3.8% sodium citrate. All volunteers gave written informed consent for the blood collection and use at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Russia. Blood plasma for anticoagulant assays was obtained by centrifuging for 15 min at 1200× g.

3.6. Prothrombin Time

Samples (acetone and aqueous extracts at a final concentration of 0.5 mg mL−1) and heparin (1 U mL−1 final concentration) were incubated for 1 min at 37 °C with 28.5 μL of human plasma, followed by the addition of 0.06 mL of a solution of a thromboplastin calcium mixture (RPA “Renam”, Moscow, Russia) preheated at 37 °C. The clotting time was registered.

3.7. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time

The investigated samples (acetone and aqueous extracts at a final concentration of 0.5 mg mL−1) and heparin (1 U mL−1 final concentration) and 28.5 μL of human plasma were incubated for 3 min at 37 °C with 28.5 μL of the aPTT reagent (cephalin kaolin suspension) (RPA “Renam”, Russia). The addition of 28.5 μL of CaCl2 at 0.025 M initiated the coagulation process, and the timer was started.

3.8. Lipase Activity

The lipase activity was assessed based on a modified protocol developed by Panteghini, Bonora, and Pagani [66]. The acetone extracts were diluted in DMSO to a final concentration of 200 μg mL−1 final concentration in the assay solution and the tea solutions (final 200 μg mL−1). Orlitstat was used as a positive control (116 ng mL−1) and the activity of lipase without orlistat or the investigated samples was the negative control (blank). Prior to the reaction, all reagents were heated to 37 °C. The assay was carried out in a 96-microplate, and the wells were filled sequentially with 2 μL of lipase solution (60 U mL−1) (according to European Pharmacopeia) with porcine pancreatic lipase in deionized water as a source of lipase, 90 μL of Solution 1 (40 mM, pH 8.0 Tris buffer, 1 mg L−1 colipase, 6.4 mM deoxycholate sodium salt, 3.4 mM taurodeoxycholate sodium salt, 0.09% sodium aside, 7.4 mM calcium chloride) (Vector Best, Novosibirsk, Russia), and 5 μL of sample solution. After incubation for 2 min under shaking at 37 °C, 18 μL of Solution 2 containing substrate 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6-methyl resoruphin) ester (DGGR) (7.5 mM, pH 4.0 potassium sodium tartrate buffer, and 1 mM DGGR) (Vector Best, Novosibirsk, Russia) was added to initiate the development of the colored reaction at λ = 580 nm. The number of measurements was three to four times.

3.9. Amylase Activity

The effect of the plant extracts on pancreatic amylase activity was measured by the direct colorimetric method for specific determination of the pancreatic isoenzyme described elsewhere [67]. Salivary amylase was blocked with anti-human salivary amylase monoclonal antibodies. Intact pancreatic amylase splits substrate 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol-oligosaccharide, yielding free 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl (CNP), which is monitored at 405 nm. The concertation range of the acetone extracts in DMSO and the aqueous extracts in MilliQ. Acarbose was used as a positive control (0.24 μg mL−1) and water was used as a negative control. Prior to the reaction, all the reagents were heated to 37 °C. The assay was performed in a 96-microplate, 2.5 μL of amylase solution (50 U mL−1), 95 μL of 50 mmol/L MES buffer (pH 6.0) containing anti-human salivary amylase monoclonal antibodies and 0.05% aside sodium (Vector Best, Novosibirsk, Russia), and 5 μL of sample solution (200 μg mL−1 final concentration). After intensive shaking and incubation for 5 min at 37 °C, a solution containing the substrate (23 μL, 20 mmol mL−1) in MES buffer (50 mmol mL−1, pH 6.0) and 0.09% aside sodium (Vector Best, Novosibirsk, Russia) was added. The intensity of color development at λ = 405 nm was monitored. The measurements were performed in triplicate.

3.10. Statistical Analysis

The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test for group means was applied to analyze the significant difference. The results were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05.

