Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene HIOMT Improves Salt Tolerance in Malus domestica
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Improved Apple Salt Stress Tolerance and Increased Melatonin Concentration in Apple Leaves
2.2. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Promoted Better Growth and Development of Plants under Salinity Stress
2.3. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Changed REL, Root Vitality, and MDA Concentration in Apple
2.4. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Enhanced the Antioxidant Activity of Apple Plants under Salinity Stress
2.5. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Enabled Apple Plants to Maintain Higher Photosynthetic Capacity under Salinity Stress
2.6. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Alleviated Stomatal Closure in Apple under Salinity Stress
2.7. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Reduced the Na+/K+ Ratio in Apple Plants under Salinity Stress
2.8. Heterologous Expression of HIOMT Mediated Amino Acid Metabolism under Salinity Stress
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Treatments
4.2. Determination of Melatonin
4.3. Growth Measurements
4.4. Measurement of Relative Electrolyte Leakage, Root Vitality, and MDA Concentration
4.5. Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of H2O2 and O2−
4.6. Determination of Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
4.7. Quantification of Photosynthetic Parameters
4.8. Chlorophyll Concentration and Fv/Fm Measurements
4.9. Stomatal Observations by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.10. Determination of ABA Concentration
4.11. Measurements of Sodium and Potassium Ions
4.12. Measurements of Amino Acids
4.13. qRT–PCR Analysis
4.14. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | SH (cm) | RL (cm) | LN (No. Plant−1) | LFW (g) | LDW (g) | TFW (g) | TDW (g) | Relative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth | ||||||||
CK-WT | 13.97 ± 0.91 a | 7.50 ± 1.78 c | 12.50 ± 1.05 a | 1.32 ± 0.10 a | 0.45 ± 0.05 a | 2.11 ± 0.16 a | 0.62 ± 0.05 a | 47.9% |
ST-WT | 9.84 ± 0.26 b | 8.60 ± 1.36 b,c | 8.17 ± 0.75 c | 0.51 ± 0.11 c | 0.21 ± 0.05 c | 1.01 ± 0.22 c | 0.31 ± 0.06 c | |
CK-H1 | 13.27 ± 1.07 a | 9.05 ± 0.82 b,c | 13.00 ± 0.89 a | 1.34 ± 0.16 a | 0.43 ± 0.07 a | 2.11 ± 0.14 a | 0.61 ± 0.08 a | 65.9% |
ST-H1 | 10.27 ± 0.42 b | 10.86 ± 2.04 a | 10.00 ± 1.41 b | 0.82 ± 0.21 b | 0.32 ± 0.08 b | 1.39 ± 0.22 b | 0.45 ± 0.08 b | |
CK-H2 | 13.32 ± 1.28 a | 8.68 ± 1.39 b,c | 12.50 ± 1.05 a | 1.36 ± 0.13 a | 0.48 ± 0.06 a | 2.20 ± 0.25 a | 0.64 ± 0.08 a | 68.2% |
ST-H2 | 9.97 ± 0.33 b | 10.30 ± 0.97 a,b | 9.83 ± 1.47 b | 0.89 ± 0.13 b | 0.35 ± 0.07 b | 1.50 ± 0.15 b | 0.48 ± 0.08 b | |
CK-H5 | 13.90 ± 1.45 a | 8.48 ± 1.53 b,c | 13.67 ± 1.63 a | 1.40 ± 0.17 a | 0.47 ± 0.06 a | 2.26 ± 0.24 a | 0.64 ± 0.08 a | 65.0% |
ST-H5 | 10.41 ± 0.56 b | 9.67 ± 0.53 a, b | 9.50 ± 1.05 b | 0.85 ± 0.12 b | 0.34 ± 0.07 b | 1.47 ± 0.19 b | 0.48 ± 0.09 b |
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Tan, K.; Zheng, J.; Liu, C.; Liu, X.; Liu, X.; Gao, T.; Song, X.; Wei, Z.; Ma, F.; Li, C. Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene HIOMT Improves Salt Tolerance in Malus domestica. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212425
Tan K, Zheng J, Liu C, Liu X, Liu X, Gao T, Song X, Wei Z, Ma F, Li C. Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene HIOMT Improves Salt Tolerance in Malus domestica. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212425
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Kexin, Jiangzhu Zheng, Cheng Liu, Xianghan Liu, Xiaomin Liu, Tengteng Gao, Xinyang Song, Zhiwei Wei, Fengwang Ma, and Chao Li. 2021. "Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene HIOMT Improves Salt Tolerance in Malus domestica" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212425