Biological Properties of Acidic Cosmetic Water from Seawater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Preparation of ACW from Seawater
2.3. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity
2.4. Cell Cultures
2.5. Cytotoxicity Assay—Methylthiazoleterazolium (MTT) Assay
2.6. The Inflammation Evaluation
2.7. The Measurement of De-Granulation
2.8. Determination of Anti-Oxidative Properties of ACW in Vitro
2.9. Mass Spectrometry Analysis
2.10. Cellular Tyrosinase Activity Assay and Melanin Quantification Examination
2.11. The Assessment of Cell Migration
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Antimicrobial Activity against E. coli and S. aureus
3.2. Anti-Inflammation Measurements of ACW
3.3. Allergy-Free Test on ACW
3.4. Antioxidant Capacity of ACW
3.5. Mass Spectrometry Analysis
3.6. Skin-Whitening Examination on ACW
3.7. ACW Attenuated A375.S2 Melanoma Proliferation and Migration
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
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ACW | Colony Count (×106 CFU/mL) (% Bacterial Growth) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Exposure Time (s) | ||||||
5 | 30 | 60 | 180 | 300 | 900 | ||
S. aureus (29,213) | 272 | 30 (11%) | 14 (5%) | 18 (7%) | 43 (16%) | 50 (18%) | 23 (8%) |
E. coli (35,218) | 243 | 159 (65%) | 180 (74%) | 212 (87%) | 191 (79%) | 150 (62%) | 117 (48%) |
ACW | Superoxide Anion Scavenging (%) | DPPH· Scavenging (%) | ABTS+ Scavenging (%) | Reducing Power c (OD700) | FRAP Assay (FeSO4 mg/mL) | Metal Chelating Activity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallic acid a | 100 ± 0.00 | 100 ± 0.00 | 100 ± 0.00 | 0.284 ± 0.04 | 10.31 ± 0.23 | – |
EDTA b | – | – | – | – | – | 100 ± 0.00 |
2% | 93.97 ± 0.25 | nd | nd | 0.044 ± 0.05 | nd | nd |
5% | 95.88 ± 0.39 | nd | nd | 0.044 ± 0.08 | nd | nd |
10% | 96.47 ± 0.49 | <10.0 | nd | 0.045 ± 0.01 | <1.0 | <10.0 |
20% | 96.86 ± 0.10 | <10.0 | nd | 0.043 ± 0.05 | <1.0 | <10.0 |
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Liao, W.-T.; Huang, T.-S.; Chiu, C.-C.; Pan, J.-L.; Liang, S.-S.; Chen, B.-H.; Chen, S.-H.; Liu, P.-L.; Wang, H.-C.; Wen, Z.-H.; et al. Biological Properties of Acidic Cosmetic Water from Seawater. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 5952-5971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055952
Liao W-T, Huang T-S, Chiu C-C, Pan J-L, Liang S-S, Chen B-H, Chen S-H, Liu P-L, Wang H-C, Wen Z-H, et al. Biological Properties of Acidic Cosmetic Water from Seawater. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(5):5952-5971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055952
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Wei-Ting, Tsi-Shu Huang, Chien-Chih Chiu, Jian-Liang Pan, Shih-Shin Liang, Bing-Hung Chen, Shi-Hui Chen, Po-Len Liu, Hui-Chun Wang, Zhi-Hong Wen, and et al. 2012. "Biological Properties of Acidic Cosmetic Water from Seawater" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 5: 5952-5971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055952
APA StyleLiao, W. -T., Huang, T. -S., Chiu, C. -C., Pan, J. -L., Liang, S. -S., Chen, B. -H., Chen, S. -H., Liu, P. -L., Wang, H. -C., Wen, Z. -H., Wang, H. -M., & Hsiao, S. -W. (2012). Biological Properties of Acidic Cosmetic Water from Seawater. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(5), 5952-5971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055952