Roles of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channels in Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure and Gating of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channels
2.1. Structural Determinant of MscL and MscS Gating
2.2. Importance of Membrane Lipids for the Gating Mechanism
3. Role of Mechanosensitive Channels during Infection
3.1. Transition between Host and Environment
3.2. The Urinary Tract as an Osmotically Challenging Environment in the Human Body
4. Impact on Antibiotic Susceptibility
4.1. Mechanosensitive Channels as Antibiotic Entry Point
4.2. Mechanosensitive-Channel Activation as Antibiotic-Stress Response
4.3. Osmolarity and Host-Defense Peptides
5. Mechanosensitive Channels as Novel Antimicrobial-Drug Targets
5.1. Compounds Directly Targeting Mechanosensitive Channels
5.2. Compounds Indirectly Modulating Channel Gating
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds Entering Cells through Mechanosensitive Channels | Compounds Triggering Amino-Acid Release from Mechanosensitive Channels |
---|---|
dihydrostreptomycin [19,20] | MP196 [11] |
spectinomycin [19] | gramicidin A [11] |
viomycin [19] | gramicidin S [11] |
nifuroxazide [19] | nisin [11] |
curcumin [63] | aurein 2.2 [11,21] |
tetracycline [64,65] | aurein 2.3 [21] |
* sublancin 168 [18] | aurein 2.2Δ3 [21] |
* penicillin [28,66,67,68,69,70] | |
* ampicillin [28,66,67,68,69,70] |
Compound | Target | Mechanism | Structural Class | Activity Shown against |
---|---|---|---|---|
compounds directly targeting mechanosensitive channels | ||||
ramizol [83,84,85,86,87,88] | MscL MscS | reduces gating threshold | styrylbenzene | S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile |
011A [64,65,89] | MscL | stabilizes open state, increases permeability for antibiotics | small organic molecule | E. coli, S. aureus, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis |
K05 [64,65,89] | MscL | stabilizes open state, increases permeability for antibiotics | small organic molecule | E. coli, S. aureus, M. smegmatis |
compound 262 [90] | MscL | stabilizes open state, increases permeability for antibiotics | small organic molecule | E. coli, M. tuberculosis |
compounds indirectly targeting mechanosensitive channels | ||||
parabens [91,92] | MscL MscS | modulates gating | 4-hydroxylbenzoic acid ester | E. coli |
piscidins (P1 and P3) [93,94] | MscL MscS | sensitizes channel gating | alpha-helical peptide | E. coli |
GsMTx4 [95,96,97] | MscL MscS | promotes or inhibits channel gating; concentration-dependent | globular peptide | E. coli |
gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) [98,99] | MscL MscS | inhibits channel gating | inorganic salt | E. coli, B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis |
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Sidarta, M.; Baruah, L.; Wenzel, M. Roles of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channels in Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15070770
Sidarta M, Baruah L, Wenzel M. Roles of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channels in Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility. Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(7):770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15070770
Chicago/Turabian StyleSidarta, Margareth, Luna Baruah, and Michaela Wenzel. 2022. "Roles of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channels in Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility" Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 7: 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15070770