Alveologenesis: What Governs Secondary Septa Formation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Briefly about Embryonic Lung Development
3. Postnatal Alveologenesis
4. Diversity and Origin of Alveolar Interstitial Resident Fibroblasts
5. Retinoic Acid Signaling and Alveologenesis
6. Elastogenesis and Collagens in Alveologenesis
7. Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin and Secondary Septa Eruption
8. Remodeling of the Cell Cytoskeleton Is Necessary for Alveologenesis
9. Lung Regrowth and Neo-Alveolarization
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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iReFs Type | Suggested Markers for the Corresponding iReF Type |
---|---|
Myofibroblast | TBX4 [12] |
ACTA2 [27] | |
PDGFRA [27,47,48,49] | |
FGF18 [37] | |
ELN [50,51] | |
Matrix fibroblast | COL13A1, COL14A1 [52] |
CD34 [46] | |
PDGFRA [46] | |
Lipofibroblast | THY [53] |
FGF10 [18] | |
TCF21 [54] | |
PLIN2 (ADRP) [55] | |
Leptin [56] | |
PPARγ [57] | |
PDGFRA [46,58] | |
Alveolar niche cell | AXIN2 [9] |
LGR5 [59] | |
WNT2 [5] | |
WNT5A [60] | |
PDGFRA [61,62] |
Lung Mesenchymal Cell Types | Markers Revealed by Clustering Analysis of the Drop-Seq Data | Immunofluorescent Staining |
---|---|---|
MatrixFB-1 | Tcf21, Fn1, Fgf10, and Vcam1; WNT (Wnt2, Wnt5a, and Axin2) and FGF signaling (Fgf10, Fgf7, Fgfr3, and Fgfr4); T-box TFs (Tbx2, Tbx4, and Tbx5) | Immunofluorescence staining of Fibronectin 1 (FN1), a selective marker for MatrixFB-1, was localized in peribronchiolar and perivascular fibroblasts |
MatrixFB-2 | Type 1 collagen (Col1a1 and Col1a2); Sfrp2, an inhibitor of WNT signaling, and a family of insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins (Igf1, Igf2, Igfbp2, and Igfbp5) | Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated a subset of MatrixFB-2 cells co-expressing SFRP2 and IGFBP5 within the mesenchymal compartment lining proximal airways |
Myofibroblast-1 | Expressed high levels of Pdgfra and Ednrb, but lacked mature muscle markers Actg2, Des, and Cnn1 | PDGFRα-GFP+/αSMA−, absence of FN1 staining |
Myofibroblast-2 | Co-expressed myoFB and smooth muscle markers and may represent cells in transition from myoFBs to smooth muscle cells | PDGFRα-GFP+/αSMA+, absence of FN1 staining |
Smooth muscle cells | Expressed smooth muscle markers (Actg2, Cnn1, and Des) but lacked myoFB markers Pdgfra and Ednrb | PDGFRα-GFP−/αSMA+ |
Pericyte-1 | Pericyte selective markers, including Pdgfrb, Notch3, Mcam, Cspg4; Map3k7cl, Mustn1, and Acta2 | PDGFRα-GFP−/αSMA+ |
Pericyte-2 | Pericyte selective markers, including Pdgfrb, Notch3, Mcam, Cspg4; Agtr1a, Vsnl1, and Art3, but lacked or expressed low levels of Acta2 | PDGFRβ+/CSPG4+ and PDGFRβ+/CSPG4+/ACTA2+ |
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Rippa, A.L.; Alpeeva, E.V.; Vasiliev, A.V.; Vorotelyak, E.A. Alveologenesis: What Governs Secondary Septa Formation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212107
Rippa AL, Alpeeva EV, Vasiliev AV, Vorotelyak EA. Alveologenesis: What Governs Secondary Septa Formation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212107
Chicago/Turabian StyleRippa, Alexandra L., Elena V. Alpeeva, Andrey V. Vasiliev, and Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak. 2021. "Alveologenesis: What Governs Secondary Septa Formation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212107