Genetic and Epigenetic Traits as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phenotypic Subgroups of CRC
3. Biomolecules
4. Adenoma Carcinoma Sequence
5. Biomarkers
5.1. Markers Aiding in Prediction of Risk
5.2. Diagnostic Markers
5.3. Prognostic Markers
5.4. Predictive Markers
6. Conclusions and the Way Forward
Supplementary Information
ijms-12-009426-s001.pdfAcknowledgments
References
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Type of Biomarker | Objective for use | Biological marker | References |
---|---|---|---|
Risk stratification | Assess the likelihood that cancers will develop | APC, AXIN2, BMPR1A, SMAD4, MUTYH, MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS2, STK11, PTEN, EPCAM, 8q24, 15q13.3, SMAD7, LOC120376 | [29–40] |
Screening | Detect cancers in the asymptomatic population | Stool tests, blood based tests | [41] |
Diagnosis | Definitively establish the presence of cancer | Vimentin (ColoSure *), SEPT9 (ColoVantage *), miR-17-3p, miR-92 | [42–44] |
Classification | Classify patients by disease subset | MSI, CIN, CIMP | |
Prognosis | Predict the probable outcome of cancer regardless of therapy | MSI, 18-gene signature (ColoPrint *), 12-gene signature (OncoType DX *), GCC expression (Previstage *), miR-21 | [45–53] |
Prediction/treatment stratification | Predict response to particular therapies and choose the drug that is mostly likely to yield a favorable response in a given patient | EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, TP53, miR-140 Panel (TP53, KRAS, CCDN1, MTHFR) | [54–56] |
Test name | Biological material | Biomarker(s) |
---|---|---|
ColoSureTM | Methylated DNA in feces | Vimentin |
ColoVantage® | Methylated DNA in plasma | SEPT9 |
ColoPrint® | mRNA expression in tumor tissue | MCTP1, LAMA3, CTSC, PYROX D1, EDEM1, IL2RB, ZNF697, SLC6A11, IL2RA, CYFIP2, PIM3, LIF, PLIN3, HSD3B1, ZBED4, PPARA, THNSL2, CA4388O2 |
OncoType DX® | mRNA expression in tumor tissue | Ki-67, C-MYC, MYBL2, FAP, BGN, INHBA, GADD45B, ATP5E, PGK1, GPX1, UBB, VDAC2 |
PrevistageTM | mRNA expression in lymph node tissue | GCC (GUCY2C) |
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Berg, M.; Søreide, K. Genetic and Epigenetic Traits as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 9426-9439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12129426
Berg M, Søreide K. Genetic and Epigenetic Traits as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(12):9426-9439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12129426
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerg, Marianne, and Kjetil Søreide. 2011. "Genetic and Epigenetic Traits as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 12: 9426-9439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12129426