Next Article in Journal
Hypoxia and Intestinal Inflammation: Common Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways
Next Article in Special Issue
Transcription Factor SiDi19-3 Enhances Salt Tolerance of Foxtail Millet and Arabidopsis
Previous Article in Journal
Pre-Molten, Wet, and Dry Molten Globules en Route to the Functional State of Proteins
Previous Article in Special Issue
Genome-Wide Identification of Kiwifruit SGR Family Members and Functional Characterization of SGR2 Protein for Chlorophyll Degradation
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 24
Issue 3
10.3390/ijms24032412
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Functional Characterization of Potato UBC13-UEV1s Genes Required for Ubiquitin Lys63 Chain to Polyubiquitination

by
Weigang Liu
1,2,
Xun Tang
1,3,
Xue Fu
1,2,
Huanhuan Zhang
1,2,
Cunlan Zhu
1,3,
Ning Zhang
1,3 and
Huaijun Si
1,3,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2
College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
3
College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032412
Submission received: 23 December 2022 / Revised: 18 January 2023 / Accepted: 19 January 2023 / Published: 26 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Plant Sciences)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s/UBC) are components of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant (UEV) is one of E2s (ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, UBC) subfamily. The UEVs and UBC13 play an auxiliary role in mediating Lys63-linked polyUb chain assembly, which is correlated with target protein non-proteolytic functions, such as DNA repair or response to stress. However, the collaborative mechanism of StUBC13 (homologue of AtUBC13) and StUEVs (the UEVs in potato) involved in potato are not fully understood understood. Here, we identified two StUBC13 and seven StUEVs from potato genome. We analyzed protein motif and conserved domain, gene structure, phylogenetic features, cis-acting elements of StUBC13 and StUEVs. Subsequently, we screened StUBC13 partners protein and verified interaction between StUBC13 and StUEVs using yeast two-hybrid, split luciferase complementation (SLC) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) approach. The expression profile and qRT-PCR analysis suggested that StUBC13 and StUEVs gene exhibited a tissue-specific expression and were induced by different stress. Overall, this investigative study provides a comprehensive reference and view for further functional research on StUBC13 and StUEV1s in potato.

1. Introduction

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a post-translational modification (PTM), is responsible for selectively removing most of the regulatory proteins of eukaryotes cells (80–90%) [1]. The UPS plays a critical role in virtually every aspect of the cytological and physiological processes of plant cells. Ubiquitin (Ub) is well established as a reusable recognition signal for protein degradation or reversible, non-proteolytic regulatory events. Ubiquitination proceeds through a sequential three-step enzymatic cascade reaction from activation to transfer (ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1→ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes E2→ubiquitin ligase enzymes E3), which results in Ub or Ub polymers covalently bonding to target proteins.
The -COOH group from the ubiquitin (Ub) C-terminus, activated by an ATP-dependent reaction, conjugates with the E1 Cys residue to form a stable intermediate E1~Ub (ATP~Ub→E1~Ub) via a high-energy thioester bond. Then, E1~Ub transfers Ub to the Cys residue of the E2 active site through a transesterification reaction to form the E2~Ub complex (E1~Ub→E2~Ub). E3 recruits the ubiquitin-loaded E2 enzyme into proximity with the target protein and facilitates the formation of isopeptide bonds between the ε-amino group of the target protein lysine (K) and the glycine from the Ub C-terminus. As a result, E3 ligase is responsible for recognizing the substrate, followed by either direct ubiquitin transfer (RING or U-box, CRLs) or thioester formation (HECT) with ubiquitin. In this process, the target protein is ubiquitinated by one or more Ub units (monoubiquitination or multi-monoubiquitination) or a Ub chain (defined as polyubiquitination).
Ubiquitin possesses several modification sites, Lys6, Lys11, Lys27, Lys29, Lys33, Lys48 Lys63, and Met1 (N-terminal methionine) to form distinct homo- and heterotypic polyubiquitin chains [2]. Modified with Lys11, Lys29, and Lys48 polyUb chains are potent signals for target proteins degradation by the 26S proteasome [2,3]. Monoubiquitylation and Lys63-linked Ub polymers are implicated in nonproteolytic outcomes in plants, such as hormonal responses and development [4]. However, evidence from other studies suggests that Lys63 polyUb polyubiquitination may serve as a signal for target protein degradation by the 26S proteasome [5]. Lys63-linked polyUb chains are the second most abundant type of ubiquitin linkage with proteasome-independent functions in plants, and are involved in plant development, hormonal responses, nutritional responses, biotic interactions, DNA repair, and responses to environmental conditions [6].
E2 possesses a core UBC domain that contains a Cys active site mediating the ubiquitination of the target protein. UBC13, the only E2 enzyme identified that facilitate Lys63 polyUb chain, functions require a collaborator protein, a UBC E2 variation known as MMS2 or UEV1 [7]. Typically, UBC13 and UEV1/MMS2 form a heterodimer to catalyze the synthesis of K63 polyUb chains. In this process, the UBC13 active site Cys provides the binding site for the first Ub, whereas UEV1/MMS2 E2 non-covalently binds the second Ub to polymerize the Lys63-linked chain extension [8]. UBC13 and UEV1s have been identified and functionally characterized in several plants, indicating that they are conserved in terms of sequence and function [9]. Four Arabidopsis UEV1s (AtUEV1A-D) and rice UEV1s (OsUEV1A-D) were identified [10,11], which interacted with UBC13 (UBC13A, UBC13B). UBC13 diverges to undertake multiple functions in Arabidopsis, such as apical dominance, iron metabolism to promote development response, auxin signaling to affect root development, and response to low temperature and pathogens [9]. UEV1s fluctuate in different tissues and during abiotic stress at transcription level [12]. Recent studies have revealed that OsUEV1B is required to maintain Pi homeostasis in rice [13]. UBC13 interacts with UEV1s to form a stable heterodimer to assembly of Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which play a critical role in error-free DNA-damage tolerance and repair [14]. In addition, UBC13 and UEV1s complexes coordinately assemble and transfer Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains to target proteins through E3. AtUBC13A/AtUEV1B interacts with AtRGLG1 and AtRGLG2, which carries Lys63-linked Ub chains to AtPIN2 for regulating polar auxin transport and adaptive growth responses [6]. However, UBC13 and UEVs have not been characterized, and little is known about the roles of UBC13-UEV1s complexes in potato.
Here, we reported that seven StUEVs and two StUBC13 from potato, of which StUBC13 and StUEV1s were further described in molecular cloning and functionally characterized. We also exclusively screened StUBC13 partners and verified their interactions relationship. Moreover, RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR were used to analyzed expression patterns of StUBC13 and StUEVs. This study contributes to further explore functional diversity and molecular mechanisms of StUBC13 and StUEVs in potato.