4. Conclusions

In summary, this current article was dedicated to the determination of the composition of phenolic compounds in extracts of four species of the genus Filipendula in order to establish the connection between the composition of polyphenols and biological effects. The chemical analysis revealed that the composition of the extracts studied depended both on the plant species and its part (leaf or flower) and on the extractant used. All four species of Filipendula were rich sources of phenolic compounds and contained hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins, phenolic acids and their derivatives, and flavonoids. The activities included data on those that are most important for creating functional foods with Filipentdula plant components: the influence of prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time on blood coagulation, and inhibition of the digestive enzymes pancreatic amylase and lipase. It was established that plant species, parts, and extraction methods contributed meaningfully to biological activity. The most prominent results are as follows: plant organs determine the selective inhibition of either amylase or lipase effects; thus, the anticoagulant activities of F. camtschatica and F. stepposa hold promise for health-promoting food formulations associated with general metabolic disorders.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, E.S.; methodology, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, T.K.; investigation, G.A.; resources, Y.M.; data curation, project administration, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition, D.B. and N.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The study was carried out in accordance with the state task on the topic FGUU 2022-0013.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Molecules 29 02013 g001
Figure 1. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. stepposa acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Figure 1. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. stepposa acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Molecules 29 02013 g001
Molecules 29 02013 g002
Figure 2. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. palmata acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Figure 2. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. palmata acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Molecules 29 02013 g002
Molecules 29 02013 g003
Figure 3. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. ulmaria acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Figure 3. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. ulmaria acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Molecules 29 02013 g003
Molecules 29 02013 g004
Figure 4. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. camtschatica acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Figure 4. Profiles of HPLC data (TIC) on the phenolic compound composition of F. camtschatica acetone and aqueous extracts. (A) acetone extraction of leaves; (B) acetone extraction of flowers; (C) aqueous extraction of leaves; (D) aqueous extraction of flowers.
Molecules 29 02013 g004
Molecules 29 02013 g005
Figure 5. Anticoagulant activity of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica of aqueous and acetone extracts measured by the APTT and PT tests. * p < 0.05.
Figure 5. Anticoagulant activity of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica of aqueous and acetone extracts measured by the APTT and PT tests. * p < 0.05.
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Molecules 29 02013 g006
Figure 6. Influence of aqueous and acetone extracts of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica flower and leaf extracts on the activity of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. * p < 0.05.
Figure 6. Influence of aqueous and acetone extracts of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica flower and leaf extracts on the activity of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. * p < 0.05.
