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Communication

Structural Characterization of 4-(4-Nitrophenyl)thiomorpholine, a Precursor in Medicinal Chemistry

1
Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2024, 2024(1), M1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/M1795
Submission received: 14 February 2024 / Revised: 12 March 2024 / Accepted: 14 March 2024 / Published: 20 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Structure Determination)

Abstract

:
4-(4-nitrophenyl)thiomorpholine, the title compound, has been used as a precursor for the corresponding 4-thiomorpholinoaniline, which is a useful building block in medicinal chemistry. The crystal and molecular structures of the title compound, however, have not been described thus far. We synthesized the title compound by means of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 4-fluoronitrobenzene and thiomorpholine and structurally characterized it by X-ray crystallography, DFT calculations, and Hirshfeld surface analysis. In the crystal, the molecule exhibits an approximately CS-symmetric structure, with the nitrogen-bound 4-nitrophenyl group in a quasi axial position on the six-membered thiomorpholine ring in a low-energy chair conformation. The solid-state structure of the title compound is markedly different from that of its morpholine analogue. This can be ascribed to the formation of centrosymmetric dimers through intermolecular C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds involving the methylene groups adjacent to the sulfur atom and face-to-face aromatic stacking.

1. Introduction

The title compound 4-(4-nitrophenyl)thiomorpholine (1) has been widely used as a precursor in medicinal chemistry, for example, in the fields of antidiabetic [1] and antimigraine drugs [2], kinase inhibitors [3,4,5], reverse transcriptase inhibitors [6], and antibiotic [7], antifungal [8,9,10], and antimycobacterial agents [11]. After the reduction of the nitro group in 1, the resulting 4-thiomorpholinoaniline can be used as a building block in amide-coupling reactions. In drug development, the thiomorpholine group serves as a replacement of the morpholine group, with the sulfur atom increasing the lipophilicity and representing a metabolically soft spot due to easy oxidation. The latter property has also been used to prepare the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones [6]. Compound 1 has attracted our interest as a precursor in the course of our studies on antimycobacterial squaramides [12]. To the best of our knowledge and based on a search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) [13] via WebCSD in February of 2024, a crystal structure of 1 has not been published thus far. In this contribution, we report the structural characterization of 1 by X-ray crystallography, augmented by Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT calculations on the free molecule.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

We readily obtained compound 1 in a good yield in a nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4-fluoronitrobenzene and thiomorpholine by heating them in acetonitrile in the presence of a base (Scheme 1). The product was identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy (Figures S1 and S2). Similar methods for the synthesis of 1 from 4-fluoronitrobenzene and thiomorpholine using different solvents and conditions have been disclosed in the patent literature [2,6]. The reaction also proved to be suitable for combinatorial synthesis of 1 and its derivatives [14]. In analogy, compound 1 could also be synthesized by the heating of 4-chloronitrobenzene and thiomorpholine in 1-butanol [8,9,10,15]. More recently, the preparation of 1 by a transition metal-free N-arylation of thiomorpholine with (4-nitrophenyl)(phenyl)iodonium triflate has been demonstrated [16].