2. Results

2.1. Identification and Characterization of Potato UEVs

The integrity of the UBC domain (lack of Cys active site, UEV domain) was confirmed by InterProScan and SMART programs. There are seven StUEVs in potato which are named based on being matched to the genes of Arabidopsis UEVs: StUEV1B, StUEV1D-like, StUEV1D-like1, StCOP10, StVPS23/ELC, StELC-like, and StELC-like2. The potato UEVs were disproportionately distributed on chromosomes 1, 4, 9, and 10. The longest ORFs were StELC-like, encoding 407 amino acid residues. The StUEVs genes information is listed in Table 1.
Classification and phylogenetic relationships showed that StUEVs are classified into four groups (Figure 1a), potato StUEVs are distributed in three subgroups, as well as lack of StUEV2: StUEV1s (StUEV1B, StUEV1D-like, StUEV1B-like1), StCOP10 (StCOP10), StVPS23 (StVPS23/ELC, StELC-like, StELC-like2). In addition, StUEV1A and StUEV1C are absent in the StUEV1 subfamily, while StUEV1D is expanded. In the StVPS23 subgroups, StELC-like2 forms a distinct evolutionary branch and expands the StVPS23 subfamily. The analysis of spatial structure of its homologue AtUEVs showed that different StUEVs are identical in the spatial configuration of UEV conserved domain but varied in other areas apart from UEV conserved domain in different subgroups (Figure 1b). To further investigate the functions of StUEVs, multiple sequence alignments were conducted on the conserved UBC domain (Figure 1c). The StVPS23 subfamily consists of N-terminal UEV and C-terminal VPS domain, among which the UEVs domain is comprised of α helices, 8 β sheets, and a few random coils. The StUEV1s subfamily contains a conserved UEV domain, while the C-terminus is variable. Most UEV1s have a TXY conserved motif at the C-terminus. However, the AtUEV1A/AtUEV1B/StUEV1B/OsUEV1A/BdUEV1A have feature C-terminal extensions with the CaaX motif (Figure 1d). UEV domains are present in both the Arabidopsis and potato sequences of the StCOP10 subfamily, with a similarity of 61.54%.

2.2. The Cis-Regulatory Elements Analysis

Analysis of the cis-acting elements showed that a variety of the elements related to hormone pathways, such as, such as abscisic acid ABA (ABRE), gibberellin GA (P-box and GARE-motif), salicylic acid SA (TCA-element), auxin IAA (TGA-box/element), and methyl jasmonate MeJA (TGACG-motif and CGTCA-motif), of which six StUEVs contain cis-acting elements associated with MeJA responses (Figure 2a, Table S1). Five StUEVs contain ABA/GA/IAA responses associated with cis-acting elements, suggesting that most StUEVs are related to MeJA, ABA, GA, and IAA signaling pathways.

2.3. Conserved Motif and Gene Structure Analyses

The motifs in the same subfamily are similar in type and distribution (Figure 2b). The types and distributions of motifs shown in different subgroups vary greatly, particularly between the VPS23 and UEV1s subgroups. The UEV1 subgroups have three distinct motifs, motif1, motif2, and motif3. The VPS23 subgroups contains three different specific motifs, including motif4, motif5, and motif6. In addition, motif1 was widely distributed in StUEVs, while only StELC-like2 is absent of motif1. Interestingly, StCOP1 contains only motif1. To better understand gene structural diversity, we examined the exon–intron distribution patterns of StUEVs genes. The StUEVs occupied positions in the same clade with similar intron-exon distribution patterns. UEV1 and COP1 subgroups were spliced with three introns and four exons, while StUEV1B contains four introns and five exons. Particularly, the VPS23 subgroups have no introns. These results suggest that StUEVs motifs and gene structure display diverse distribution patterns. (Figure 2c).

2.4. Identification and Characterization of Potato StUBC13

Based on a BLAST search, two StUBC13s were identified in potato, which were named corresponding to the Arabidopsis genes: StUBC35/StUBC13A, StUBC35/StUBC13A-like (Table S2). StUBC13A and StUBC13A-like are located on chromosome 10 and 7, respectively. There are segmental duplication events of the StUBC13 gene in potato, indicating that the StUBC13 gene participates in the evolution of large gene families.
Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the StUBC13s of five plants descended from the same branch and were orthologs (Figure 3a). Some species lost UBC13B throughout the evolution of UBC13s (such as tomato, potato, and rice), whereas others retained UBC13B. (such as Brachypodium). StUBC13A evolved from a common plant ancestor and is the closest relative to SlUBC13s of tomato and the most distant relative to BdUBC13B of Brachypodium.
Gene structure analysis showed that StUBC13s were consistent with the number and distribution of intron-exon (Figure 3b). However, the length of the second exon (53 bp) of AtUBC13B was different from that of other species (28 bp). The lengths of other corresponding exons were consistent, and the nucleic acid sequences were highly conserved. The intron length and sequence identity at the same location varied greatly between species, while the intron lengths of StUBC13A and SlUBC13A, StUBC13A-like, and SlUBC13A-like at the same site were nearly identical. The sequence identity was the highest, 88.55%, indicating that UBC13s were highly conserved not only in the exon sequence but also in the intron sequence during potato and tomato evolution. The promoter region analysis showed that several cis-acting elements participate in in abiotic stress and hormones responsiveness (Table S1).
Compared with the amino acid sequence of the UBC13s of other organisms (Figure 3c), the active site Cys87 formed with the Ub thioester, the Met64 interacting with RING-type E3 ligase, and Glu55, Phe57 and Arg70 interacting with Mms2 (UEV1s) are conserved [9]. In comparison to other plants, the protein sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana AtUBC13B contains nine amino acid residues (GNFITSFDP) inserted between positions 21–29, and the S amino acid at position 30 differs from the A amino acid in other species.

