Long-Term Iron Deficiency and Dietary Iron Excess Exacerbate Acute Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis and Are Associated with Significant Dysbiosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chronic Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice Is Not Influenced by Altering Dietary Iron
2.2. Acute Colitis Is More Severe in Mice Fed Long-Term on an Iron Deficient Diet
2.3. Intestinal Fibrosis Is Increased in Mice with Chronic Colitis Fed an Iron Deficient Diet
2.4. Fecal Calprotectin Changes in Colitic Mice Fed Differing Iron Diets
2.5. Fecal Iron Changes in Colitic Mice Fed Differing Iron Diets
2.6. Bacterial Diversity in Mice Fed Differing Levels of Dietary Iron and Following Induction of Chronic Colitis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Diets
4.3. Induction of Colitis
4.4. Histopathological Scoring of Colonic Inflammation
4.5. Assessment of Degree of Gut Inflammation through Measurement of Faecal Calprotectin
4.6. Measurement of Fecal Iron
4.7. Fecal Bacterial DNA Extraction and Sequencing
4.8. Bioinformatics
4.9. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(a) | |||
100 ppm iron DSS-treated group | |||
Taxon | p-values | p-values (corrected) | Effect size |
p_Bacteroidetes; g_Bacteroides | 0.003 | 0.047 | 0.496 |
p_Bacteroidetes; g_Odoribacter | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.620 |
p_Bacteroidetes; g_Prevotella | 0.0002 | 0.008 | 0.669 |
p_Firmicutes; g_Clostridium | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.431 |
p_Firmicutes; g_Dorea | 0.003 | 0.047 | 0.138 |
p_Firmicutes; g_Lactobacillus | 0.00002 | 0.002 | 0.880 |
p_Proteobacteria; g_Bilophila | 0.0002 | 0.008 | 0.766 |
(b) | |||
400 ppm iron DSS-treated group | |||
Taxon | p-values | p-values (corrected) | Effect size |
p_Firmicutes; g_Lactobacillus | 0.0001 | 0.01 | 0.74 |
(c) | |||
400 ppm iron untreated group (Controls) | |||
Taxon | p-values | p-values (corrected) | Effect size |
p_Actinobacteria; g_Adlercreutzia | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.49 |
p_Bacteroidetes; g_Bacteroides | 0.0005 | 0.02 | 0.68 |
p_Firmicutes; g_Candidatus Arthromitus | 0.003 | 0.04 | 0.54 |
p_Firmicutes; g_Lactobacillus | 0.0002 | 0.02 | 0.77 |
p_Firmicutes; g_Oscillospira | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.61 |
p_Firmicutes; g_Ruminococcus | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.46 |
p_Proteobacteria; g_Bilophila | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.55 |
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Mahalhal, A.; Burkitt, M.D.; Duckworth, C.A.; Hold, G.L.; Campbell, B.J.; Pritchard, D.M.; Probert, C.S. Long-Term Iron Deficiency and Dietary Iron Excess Exacerbate Acute Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis and Are Associated with Significant Dysbiosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073646
Mahalhal A, Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Hold GL, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM, Probert CS. Long-Term Iron Deficiency and Dietary Iron Excess Exacerbate Acute Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis and Are Associated with Significant Dysbiosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(7):3646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073646
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahalhal, Awad, Michael D. Burkitt, Carrie A. Duckworth, Georgina L. Hold, Barry J. Campbell, David Mark Pritchard, and Chris S. Probert. 2021. "Long-Term Iron Deficiency and Dietary Iron Excess Exacerbate Acute Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis and Are Associated with Significant Dysbiosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7: 3646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073646