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Table 1. Qualitative contents of total phenolic compounds of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica acetone and aqueous extracts.
Table 1. Qualitative contents of total phenolic compounds of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica acetone and aqueous extracts.
Yield (mg/g)Total Polyphenol Contents
(Gallic Acid eq, mg/g d.w.)		Flavonoid Contents
(Quercetin eq, mg/g d.w.)
Plant SpeciesWaterAcetoneWaterAcetoneWaterAcetone
LeafFlowerLeafFlowerLeafFlowerLeafFlowerLeafFlowerLeafFlower
F. ulmaria301.2350.1450.8477.3202.0 ± 4.1289.4 ± 7.3216.6 ± 8.7320.5 ± 5.034.4 ± 4.329.9 ± 2.041.9 ± 0.642.3 ± 1.9
F. palmata217.1377.9326.3513.7109.3 ± 5.2381.1 ± 4.7209.0 ± 2.7371.1 ± 13.931.3 ± 6.138.2 ± 5.653.3 ± 0.934.3 ± 4.5
F. camtschatica305.9368.3372.3483.7188.1 ± 9.5248.7 ± 10.5243.3 ± 7.3260.8 ± 4.77.2 ± 0.116.7 ± 1.323.3 ± 4.319.6 ± 1.5
F. stepposa200.7448.4330.4531.2122.3 ± 4.3215.9 ± 13.3159.0 ± 4.2289.3 ± 10.915.5 ± 1.720.4 ± 1.333.6 ± 2.922.5 ± 3.7
Table 2. HPLC-MS characterization of phenolic compounds of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica acetone and aqueous extracts.
Table 2. HPLC-MS characterization of phenolic compounds of F. stepposa, F. palmata, F. ulmaria, and F. camtschatica acetone and aqueous extracts.
No.Compound (Ref.)RT, minMass SpectrumF. stepposaF. ulmariaF. camtsch.F. palmata
Ac 1Aq 1AcAqAcAqAcAq
[M − H]−/[2M − H]−
(m/z)		[M − 2H]2−
(m/z)		[M+H]+
(m/z)		Fragm.
(m/z)		L 1FLFLFLFLFLFLFLF
Phenolic acids and their derivatives
1Gallic acid [23,36]2.65169/339---
5Dihydrocaffeic acid -glucuronide, isomer 1; HMDB 14.96357/715---
7Dihydroxybenzoic acid-glucoside, isomer 1; HMDB5.65315/----
8Dihydrocaffeic acid -glucuronide, isomer 2, HMDB5.78357/715---
11Dihydrocaffeic acid -glucuronide, isomer 3, HMDB6.00357/715---
12Bergenin, HMDB6.67327/655---
13Dihydroxybenzoic acid-glucoside, isomer 2, HMDB6.88315/----
14Caffeoyl-threonic acid, isomer 1 [22,23]7.31297/595---
15Isosalicin, isomer 1 [23]7.57285/----
17Caffeoyl-threonic acid, isomer 2 [22,23]7.79297/----
18Caffeoyl-threonic acid, isomer 3 [22,23]8.14297/595---
19Isosalicin, isomer 2 [23]8.31285/----
20Dihydrocaffeic acid -glucuronide, isomer 4, HMDB8.37357/----
21Caffeoyl pentoside, isomer [37]8.56311/--313181
22Salicylic acid hexoside [23,38]8.59299/----
23Dihydrocaffeic acid -glucuronide, isomer 5, HMDB8.78357/--359181
28Coumaroyltreonic acid, isomer 1 [23]9.20281/----
29Caffeic acid hexoside, isomer 1, HMDB; [39]9.40341/--343181
30Caffeic acid hexoside, isomer 2, HMDB; [39]9.67341/----
32Coumaroyltreonic acid, isomer 2 [23]9.91281/--283165
33Coumaroyltreonic acid, isomer 3 [23]10.02281/563--165
37Caffeic acid hexoside, isomer 3, HMDB; [39]10.21341/----
38caffeoyl-threonic acid, isomer 4 [22,23]10.55297/595-299/597181
40Caffeic acid hexoside, isomer 4, HMDB; [39]10.65341/--343181
43Caffeoyl-threonic acid, isomer 5 [23]11.20297/----
45Coumaroyl hexoside [39]11.37325/--327165
46Caffeic acid hexoside, isomer 5, HMDB; [39]11.37341/----
58Coumaroyltreonic acid, isomer 4 [23]12.72281/---165
70Ellagic acid [21]14.50301/----
15Isosalicin, isomer 1 [23]7.57285/----
Hydrolyzable tannins
2Monogalloylhexoside, isomer 1 [23]2.67331/663---
3Monogalloylhexoside, isomer 2 [23]3.17331/----
4Digalloylhexoside, isomer 1, [23]4.32483/----
6Galloyl-threonic acid [23]5.28287/575---
9Digalloylhexoside, isomer 2 [23]5.88483/----
10Monogalloylhexoside, isomer 3 [23]5.97331/----
26Digalloylhexoside, isomer 3 [23]9.13483/----
36Trigalloylhexoside, isomer 1 [23]10.19635/----
39Tellimagrandin I, isomer 1 [21,23,35]10.55785/1571392--
48Ellagic acid-pentoside [37,40]11.64433/----
50Tellimagrandin I, isomer 2 [35,36]11.86785/1571392787-
52Rugosin B, isomer 1 [23,35,36]12.09953/1907476--
55Trigalloylhexoside, isomer 2 [23]12.23635/----
57Rugosin B, isomer 2 [35]12.53953/-476--
64Tellimagrandin I, isomer 3 [23]13.59785/----
66Galloyl-caffeoyl-threonic acid, isomer 1 [23,36]14.11449/899--181
67Galloyl-caffeoyl-threonic acid, isomer 2 [23]14.27449/---181
68Galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose, isomer 1 [23]14.3935/-467--
75Rugosin E, isomer 1, [21,23,35,36]15.241722/-860--