2.5. StUBC13 Interacted with StUEV1s and E3 Ligase Enzyme StRGLG1

To further clarify the working mechanism of StUBC13 in potato, we screened StUBC13A partners by the yeast two-hybrid method. Twenty-five positive clones were identified, including StUEV1B, and a RING-type E3 ligase enzyme StRGLG1 (Table S3). Among these candidates, we selected nine partners and then performed one-to-one yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays to check the physical interactions between StUBC13 and its partners. Our results showed that the StRGLG1/2, StNF-YA6, StCAM7, StS6PDH, StLOG2, StRD21, StNCL, and StPUB40 candidates interacted with StUBC13 in the yeast two-hybrid assay (Figure 4a). We were mainly interested in SUEV1s/StRGLG1/2/StNF-YA6/StCAM7/StS6PDH/StLOG2/StRD21/StNCL/StPUB40, which work with StUBC13 to play a critical role in the biological process. To confirm whether StUBC13 interacts with StUEV1B/StRGLG1/2, StNF-YA6/StCAM7/StS6PDH/StLOG2/StRD21/StNCL/StPUB40, the full CDS length of StUBC13 was constructed into the pGBKT7 vector as bait, the full CDS length of StRGLG1/2/StNF-YA6/StCAM7/StS6PDH/StLOG2/StRD21/StNCL/StPUB40 were inserted into pGBKT7 vector as prey, respectively. We verified that StUBC13 interacted with StRGLG1/2/StNF-YA6/StCAM7/StS6PDH/StLOG2/StRD21/StNCL/StPUB40 in the yeast cell by one-to-one Y2H assay.
BiFC and SLC assays were conducted to further verify StUBC13-StUEV1B and StUBC13-StRGLG1 interactions. The BiFC assay (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) showed that YFP fluorescence signals were observed in the nucleus and cell membrane in epidermal cells, which indicated that StUBC13 and StUEV1B interactions occurred in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane (Figure 4b). We observed a specific reconstituted luciferase activity signal using SLC (split-luciferase complementation) assays when the combination of StUBC13 and StUEV1B/StRGLG1 was coexpressed in N. benthamiana leaves (Figure 4c). These data confirm that StUBC13 interacted with StUEV1B and StRGLG1 in vivo, respectively.
The GO analysis revealed that StUBC13 partners were significantly enriched to the biological process of response to stimulus (GO:0050896) (Figure S1a). There was a significant statistical overlap between five biological processes of StUBC13 and its targets, including protein metabolic process (GO:0019538), cellular protein modification process (GO:0006464), response to chemicals (GO:0042221), and response to stress (GO:0006950). In addition, KEGG pathway annotation showed that UBC13 partners were significantly enriched in metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, cellular processing, and organismal system (Figure S1b).

2.6. Subcellular Localization of UBC13 and Its Partners

To further explore the role of StUBC13 in plant cells, StUBC13 CDS was fused with green fluorescence protein (eGFP) to produce fluorescence signals for subcellular localization. The sample was expressed in tobacco (N. benthamiana) leaves using the Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration method. Confocal imaging showed that 35S: StUBC13-EGFP was distributed in the nucleus and cell membrane, and continuous intensity fluorescent on the cell membrane (Figure 5). Similarly, StUEV1B and RGLG1 also observed GFP fluorescence signals in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane (Figure 5). These results indicate that StUBC13, StUEV1B, and StRGLG1 were localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.

2.7. Expression Patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13

To further reveal the role of StUEVs and StUBC13, RNA-seq data was performed to analyze the tissue-specific expression level. There are different tissue-specific expression patterns in DM and RH. StUBC13A and StUBC13A-like in stamens, StUEV1D-like1 and StVPS23/ELC in petals, StELC-like2 in callus, StELC-like in mature fruits, and StCOP10 and StUEV1D-like1 in sepals displayed significant expression levels in DM, respectively (Figure 6a). StUEV1D-like1, StVPS23/ELC, StUBC13A-like in the petiole, StUBC13A in the shoot apex, StELC-like2 in root had the highest expression level in RH (Figure 6b). Other genes were not differentially expressed among tissues in DM and RH. The different expression profiles showed the various roles of StUEVs and StUBC13 in potato development and growth.
To further understand the function of StUEVs and StUBC13, the publicly available transcriptome data were performed an expression profile analysis of StUEVs and StUBC13 gene after drought, heat, mannitol, salt, ABA, IAA, GA3, BAP (Figure 6c). StELC-like2, StUEV1B, and StELC-like were obviously upregulated after heat stress. The expression levels of StUEV1D-like, StUEV1D-like1, and StUBC13A were higher under ABA stress. The transcript levels of StCOP10 and StVPS23/ELC were significantly higher under GA3 stress. StUEV1D-like1 and StVPS23/ELC were slightly upregulated following BAP stress. In addition, StUBC13A and StUBC13A-like were noticeably downregulated after BAP stress. All had no obvious expression changes under salt, ABA, mannitol stress. For drought stress, the expression levels of StUEV1D-like, StUEV1D-like1, StUEV1B, StELC-like were significantly induced in the early flowering Atlantic, while StUBC13A, StUBC13A-like, StCOP10 were less expressed in the early flowering Atlantic (Figure 6d). StVPS23/ELC and StELC-like were highly expressed in the falling flowering Qingshu, StUEV1D-like1 and StUBC13A-like were obviously expressed in the full flowering Qingshu.