2.2. Solid-State Structure

Plate-shaped dark-yellow crystals of 1 were obtained from a solution in chloroform-d. The melting point of 142 °C agrees with that reported for 1 from ethanol in the literature (140–142 °C) [15]. Figure 1 shows the molecular structure of 1 in the crystal, as determined by X-ray crystallography. Table 1 lists selected geometric parameters. As expected, the thiomorpholine ring adopts a low-energy chair conformation. The C2–S1–C6 bond angle is smaller by ca. 10° than the regular tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. The 4-nitrophenyl group attached to N4 resides in a quasi axial position of the saturated six-membered ring. The molecular structure exhibits virtual CS point group symmetry with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.06 Å. Interestingly, the morpholino analogue of 1 likewise shows a nearly CS-symmetric structure in the crystal but with the 4-nitrophenyl group occupying a quasi equatorial position on the morpholine ring [17,18,19]. The structure overlay plot shown in Figure 1b illustrates the difference. The crystal structure of 1 features centrosymmetric dimers of the molecules through C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds [20] between the methylene groups adjacent to the sulfur and the two nitro oxygen atoms of the symmetry-related molecule (Table 2), resulting in an R 2 2 ( 8 ) motif [21], as well as face-to-face aromatic stacking (Figure 1c). The mean planes of the benzene rings are separated by 3.29 Å and the corresponding ring centroids by 4.26 Å. In the crystal, the dimers form close-packed layers with six-point coordination (Figure 2). The crystal packing is dense, as revealed by a calculated packing index of 74.4% [22].
To gain insight into the preferred conformation of the free molecule of 1, we performed DFT calculations. Figure 1d shows the optimized molecular structure superimposed with the molecular structure in the crystal, and Table 1 compares selected geometric parameters. The 4-nitrophenyl group occupies a quasi equatorial position in the DFT-calculated structure rather than its quasi axial position in the crystal. Moreover, it is tilted with respect to the thiomorpholine ring, breaking the approximate molecular CS symmetry encountered in the crystal (see the C–C–N–C torsion angles listed in Table 1). This suggests that the intermolecular interactions in the solid state have a bearing on the molecular conformation of 1.
To evaluate the crystal packing environment of the molecules in the crystal structure of 1 as a whole, we generated and visualized the Hirshfeld surface, mapped with the normalized contact distance (dnorm), as shown in Figure 3a [23]. The two C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds discussed in the previous paragraph show up as red areas (indicating contacts shorter than the van der Waals distance). An additional lateral red area on the Hirshfeld surface reveals a still shorter intermolecular C–H···O contact between the C8–H8 moiety of the phenyl ring and a nitro group oxygen atom (Table 2). The associated Hirshfeld surface fingerprint plot of the contact distance between the closest atom outside the surface (de) versus that of the nearest atom inside the surface (di), as depicted in Figure 3b, shows that, aside from the O···H contacts discussed above, S···H, C···H, and H···H contacts dominate the crystal structure. A feature characteristic of the C···C contacts from π···π stacking is not pronounced in the fingerprint plot. Contacts indicative of chalcogen bonding are not encountered.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

All chemicals were of reagent-grade quality and used as received. Solvents were distilled before use. The NMR spectra were recorded on an Agilent Technologies 400 MHz VNMRS spectrometer and evaluated using MestReNova (Mestrelab Research S.L., Santiago de Compostela, Spain). Chemical shifts are reported relative to the residual solvent peak of chloroform-dH = 7.24 ppm; δC = 77.05 ppm) as the internal standard. The HRMS analysis was performed on a Thermo ScientificTM Q ExactiveTM GC OrbitrapTM GC-MS/MS instrument. The sample was dissolved in methanol. The melting point was determined on a Reichert Thermovar® hot stage and is reported uncorrected.

3.2. Synthesis

Thiomorpholine (1 mL, 10 mmol) and triethylamine (7 mL, 50 mmol) were placed in a 50 mL flask equipped with a reflux condenser, and 4-fluoronitrobenzene (10 mmol) dissolved in 15 mL of acetonitrile was added. The reaction mixture was stirred and heated to 85 °C for 12 h. After cooling to room temperature, 50 mL of deionized water were added, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 60 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield 2.14 g (9.5 mmol, 95%) of 1. 1H NMR (402 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 8.08 (m, 2H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 3.82 (m, 4H), 2.68 (m, 4H) ppm. 13C NMR (101 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 153.5, 138.1, 126.2, 112.8, 50.3, 25.8 ppm. HRMS (EI+): m/z 224.061650, calculated for [C10H12N2O2S]+ 224.061400.