77Rugosin E, isomer 2 [35]15.431722/-860--
79Galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose, isomer 2 [23]15.48935/-467--
80Tetragalloylglucose [23]15.7787/----
81Tellimagrandin II [21,23,36]15.75937/1875468--
82Rugosin A [23,36]16.051105/-552--
91Rugosin D [21,36]17.311874/-936--
93Pentagalloylglucose [23]17.78939/-469--
94Digalloyl-caffeoyl-threonic acid [23]17.8601/----
98Bicornin [23]18.361087/-543--
Flavanols and proanthocyanidins
24(Epi)catechin-(epi)catechin, isomer 1 [23]8.81577/--579291; 289
25Catechin [23,36]8.98289/579-291-
27(Epi)catechin-(epi)catechin, isomer 2 [22]9.2577/--579291; 289
34Procyanidin trimer, isomer 1 [23,37]10.04865/----
35Procyanidin trimer, isomer 2 [23]10.14865/--867579; 283
41(Epi)afzelechin-(epi)catechin, isomer [37,41]11.00561/--563273
47(Epi)catechin [23]11.44289/--291-
51(Epi)afzelechin-(epi)catechin-(epi)catechin, isomer [37]11.89849/--851579; 273
53(Epi)catechin-(epi)catechin, isomer 3 [22]12.09577----
60(Epi)afzelechin-(epi)afzelechin-(epi)catechin, isomer 1 [42]13.16833/--835563; 273
61(Epi)afzelechin-(epi)afzelechin-(epi)catechin, isomer 2 [42]13.39833/--835563; 291; 273
63(Epi)catechin-(epi)catechin-gallate, isomer [37]13.56729/--731291
Kaempferol derivatives
42Kaempferol-rhamnoside [35]11.14431/----
89Kaempferol-glucuronide, HMDB17.11461/923-463287
90Kaempferol-glucoside [35,43]17.14447/--449287
97Kaempherol-acetyl-hexoside, HMDB18.17489/---287
100Kaempferol derivative [23,42]18.56447/895-449317; 287
Quercetin derivatives
69Quercetin-galloylglucoside, isomer 1 [42]14.35615/--617303
71Quercetin-galloylglucoside, isomer 2 [42]14.57615/--617303
72Quercetin-rutinoside, isomer 1 [42]14.77609/--611303
73Quercetin-rutinoside, isomer 2 [42,43]15.02609/1219-611303
74Quercetin-glucoside, isomer 1 [35,42,43]15.21463/927-465303
76Quercetin-glucuronide, isomer [35]15.33477/955-479303
78Quercetin-glucoside, isomer 2 [43]15.48463/--465303
83Quercetin-galloyldihexoside, isomer [23]16.1761/---303
84Quercetin-pentoside, isomer 1 [35]16.13433/867-435303
85Quercetin-pentoside, isomer 2 [35]16.7433/--435303
87Quercetin-acetyl-glucoside, isomer, HMDB16.77505/----
88Quercetin-3-O-malonylglucoside, isomer [44]16.86549/1099-551303
92Quercetin-rhamnoside, isomer [35]17.35447/--449303
95Quercetin-O-(O-galloyl)-pentoside, isomer [45]17.92585/--587303
102Quercetin-3-O-(5″-O-malonyl)-arabinofuranoside, isomer [44]19.30519/--521303
103Quercetin-3-O-(4″-O-malonyl)-rhamnoside, isomer [44]19.87533/1067-535303
Other
54Valoneic acid dilactone, HMDB12.20469/----
Unknown phenolic compounds
16Unknown7.65633/----
31Unknown9.69439/879-439-
44Unknown11.29447/--449-
49Unknown11.71431/----
56Unknown12.50491/----
59Unknown12.92491/----
62Unknown13.54377/----
65Unknown13.71461/----
86Unknown16.711329/----
96Unknown18.02463/927-465303; 287
99Unknown18.53475/----
101Unknown18.98601/---317
1 Abbreviations used: Ac—acetone extraction, Aq—aqueous extraction, L—leaf, F—flower, HMDB Version 5.0—the Human Metabolome Database. Molecules 29 02013 i001—designates ‘detectable amounts’
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MDPI and ACS Style

Sokolova, E.; Krol, T.; Adamov, G.; Minyazeva, Y.; Baleev, D.; Sidelnikov, N. Total Content and Composition of Phenolic Compounds from Filipendula Genus Plants and Their Potential Health-Promoting Properties. Molecules 2024, 29, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092013

AMA Style

Sokolova E, Krol T, Adamov G, Minyazeva Y, Baleev D, Sidelnikov N. Total Content and Composition of Phenolic Compounds from Filipendula Genus Plants and Their Potential Health-Promoting Properties. Molecules. 2024; 29(9):2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092013

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sokolova, Ekaterina, Tatiana Krol, Grigorii Adamov, Yulia Minyazeva, Dmitry Baleev, and Nikolay Sidelnikov. 2024. "Total Content and Composition of Phenolic Compounds from Filipendula Genus Plants and Their Potential Health-Promoting Properties" Molecules 29, no. 9: 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092013

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