2.8. The qRT-PCR Analysis of StUEVs and StUBC13 in Potato

To further determine the expression patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13s, qRT-PCR was performed to analyze organ-specific expression levels in Atlantic (Figure 7). StUEV1D-like1, StUEV1B, StELC-like, and StELC-like2 in root had the highest transcript abundances. StUEV1B, StELC-like, and StUBC13A in tubers exhibited significant expression levels. StUEV1D-like1, StVPS23/ELC, StUBC13A, StUBC13A-like in stems had a significant expression level. Interestingly, StUEV1D-like was not specifically expressed between tubers, stems, roots and leaves. These results suggested that StUEVs and StUBC13 play an important role in potato development and growth.
To further explore the role of StUEVs and StUBC13 in potato, the expression patterns of StUEV1s and StUBC13 were determined by qRT-PCR under different stresses (Figure 8). All genes showed different expression patterns under various stresses. StUEV1B, StCOP10, StVPS23/ELC, StUBC13A-like had asignificantly upregulated expression under all stress treatment. StUBC13A and StELC-like had enhanced expression after drought stress. The expression level of StELC-like2, StCOP1, StUBC13A, StUBC13A-like were significantly increased under salt stress. All genes were up-regulated under ABA treatment. StUEV1D-like, and StELC-like were down-regulated under heat stress. StUEV1D-like1 was down-regulated under drought, salt, and mannitol stress, but was up-regulated by ABA, IAA, GA3, and heat stress. This suggests StUEV1s and StUBC13 were implicated in different stresses.
Overall, StUEVs and StUBC13 participated in potato development and growth, and responses to different types of stress.

3. Discussion

Lys63-linked polyubiquitination is widely considered to be a non-canonical ubiquitation and is different from conventional Lys-48-linked polyubiquitination. The Lys63-linked polyubiquitination process is a signal for a nonproteolytic rather than mediating the target protein degradation by 26S proteasome. Lys63-linked polyubiquitination is similar to phosphorylation and sumoylation, which influence target protein activities to play a critical role in several cellular processes. UBC13, the only known E2, can catalyze Lys-63-linked Ub chain assembly by forming stable heterodimers complex with UEV1s [15,16]. In this study, StUBC13A in potato was isolated and characterized in potato. The gene structure analysis showed that the distribution pattern of UBC13s introns/exons was highly conserved in different species (Figure 3b) [17,18]. The phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment of amino acid was 98.69% identified between StUBC13A and StUBC13A-like (Figure 3a), which were separated from one gene duplication events [19]. Both tomato and potato have two StUBC13A, indicating that these two species have expanded StUBC13A during evolution, which is consistent with previous research on UBC13 gene duplication events (PGDD: http://chibba.agtec.uga.edu/duplication/index/locus, accessed on 22 September 2022). Therefore, StUBC13 genes were involved in genome duplication or gene fusion in potato during the evolution of the E2 gene family, which indicates that StUBC13 genes may be functionally redundant, consistent with previous studies [20]. Of great interest is the observation that the expression of StUBC13s is induced by different stress (Figure 8), which is similar to the BdUBC13A results in Brachypodium [20]. However, UBC13 was considered a housekeeping gene in both Arabidopsis and rice [17].
To date, UEVs have been identified in several plants, including eight UEVs in A. thaliana. However, only four and three UEV1s subfamilies have been identified in rice (O. sativa) and B. distachyon, respectively [11,21]. In this study, we characterized seven highly conserved StUEVs in potato (Table S1). The phylogenetic analysis showed that members of the StUEVs family were expanded/lost in potato during the evolution process, such as the loss of the UEV2 and the expansion of the VPS23 subgroups (Figure 1a). This suggests that, during the evolutionary process of adapting to the environment, StUEVs might respond to environmental changes and needs by selecting, eliminating, or extending their members. Sequence alignment analysis showed that StUEV1B included a special C-terminal extension containing the CaaX motif except for the typical UEV conserved domain (Figure 1c), which is similar to AtUEV1A, AtUEV1B, OsUEV1A, BdUEV1A sequence feature. The CaaX motif is considered to be the isoprene-specific site in plants, which plays a crucial role in the functional differentiation between AtUEV1A/B and AtUEV1C/D and affects the subcellular localization to confer other nuclear functions [12,21]. Similarly, we propose that the CaaX motif may be implicated in functional differentiation between StUEV1B and StUEV1D-like/StUEV1D-like1 and subcellular localization (Figure 5). The distribution pattern and number of introns/exons and motifs is in accordance with in the same subfamily (Figure 2b,c), which implies little diversity between the same subgroups [10]. StUEV1s exhibited distinct expression patterns in different potato tissues (Figure 6 and Figure 7). AtUEV1s are ubiquitously expressed in Arabidopsis, and AtUEV1D is highly expressed in shoots, which is consistent with the expression profiles of StUEV1B. Previous studies showed that AtUEV1s were derived from a segmental duplication gene, and the duplication events result in similarity expression profiles and conserved functions [10]. A cis-acting element in the StUEVs gene promoter region serves as a binding site for transcription factors and regulates gene expression. Distinct cis-acting components serve different purposes. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the StUEVs family specifically expressed in different tissue and induced expression under different stresses (Figure 8). This is associated with the cis-acting elements of hormonal and abiotic stress responses in the StUEVs promoter region (Figure 2a). Therefore, UEVs are involved in response to abiotic stress and development [10,13].
The formation of Lys63-linked polyubiquitination is required to the stabilize the heterodimer complex UBC13-UEV1s, which is involved in the regulation of DNA damage and response to stress. UBC13 interacted with Uev1s to form stable heterodimers, which confers different functions [21]. In this study, StUBC13 interacted with all three StUEV1s (Figure 4a), which suggested that StUEV1s and StUBC13 may be involved in DNA damage and response to stress [11]. Several partners of StUBC13 were screened by the yeast two-hybrid, including StRGLG1/2, StNF-YA6, StCAM7, StS6PDH, StLOG2, StRD21, StNCL, and StPUB40 (Figure 4a), of which homologous partners play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. The GO and KEGG analysis showed that the partners were involved in metabolism and response to stimulus (Figure S1). For example, RGLG1/2 ubiquitin E3 ligase can interact with StUBC13 to form a E2-E3 complex in potato using Y2H, SLC, and BiFC technology assays, and the complex is involved in the iron deficiency response of Arabidopsis roots [30]. In this regard, future research will focus on how StUBC13-StUEV1s conjugates different E3s to form Lys-63-linked poly-Ub chains and influences target proteins activities to regulate multiple cellular processes, such as [8,31,32,33,34,35].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of StUBC13s and StUEVs