3.3. X-ray Crystallography

Crystals of 1 suitable for a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis grew from a solution in chloroform-d in a standard NMR tube when the solvent evaporated slowly at ambient conditions. The crystals were coated with perfluoropolyether PFO-XR75 and mounted using a MiTeGen cryo-loop. The X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Bruker AXS D8 Venture diffractometer, equipped with an Incoatec IµS Diamond microfocus X-ray source, Incoatec multilayer optics, and a CMOS Photon III detector. The APEX4 software was used to operate the diffractometer and evaluate the diffraction data [24]. The data were processed with the SAINT software [25] and corrected for absorption effects with SADABS-2016/2 [26], using the Gaussian method based on indexed crystal faces.
The crystal structure was solved with SHELXT [27], and an initial independent atom model (IAM) refinement was carried out with SHELXL-2019/3 [28]. The structure was subsequently refined using NoSpherA2 [29,30] in Olex2 [31,32], with the Hirshfeld partioning of the electron density calculated using ORCA 5.0 [33] (B3LYP [34,35]/de2-TZVPP [36]). Anisotropic atomic displacement parameters were introduced for non-hydrogen atoms. The structure pictures were generated with Mercury [37]. The packing index was calculated with Platon [38]. The Hirshfeld surface analysis was conducted with CrystalExplorer [39].
Crystal data and refinement details for 1: C10H12N2O2S, Mr = 224.285, T = 100(2) K, λ = 0.71073 Å, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 13.3525(5), b = 10.3755(4), c = 7.4464(3) Å, β = 96.325(2)°, V = 1025.34(7) Å3, Z = 4, ρcalc = 1.453 g cm−3, μcalc = 0.296 mm−1, F(000) = 472.78, crystal size = 0.153 × 0.055 × 0.031 mm, θ range = 2.49–30.53°, 114,201 reflections collected, 3136 reflections unique, Rint = 0.0839, observed reflections [I > 2σ(I)] 2478, 0 restraints, 184 parameters, R1 [I > 2σ(I)] = 0.0324, wR2 (all data) = 0.0811, Δρmax = 0.3886 eÅ−3, and Δρmin = −0.4092 eÅ−3.

3.4. Computational Methods

DFT calculations were performed using ORCA 5.0 [33] with a B3LYP/G (VWN5) hybrid functional (20% HF exchange) [34,36,40], using a def2-TZVPP basis set [36] with an auxiliary def2/J basis [41]. The optimization of the structure used the BFGS method from an initial Hessian according to Almlöf’s model, with a very tight self-consistent field convergence threshold [42]. The calculations were made on the free molecule of 1. The optimized local minimum-energy structure exhibited only positive modes. The Cartesian coordinates of the DFT-optimized structure of 1 can be found in the Supplementary Materials. The structure pictures were generated with Mercury [37].

4. Conclusions

We have determined the crystal and molecular structure of 1 by X-ray crystallography. In contrast to the previously known structure, the morpholino analogue, the approximately CS-symmetric molecules of 1 exhibit a bent conformation in the crystal and pack centrosymmetrically as dimers through C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds between the methylene groups attached to the sulfur and the oxygen atoms of a nitro group in an adjacent molecule. The DFT calculations of the energy-minimized structure of the isolated molecule indicate that intermolecular interactions and packing effects affect the conformation of 1 in the solid state. The capacity of the 4-phenylthiomorpholine group to participate in weak interactions such as C–H···O hydrogen bonds revealed in the crystal structure of 1 may have implications for target binding.

Supplementary Materials

1H and 13C NMR spectra, GC-MS analysis, Cartesian coordinates of the DFT-calculated molecular structure of 1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.G. and R.W.S.; methodology, P.R.P., R.G. and R.W.S.; validation, R.G. and R.W.S.; formal analysis, R.G. and R.W.S.; investigation, P.R.P. and R.G.; resources, R.G. and P.I.; data curation, P.R.P., R.G. and R.W.S.; writing—original draft preparation, R.W.S.; writing—review and editing, P.R.P., R.G. and P.I.; visualization, R.G. and R.W.S.; supervision, P.I.; project administration, R.W.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

CCDC 2332751 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. The data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures. The Cartesian coordinates for the DFT-calculated structure of 1 can be found in the Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Christian W. Lehmann for providing access to the X-ray diffraction facility, Heike Schucht for technical assistance with the X-ray intensity data collection, and Frank Kohler for the mass spectrometric analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the following: the design of the study; the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to publish the results.

