Cell Cultures for Virology: Usability, Advantages, and Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CPE Detection and Sensitive Cell Lines
3. Reporter Cell Lines
3.1. Reporter Cell Lines for ssRNA(−) Genome Virus Detection
3.1.1. Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza Viruses
3.1.2. Filoviridae, Ebolavirus
3.2. Reporter Cell Lines for ssRNA(+) Genome Virus Detection
3.2.1. Togaviridae, Alphavirus
3.2.2. Togaviridae, Rubivirus
3.2.3. Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus
3.2.4. Flaviviridae, Flavivirus
3.2.5. Picornaviridae, Enterovirus
3.3. Reporter Cell Lines for Retrovirus Detection
Retroviridae, Lentivirus
3.4. Viruses With a dsDNA Genome
3.4.1. Herpesviridae, Simplex Virus
3.4.2. Herpesviridae, Gammaherpesvirus
3.4.3. Herpesviridae, Varicellovirus
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The target of detection and application | Methods | Advantages | Limitations | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Viral proteins and nucleic acids detection | Rapid known virus detection with known invariable portions of the genome | Amplification-based [1] | Fast, cheap, highly sensitive detection | Detection of the presence/absence of a viral nucleic acid; false-positive results, difficulty detecting viruses with highly variable genomes; detection of only known viruses, requires knowledge of the nucleotide sequence; inability to differentiate between infectious and noninfectious viruses |
Methods related to CRISPR/Cas use [2,3] | Can be used in the field, relatively short time to obtain results, high sensitivity | Detection of the presence/absence of a viral nucleic acid; detection of only known viruses, requires knowledge of the nucleotide sequence | ||
Southern/northern hybridization | Sensitive detection. Many types of specimens can be used (Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, etc.) | Requires knowledge of the virus nucleotide sequence | ||
Searching for new viruses | NGS [4] | Determination of the nucleotide sequence of viruses | Difficulty of identifying RNA viruses in patient samples due to additional stages of sample preparation and, as a consequence, a decrease in the viral RNA to host RNA ratio. Difficulties in data processing | |
Rapid detection of known viruses with known viral proteins | Immunoassays [5] (direct determination of viral proteins and indirect determination of IgG and IgM) | For proteins, the ability to detect previous exposure. | Likelihood of false-positive results; possible cross-reactivity with closely related viruses | |
Detection of viable viral particles | Extraction and study of live viral particles | Cell-based approach with CPE detection [6] | Determination of live virus particles in clinical material, studying their pathogenicity and transmission mechanisms. Detection of viruses with a highly variable genome that cannot be determined by PCR methods. | The main problem is the long time period (up to several weeks) required for a result to be available. Cell cultures are also very susceptible to bacterial contamination and toxic substances in the clinical virus specimen. Additionally, many viruses will not grow in cell culture (Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, parvovirus, etc.) |
Cell-based reporter [7,8] | It is necessary to develop different approaches to study specific viruses. Suitable for viruses with annotated genomes. |
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Dolskiy, A.A.; Grishchenko, I.V.; Yudkin, D.V. Cell Cultures for Virology: Usability, Advantages, and Prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217978
Dolskiy AA, Grishchenko IV, Yudkin DV. Cell Cultures for Virology: Usability, Advantages, and Prospects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217978
Chicago/Turabian StyleDolskiy, Alexander A., Irina V. Grishchenko, and Dmitry V. Yudkin. 2020. "Cell Cultures for Virology: Usability, Advantages, and Prospects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217978