The Arabidopsis and rice UBC13 and UEVs sequences were obtained from the Arabidopsis information source (TAIR) database (http://www.arabidopsis.org, accessed on 9 September 2022) and Rice Genome Annotation Project Database (https://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/, accessed on 9 September 2022), which were used to search StUBC13 and StUEVs using BLAST search in SpudDB (http://spuddb.uga.edu/,accessed on 12 September 2022) [36]. The candidate proteins were further verified by InterProScan (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/pfa/iprscan, accessed on 9 September 2022) [37] and SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 9 September 2022) [38] to confirm the existence of the UBC/UEV conserved domain. The UBC13 and UEVs protein sequences were aligned using Clustal software (http://www.clustal.org/, accessed on 15 September 2022) and then constructed a phylogenetic evolutionary tree using MEGA X with the neighbor-joining method (NJ) according to 1000 bootstrap replicates, respectively. Subsequently, UEVs were divided into four subgroups according to the Arabidopsis UEVs classification [15].

4.2. Multiple Sequence Alignment, Gene Structure and Motif, and Cis-Acting Elements Analysis

The protein sequences of UBC13 and UEVs from several species were performed to multiple sequence alignment to analyse conserved domain features by ClustalW and visualized using GENEDOC [39]. The distribution of the exon–intron structure UEVs in potato were examined by Gene Structure Display Server (GSDS: http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn, accessed on 15 September 2022). The UEVs conserved motifs analysis was performed by MEME online program (https://meme-suite.org/meme/doc/meme.html, accessed on 15 September 2022) [40]. The UEVs subfamily of the promoter regions (from 0 to −1000 bp of coding sequence) was performed to analyze cis-acting elements using the PlantCARE database (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 17 September 2022).

4.3. Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay

The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was performed as previously described [41]. The StUBC13 gene (StUBC13A) was recombined into the pGBKT7 vector as bait and used to screen the potential interaction proteins of StUBC13 according to instructions from Clontech. The StUEV1s gene were cloned into the pGADT7 vector as prey and were used to verify the interaction between StUBC13 and StUEV1s through co-transforming into yeast strain YH109 by one-to-one Y2H assay. The primer used in this study is listed in Table S4.

4.4. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG Analysis

To further correlate UBC13 with its partners, the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG were identified and enriched using OmicShare tools, a free online data analysis (https://www.omicshare.com/tools, accessed on 22 September 2022).

4.5. Subcellular Localization and BiFC, SLC Analysis

The StUBC13, StUEV1B and StRGLG1 gene were fused to the pCAMBIA1300-EGFP vector, respectively. Similarily, StUBC13, StUEV1B and StRGLG1 were separately recombined into the pSPYCE and pSPYNE vectors, and the pCAMBIA1300-CLuc and pCAMBIA1300-NLuc vectors. The different combinations were transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, respectively. The GFP and YFP fluorescence signal were observed by confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM780, Oberkochen, Germany). The LUC recombinant fluorescence signal was imaged by PlantView 100 (Guangzhou Biolight Biotechnology, Guangzhou, China). The primer used in this study is listed in Table S1.

4.6. Expression Profiles of StUBC13s and StUEV1s

The raw transcriptome data was downloaded from the publicly available transcriptome at NCBI (Project ID: PRJNA541096) and SpudDB (DM and RH potato) [36]. The RNA-seq data was analyzed and visualized using TBtools [42].

4.7. Plant Materials and Growth Condition

The potato cultivar Atlantic was cultured in MS medium supplemented with 0.75% agar and 3% sucrose under 22 °C, 16 h normal light/8 h dark. After 4 weeks of growth, the plants were transplanted into pots with soil mix (10 × 10 cm), and then placed in a growth chamber at 21 ± 2 °C under 16 h light/8 h dark and watered weekly. After another 4 weeks, the plants were classed into nine groups to be subjected to different treatments and controls groups. For the salt and mannitol stress treatment, the plants were irrigated with 200 mM NaCl and mannitol for 24 h, while the controls were irrigated with water. For hormone treatment, the plants leaves were sprayed with 50 µM ABA, 10 µM IAA, and 50 µM GA3 for 24 h, respectively, while the controls were sprayed with water. For the drought stress treatment, the plants were cultured without water to reach 25 ± 5% of soil field capacity, while the controls were watered weekly. For the heat stress treatment, the plants were stored at 35 °C for 24 h, while the controls were grown in normal condition. The differently treated samples were harvested and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C.