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Scheme 1. Synthesis of 1 from 4-fluoronitrobenzene and thiomorpholine (TEA: triethylamine).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 1 from 4-fluoronitrobenzene and thiomorpholine (TEA: triethylamine).
Molbank 2024 m1795 sch001
Figure 1. (a) Displacement ellipsoid plot (50% probability level) of 1. Hydrogen atoms are shown by small spheres of arbitrary radii. (b) Structure overlay plot of 1 (yellow) and its morpholine analogue (red, CSD ref. code: YAYCIM01 [17]). (c) Centrosymmetric dimer of 1 in the crystal. Dashed lines represent C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds. (d) Structure overlay plot of 1 in the crystal (yellow) and the DFT-optimized structure (green). The structures in (b,d) are each overlaid at the respective methylene carbon atoms of the saturated rings. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity in (b,d).
Figure 1. (a) Displacement ellipsoid plot (50% probability level) of 1. Hydrogen atoms are shown by small spheres of arbitrary radii. (b) Structure overlay plot of 1 (yellow) and its morpholine analogue (red, CSD ref. code: YAYCIM01 [17]). (c) Centrosymmetric dimer of 1 in the crystal. Dashed lines represent C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds. (d) Structure overlay plot of 1 in the crystal (yellow) and the DFT-optimized structure (green). The structures in (b,d) are each overlaid at the respective methylene carbon atoms of the saturated rings. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity in (b,d).
Molbank 2024 m1795 g001
Figure 2. Crystal structure of 1, viewed (a) along the crystallographic c-axis direction, showing the sheet structure of the close-packed dimers, and (b) along the [101] direction, illustrating the close packing of the dimers within the sheets. Color scheme: C, grey; N, blue; O, red; and S, yellow. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Figure 2. Crystal structure of 1, viewed (a) along the crystallographic c-axis direction, showing the sheet structure of the close-packed dimers, and (b) along the [101] direction, illustrating the close packing of the dimers within the sheets. Color scheme: C, grey; N, blue; O, red; and S, yellow. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Molbank 2024 m1795 g002
Figure 3. (a) Hirshfeld surface plot for 1 mapped with dnorm (red areas indicate short contacts). Dashes lines represent C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds. Color scheme for the atoms: C, grey; H, white; N, blue; O, red; and S, yellow. (b) Hirshfeld surface fingerprint plot de versus di for 1.
Figure 3. (a) Hirshfeld surface plot for 1 mapped with dnorm (red areas indicate short contacts). Dashes lines represent C–H···O weak hydrogen bonds. Color scheme for the atoms: C, grey; H, white; N, blue; O, red; and S, yellow. (b) Hirshfeld surface fingerprint plot de versus di for 1.
Molbank 2024 m1795 g003
Table 1. Selected bond lengths, angles, and torsion angles for 1 (Å, °).
Table 1. Selected bond lengths, angles, and torsion angles for 1 (Å, °).
X-rayDFT
C2–C31.5249(18)1.527
C2–S11.8193(13)1.818
C3–N41.4681(16)1.459
C5–C61.5271(18)1.523
C5–N41.4632(16)1.466
C6–S11.8178(15)1.819
C7–N41.3804(15)1.390
S1–C2–C3111.06(9)113.53
N4–C3–C2111.58(10)111.93
N4–C5–C6111.24(11)112.93
S1–C6–C5111.60(9)111.96
C5–N4–C3111.49(10)114.28
C6–S1–C299.56(6)96.49
C3–N4–C7–C814.86(12)10.93
C5–N4–C7–C12–21.08(13)41.71
Table 2. Selected hydrogen bond parameters for 1 (Å, °) 1.
Table 2. Selected hydrogen bond parameters for 1 (Å, °) 1.
D–H···Ad(D–H)d(H–A)d(D···A)<(DHA)
C2–H2B···O1a1.100(16)2.313(16)3.4086(15)173.4(12)
C6–H6A···O2a1.072(18)2.498(18)3.5126(16)157.5(14)
C8–H8···O1b1.075(15) 2.249(15)3.3023(15)165.9(12)
1 Symmetry codes: (a) −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1; and (b) −x + 1, y − 1/2, −z + 1/2.
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Palme, P.R.; Goddard, R.; Imming, P.; Seidel, R.W. Structural Characterization of 4-(4-Nitrophenyl)thiomorpholine, a Precursor in Medicinal Chemistry. Molbank 2024, 2024, M1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1795

AMA Style

Palme PR, Goddard R, Imming P, Seidel RW. Structural Characterization of 4-(4-Nitrophenyl)thiomorpholine, a Precursor in Medicinal Chemistry. Molbank. 2024; 2024(1):M1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1795

Chicago/Turabian Style

Palme, Paul R., Richard Goddard, Peter Imming, and Rüdiger W. Seidel. 2024. "Structural Characterization of 4-(4-Nitrophenyl)thiomorpholine, a Precursor in Medicinal Chemistry" Molbank 2024, no. 1: M1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/M1795

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