4.8. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR Assay

The total RNA of the samples was extracted by using the RNAprep Pure Plant Kit (Tiangen Biotechnology, Beijing, China) and then synthesized to first strand of cDNA by FastKing RT Kit (Tiangen Biotechnology, Beijing, China). The gene expression level was detected by qRT-PCR using SuperReal PreMix Plus (SYBR Green) (Tiangen Biotechnology, Beijing, China) with LightCycler® 96 System. The reference gene Stef1α (GenBank accession: AB061263) was used for data normalization. The results were calculated using the 2−△△CT method [43].

5. Conclusions

UBC13 and UEVs were required for the ubiquitin Lys63 chain to undergo polyubiquitination. In this study, we systematically identified and analyzed StUBC13 and StUEVs gene structure, conserved domains, cis-acting elements, interactions, and gene expression in potato. Our observations collectively suggest that StUBC13 interacted with StUEV1s to form complexes that may be involved in multiple cellular processes.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms24032412/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceiving and designing the experiments, W.L., H.S. and X.T.; performing experiments, W.L. and C.Z.; Writing-original draft preparation, W.L., H.Z. and X.F.; writing-review and editing, N.Z., H.S. and X.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 22JR5RA832), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31860399), Science and Technology Partnership Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. KY201901015) and Gansu Major Science and Technology Project (No. GZGG-2021-6).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Xu, F.Q.; Xue, H.W. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in plant responses to environments. Plant Cell Environ. 2019, 42, 2931–2944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Komander, D.; Rape, M. The Ubiquitin Code. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2012, 81, 203–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Wickliffe, K.E.; Williamson, A.; Meyer, H.-J.; Kelly, A.; Rape, M. K11-linked ubiquitin chains as novel regulators of cell division. Trends Cell Biol. 2011, 21, 656–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Cheng, M.-C.; Kuo, W.-C.; Wang, Y.-M.; Chen, H.-Y.; Lin, T.-P. UBC18 mediates ERF1 degradation under light–dark cycles. New Phytol. 2017, 213, 1156–1167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Saeki, Y.; Kudo, T.; Sone, T.; Kikuchi, Y.; Yokosawa, H.; Toh-e, A.; Tanaka, K. Lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chain may serve as a targeting signal for the 26S proteasome. EMBO J. 2009, 28, 359–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Romero-Barrios, N.; Vert, G. Proteasome-independent functions of lysine-63 polyubiquitination in plants. New Phytol. 2018, 217, 995–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Wen, R.; Wang, S.; Xiang, D.; Venglat, P.; Shi, X.; Zang, Y.; Datla, R.; Xiao, W.; Wang, H. UBC13, an E2 enzyme for Lys63-linked ubiquitination, functions in root development by affecting auxin signaling and Aux/IAA protein stability. Plant J. 2014, 80, 424–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Romero-Barrios, N.; Monachello, D.; Dolde, U.; Wong, A.; San Clemente, H.; Cayrel, A.; Johnson, A.; Lurin, C.; Vert, G. advanced cataloging of Lysine-63 polyubiquitin networks by genomic, interactome, and sensor-based proteomic analyses. Plant Cell 2020, 32, 123–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Guo, H.; Wang, L.; Hu, R.; He, Y.; Xiao, W. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of Physcomitrella patens UBC13-UEV1 genes required for Lys63-linked polyubiquitination. Plant Sci. 2020, 297, 110518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Wen, R.; Torres-Acosta, J.A.; Pastushok, L.; Lai, X.; Pelzer, L.; Wang, H.; Xiao, W. Arabidopsis UEV1D promotes Lysine-63–linked polyubiquitination and is involved in DNA damage response. Plant Cell 2008, 20, 213–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Wang, Q.; Zang, Y.; Zhou, X.; Xiao, W. Characterization of four rice UEV1 genes required for Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and distinct functions. BMC Plant Biol. 2017, 17, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Wang, Q.; Liu, M.; Zang, Y.; Xiao, W. The C-terminal extension of Arabidopsis Uev1A/B with putative prenylation site plays critical roles in protein interaction, subcellular distribution and membrane association. Plant Sci. 2020, 291, 110324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Liu, J.; Liao, W.; Nie, B.; Zhang, J.; Xu, W. OsUEV1B, an Ubc enzyme variant protein, is required for phosphate homeostasis in rice. Plant J. 2021, 106, 706–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Liu, W.; Tang, X.; Qi, X.; Fu, X.; Ghimire, S.; Ma, R.; Li, S.; Zhang, N.; Si, H. The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme: An important ubiquitin transfer platform in ubiquitin-proteasome system. In Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Zhang, Y.; Wen, P.; Lau, O.-S.; Deng, X.-W. Characterization of the ubiquitin E2 enzyme variant gene family in Arabidopsis. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2007, 49, 120–126. [Google Scholar]
  16. Bachmair, A.; Novatchkova, M.; Potuschak, T.; Eisenhaber, F. Ubiquitylation in plants: A post-genomic look at a post-translational modification. Trends Plant Sci. 2001, 6, 463–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Zang, Y.; Wang, Q.; Xue, C.; Li, M.; Wen, R.; Xiao, W. Rice UBC13, a candidate housekeeping gene, is required for K63-linked polyubiquitination and tolerance to DNA damage. Rice 2012, 5, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Wen, R.; Newton, L.; Li, G.; Wang, H.; Xiao, W. Arabidopsis thaliana UBC13: Implication of error-free DNA damage tolerance and Lys63-linked polyubiquitylation in plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 2006, 61, 241–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Liu, W.; Tang, X.; Zhu, X.; Qi, X.; Zhang, N.; Si, H. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the E2 gene family in potato. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2019, 46, 777–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Guo, H.; Wen, R.; Liu, Z.; Datla, R.; Xiao, W. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two Brachypodium distachyon UBC13 genes whose products promote K63-linked polyubiquitination. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 6, 1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Guo, H.; Wen, R.; Wang, Q.; Datla, R.; Xiao, W. Three Brachypodium distachyon Uev1s promote Ubc13-mediated Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and confer different functions. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Belda-Palazon, B.; Julian, J.; Coego, A.; Wu, Q.; Zhang, X.; Batistic, O.; Alquraishi, S.A.; Kudla, J.; An, C.; Rodriguez, P.L. ABA inhibits myristoylation and induces shuttling of the RGLG1 E3 ligase to promote nuclear degradation of PP2CA. Plant J. 2019, 98, 813–825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Sekiguchi, N.; Sasaki, K.; Oshima, Y.; Mitsuda, N. Ectopic expression of AtNF-YA6-VP16 in petals results in a novel petal phenotype in Torenia fournieri. Planta 2022, 255, 105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Abbas, N.; Maurya, J.P.; Senapati, D.; Gangappa, S.N.; Chattopadhyay, S. Arabidopsis CAM7 and HY5 physically interact and directly bind to the HY5 promoter to regulate its expression and thereby promote photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell 2014, 26, 1036–1052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Shen, C.; Wang, J.; Shi, X.; Kang, Y.; Xie, C.; Peng, L.; Dong, C.; Shen, Q.; Xu, Y. Transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes induced by low and high potassium levels provides insight into fruit sugar metabolism of pear. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Pratelli, R.; Guerra, D.D.; Yu, S.; Wogulis, M.; Kraft, E.; Frommer, W.B.; Callis, J.; Pilot, G. The Ubiquitin E3 ligase LOSS OF GDU2 is required for GLUTAMINE DUMPER1-induced amino acid secretion in Arabidopsis. Plant Phytol. 2012, 158, 1628–1642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Lampl, N.; Alkan, N.; Davydov, O.; Fluhr, R. Set-point control of RD21 protease activity by AtSerpin1 controls cell death in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2013, 74, 498–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Jia, W.; Yao, Z.; Zhao, J.; Guan, Q.; Gao, L. New perspectives of physiological and pathological functions of nucleolin (NCL). Life Sci. 2017, 186, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kim, E.-J.; Lee, S.-H.; Park, C.-H.; Kim, S.-H.; Hsu, C.-C.; Xu, S.; Wang, Z.-Y.; Kim, S.-K.; Kim, T.-W. Plant U-Box40 mediates degradation of the brassinosteroid-responsive transcription factor BZR1 in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell 2019, 31, 791–808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Pan, I.-C.; Schmidt, W. Functional implications of K63-linked ubiquitination in the iron deficiency response of Arabidopsis roots. Front. Plant Sci. 2014, 4, 542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Turek, I.; Tischer, N.; Lassig, R.; Trujillo, M. Multi-tiered pairing selectivity between E2 ubiquitin–conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. J. Biol. Chem. 2018, 293, 16324–16336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Wang, L.; Wen, R.; Wang, J.; Xiang, D.; Wang, Q.; Zang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Huang, S.; Li, X.; Datla, R.; et al. Arabidopsis UBC13 differentially regulates two programmed cell death pathways in responses to pathogen and low-temperature stress. New Phytol. 2019, 221, 919–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Li, W.; Schmidt, W. A lysine-63-linked ubiquitin chain-forming conjugase, UBC13, promotes the developmental responses to iron deficiency in Arabidopsis roots. Front. Plant Sci. 2010, 62, 330–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Feng, H.; Wang, S.; Dong, D.; Zhou, R.; Wang, H. Arabidopsis ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC7, UBC13, and UBC14 are required in plant responses to multiple stress conditions. Plants 2020, 9, 723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Mural, R.V.; Liu, Y.; Rosebrock, T.R.; Brady, J.J.; Hamera, S.; Connor, R.A.; Martin, G.B.; Zeng, L. The tomato Fni3 Lysine-63–specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and Suv ubiquitin E2 variant positively regulate plant immunity. Plant Cell 2013, 25, 3615–3631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Diambra, L.A. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato. Nature 2011, 475, 189–195. [Google Scholar]
  37. Quevillon, E.; Silventoinen, V.; Pillai, S.; Harte, N.; Mulder, N.; Apweiler, R.; Lopez, R. InterProScan: Protein domains identifier. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005, 33 (Suppl. S2), W116–W120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Letunic, I.; Khedkar, S.; Bork, P. SMART: Recent updates, new developments and status in 2020. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, 49, D458–D460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Nicholas, K.B. GeneDoc: Analysis and visualization of genetic variation. Embnew. News 1997, 4, 14. [Google Scholar]
  40. Bailey, T.L.; Boden, M.; Buske, F.A.; Frith, M.; Grant, C.E.; Clementi, L.; Ren, J.; Li, W.W.; Noble, W.S. MEME SUITE: Tools for motif discovery and searching. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, 37 (Suppl. S2), W202–W208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Fields, S.; Song, O.-K. A novel genetic system to detect protein–protein interactions. Nature 1989, 340, 245–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Thomas, H.R.; Frank, M.H.; He, Y.; Xia, R.J.M. TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 1194–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijms 24 02412 g001 550
Figure 1. Characterization analysis of UEVs gene family. (a) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of UEVs gene family. (b) The three-dimensional structure of UEVs conserved domain. (c) Protein sequence alignment of VPS23 subgroups in Arabidopsis and potato. (d) Protein sequence alignment of UEV1s subgroups from Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, and Solanum tuberosum.
Figure 1. Characterization analysis of UEVs gene family. (a) Phylogenetic relationships and classification of UEVs gene family. (b) The three-dimensional structure of UEVs conserved domain. (c) Protein sequence alignment of VPS23 subgroups in Arabidopsis and potato. (d) Protein sequence alignment of UEV1s subgroups from Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, and Solanum tuberosum.
Ijms 24 02412 g001
Ijms 24 02412 g002 550
Figure 2. The cis-acting element, conserved motif, and gene structure analysis of UEVs. (a) The cis-acting element analysis of StUEVs genes in the promoter region. (b) The motif composition analysis of StUEVs. (c) The gene structure analysis of StUEVs.
Figure 2. The cis-acting element, conserved motif, and gene structure analysis of UEVs. (a) The cis-acting element analysis of StUEVs genes in the promoter region. (b) The motif composition analysis of StUEVs. (c) The gene structure analysis of StUEVs.
Ijms 24 02412 g002
Ijms 24 02412 g003 550
Figure 3. The characterization of StUBC13. (a) Phylogenetic relationships of UBC13 from Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum tuberosum. (b) Gene structure analysis of UBC13. (c) Protein sequence alignment of UBC13. * indicates that this residue is conserved.
Figure 3. The characterization of StUBC13. (a) Phylogenetic relationships of UBC13 from Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum tuberosum. (b) Gene structure analysis of UBC13. (c) Protein sequence alignment of UBC13. * indicates that this residue is conserved.
Ijms 24 02412 g003
Ijms 24 02412 g004 550
Figure 4. StUBC13 interacts with multiple proteins. (a) The verification of StUBC13 and multiple protein interactions by one-to-one Y2H. (b) The interaction between StRGLG1, StUEV1B and StUBC13 in BiFC assay. (c) The interaction between StRGLG1, StUEV1B and StUBC13 in SLC assay.
Figure 4. StUBC13 interacts with multiple proteins. (a) The verification of StUBC13 and multiple protein interactions by one-to-one Y2H. (b) The interaction between StRGLG1, StUEV1B and StUBC13 in BiFC assay. (c) The interaction between StRGLG1, StUEV1B and StUBC13 in SLC assay.
Ijms 24 02412 g004
Ijms 24 02412 g005 550
Figure 5. Subcellular localization of StUBC13 and its partners. The red arrows indicate the nucleus, the blue arrows the cell membrane, and the yellow arrows indicate membrane.
Figure 5. Subcellular localization of StUBC13 and its partners. The red arrows indicate the nucleus, the blue arrows the cell membrane, and the yellow arrows indicate membrane.
Ijms 24 02412 g005
Ijms 24 02412 g006 550
Figure 6. The expression patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13. (a) The tissue-specific heatmap of StUEVs and StUBC13 in DM. (b) The tissue-specific heatmap of StUEVs and StUBC13 in RH. (c) The expression patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13 under different treatments in DM. (d) The expression patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13 in “Atlantic” and “Qingshu” during the flowering stage under drought stress.
Figure 6. The expression patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13. (a) The tissue-specific heatmap of StUEVs and StUBC13 in DM. (b) The tissue-specific heatmap of StUEVs and StUBC13 in RH. (c) The expression patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13 under different treatments in DM. (d) The expression patterns of StUEVs and StUBC13 in “Atlantic” and “Qingshu” during the flowering stage under drought stress.
Ijms 24 02412 g006
Ijms 24 02412 g007 550
Figure 7. The qRT-PCR analysis of StUEVs and StUBC13 in different potato tissues. Different small letters indicate statistical differences of tissues when assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05, n = 3).
Figure 7. The qRT-PCR analysis of StUEVs and StUBC13 in different potato tissues. Different small letters indicate statistical differences of tissues when assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05, n = 3).
Ijms 24 02412 g007
Ijms 24 02412 g008 550
Figure 8. The qRT-PCR analysis of StUEVs and StUBC13 under different stress. Different small letters indicate the statistical differences of tissues when assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05, n = 3).
Figure 8. The qRT-PCR analysis of StUEVs and StUBC13 under different stress. Different small letters indicate the statistical differences of tissues when assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05, n = 3).
Ijms 24 02412 g008
Table
Table 1. List of the identified StUEVs genes and related information.
Table 1. List of the identified StUEVs genes and related information.
Gene NameAccession NumberProtein/AA1Chrom2MW (Da)3pI4Instability IndexGRAVY5
StUEV1BSoltu.DM.04G003350161 AAchr4:3,714,877–3,722,74919,476.329.2534.47−0.617
StUEV1D-likeSoltu.DM.01G003250147AAchr1:3,436,712–3,441,06716,560.816.2029.72−0.601
StUEV1D-like1Soltu.DM.10G025250147AAchr10:56,826,223–56,830,99616,648.906.2030.24−0.601
StVPS23/
ELC		Soltu.DM.10G022020400AAchr10:54,196,275–54,199,73144,902.086.0747.44−0.434
StELC-likeSoltu.DM.09G004020407AAchr9:3,420,331–3,426,75945,550.786.1748.10−0.451
StELC-like2Soltu.DM.09G020470350AAchr9:55,278,138–55,279,56540,160.354.9750.05−0.336
StCOP10Soltu.DM.01G001370181AAchr1:1,515,501–1,519,69019,476.329.2534.36−0.222
AA1, amino acid residues; Chrom2, chromosome; MW3, molecular weight; pI4, isoelectric point; GRAVY5, grand average of hydropathicity.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, W.; Tang, X.; Fu, X.; Zhang, H.; Zhu, C.; Zhang, N.; Si, H. Functional Characterization of Potato UBC13-UEV1s Genes Required for Ubiquitin Lys63 Chain to Polyubiquitination. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032412

AMA Style

Liu W, Tang X, Fu X, Zhang H, Zhu C, Zhang N, Si H. Functional Characterization of Potato UBC13-UEV1s Genes Required for Ubiquitin Lys63 Chain to Polyubiquitination. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032412

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Weigang, Xun Tang, Xue Fu, Huanhuan Zhang, Cunlan Zhu, Ning Zhang, and Huaijun Si. 2023. "Functional Characterization of Potato UBC13-UEV1s Genes Required for Ubiquitin Lys63 Chain to Polyubiquitination" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032412

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop