The Response of the Amputee Athlete Heart to Chronic Core Exercise: A Study on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters, and N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design of Study
2.3. Core Training Program
2.4. Data Collection
2.4.1. Blood Tests
2.4.2. BMI Measurements of Participants
2.4.3. Rockport 1 Mile Walking Test
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | CEG (n = 6) x ± SD | CG (n = 5) x ± SD | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 23.8 ± 4.2 | 28.3 ± 6.6 | 0.196 |
Height (cm) | 174.4 ± 11.5 | 175.1 ± 9.6 | 0.907 |
Weight (kg) | 60.6 ± 5.7 | 72.8 ± 16 | 0.161 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.2 ± 3.9 | 23.5 ± 4.1 | 0.211 |
Weeks | 1. Day | 2. Day | 3. Day |
---|---|---|---|
1. Week | Bicycle Crunch (10 × 3 sets) Reverse Crunch (10 × 3 sets) Bird Dog (10 × 3 sets) Reverse Pendulum (10 × 3 sets) | Prone Plank (3 × 15 s) Stability Ball Plank (3 × 15 s) Right Side Bridge (3 × 15 s) Left Side Bridge (3 × 15 s) Back Plank (3 × 15 s) | Russian Twist (10 × 3 sets) Flutter Kick (10 × 3 sets) Side Double-Leg Lift (10 × 3 sets) Swimmer (10 × 3 sets) |
2. Week | Superman (15 × 3 sets) Leg Lower (15 × 3 sets) Side to Side Twist (15 × 3 sets) Dumbbell Side Bend (15 × 3 sets) | Ball Rotating Crunch (3 × 20 s) Ball Supine Bridge (3 × 20 s) Ball Hyperextension (3 × 20 s) Ball Crunch (3 × 20 s) | Sit-Up (15 × 3 sets) Right Side Lateral Raise (15 × 3 sets) Left Side Lateral Raise (15 × 3 sets) Press-up (15 × 3 sets) |
3. Week | Open-Book Rib Cage (15 × 3 sets) Hanging Knee Raise (15 × 3 sets) Three Way Hanging Knee Raise (15 × 3 sets) Static Back Extension (15 × 3 sets) | Superman With Medicine Ball (3 × 20 s) Diagonal Medicine Ball Chop (15 × 3 sets) Medicine Ball Pullover Pass (15 × 3 sets) Medicine Ball Overhead Throw (15 × 3 sets) | Plate V-Up (15 × 3 sets) Jackknife (15 × 3 sets) Sit-Up (15 × 3 sets) Back Extension (15 × 3 sets) |
4. Week | Assisted Squat (10 × 3 sets) Side to Side Twist (20 × 3 sets) Push-Up (10 × 3 sets) Slide-Board Thrust (15 × 3 sets) | Waiting Back Extension (3 × 30 s) Waiting Toe Tabs (3 × 30 s) Waiting Leg Lower (3 × 30 s) Waiting Leg Lower with Seated Rotation (3 × 30 s) | Vertical Leg Crunch (20 × 3 sets) Vertical Leg Rotation (20 × 3 sets) Dumbbell Side Bend (20 × 3 sets) Glute Ham Raise (20 × 3 sets) |
5. Week | Bicycle Crunch (20 × 3 sets) Reverse Crunch (20 × 3 sets) Bird Dog (20 × 3 sets) Reverse Pendulum (20 × 3 sets) | Prone Plank (3 × 30 s) Stability Ball Plank (3 × 30 s) Right Side Bridge (3 × 30 s) Left Side Bridge (3 × 30 s) Back Plank (3 × 30 s) | Russian Twist (20 × 3 sets) Flutter Kick (20 × 3 sets) Side Double-Leg Lift (20 × 3 sets) Swimmer (20 × 3 sets) |
6. Week | Superman (20 × 3 sets) Leg Lower (20 × 3 sets) Side to Side Twist (20 × 3 sets) Dumbbell Side Bend (20 × 3 sets) | Ball Rotating Crunch (3 × 30 s) Ball Supine Bridge (3 × 30 s) Ball Hyperextension (3 × 30 s) Ball Crunch (3 × 30 s) Ball Plank (3 × 30 s) | Sit-Up (20 × 3 sets) Right Side Lateral Raise (20 × 3 sets) Left Side Lateral Raise (20 × 3 sets) Press-up (20 × 3 sets) |
7. Week | Open-Book Rib Cage (20 × 3 sets) Hanging Knee Raise (20 × 3 sets) Three Way Hanging Knee Raise (20 × 3 sets) Static Back Extension (20 × 3 sets) | Superman With Medicine Ball (3 × 30 s) Diagonal Medicine Ball Chop (20 × 3 sets) Medicine Ball Pullover Pass (20 × 3 sets) Medicine Ball Overhead Throw (20 × 3 sets) | Plate V-Up (20 × 3 sets) Jackknife (20 × 3 sets) Sit-Up (20 × 3 sets) Back Extension (20 × 3 sets) |
8. Week | Assisted Squat (15 × 3 sets) Side to Side Twist (25 × 3 sets) Push-Up (15 × 3 sets) Slide-Board Thrust (20 × 3 sets) | Waiting Back Extension (3 × 40 s) Waiting Toe Tabs (3 × 40 s) Waiting Leg Lower (3 × 40 s) Waiting Leg Lower with Seated Rotation (3 × 40 s) | Vertical Leg Crunch (25 × 3 sets) Vertical Leg Rotation (25 × 3 sets) Dumbbell Side Bend (25 × 3 sets) Glute Ham Raise (25 × 3 sets) |
Parameters | Group | Pre-Core Exercise | Post-Core Exercise | Z | p | Time Interaction ηp2/F/p | Group × Time Interaction ηp2/F/p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WBC (×107 L) | CEG CG | 7.6 ± 2.0 8.9 ± 2.7 | 7.7 ± 1.5 7.7 ± 1.3 | −0.314 −1.214 | 0.753 0.225 | 0.04 0.437 0.525 | 0.05 0.474 0.509 |
RBC (×1010 dL) | CEG CG | 5.4 ± 0.3 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.4 5.4 ± 0.3 | −2.201 −2.023 | 0.028 0.043 | 0.78 33.714 <0.001 | 0.02 0.193 0.671 |
HGB (g/dL) | CEG CG | 15.8 ± 0.6 15.4 ± 0.9 | 15.9 ± 0.8 15.6 ± 1.1 | −0.944 −0.405 | 0.345 0.686 | 0.14 1.479 0.255 | 0.00 0.048 0.831 |
HCT (%) | CEG CG | 45.4 ± 1.8 43.5 ± 1.4 | 47.8 ± 2.1 46.6 ± 2.4 | −2.201 −2.032 | 0.028 0.042 | 0.80 36.569 <0.001 | 0.07 0.725 0.417 |
MCV (FL) | CEG CG | 84.3 ± 3.7 78.5 ± 14.1 | 84.4 ± 4.5 85.0 ± 0.7 | −0.949 −2.023 | 0.343 0.043 | 0.07 0.748 0.410 | 0.04 0.452 0.518 |
MCHC (g/dL) | CEG CG | 34.7 ± 0.5 35.4 ± 0.9 | 33.4 ± 0.7 33.5 ± 0.8 | −2.207 −2.023 | 0.027 0.043 | 0.94 166.594 <0.001 | 0.34 4.822 0.056 |
MCH (pg) | CEG CG | 29.3 ± 1.52 30.0 ± 1.0 | 28.2 ± 1.7 28.6 ± 0.8 | −2.226 −2.023 | 0.026 0.043 | 0.88 68.571 <0.001 | 0.05 0.567 0.471 |
PLT (×107 dL) | CEG CG | 210.3 ± 61.8 239.2 ± 70.1 | 223.5 ± 69.5 233.2 ± 65.3 | −0.943 −0.944 | 0.345 0.345 | 0.02 0.223 0.648 | 0.15 1.596 0.238 |
RDW-SD (FL) | CEG CG | 40.1 ± 2.8 38.5 ± 2.2 | 40.0 ± 3.0 39.5 ± 2.0 | −0.943 −2.023 | 0.345 0.043 | 0.02 1.188 0.644 | 0.04 1.552 0.599 |
RDW-CV (%) | CEG CG | 13.3 ± 0.7 12.8 ± 0.8 | 13.1 ± 0.7 12.9 ± 0.7 | −0.946 −0.962 | 0.344 0.336 | 0.00 0.009 0.854 | 0.06 0.140 0.468 |
PLCR (%) | CEG CG | 24.6 ± 6.2 24.6 ± 6.2 | 23.1 ± 7.4 21.9 ± 3.8 | −1.363 −2.023 | 0.173 0.043 | 0.45 7.628 0.022 | 0.02 0.239 0.637 |
MPV (μm3) | CEG CG | 9.9 ± 0.9 9.8 ± 0.6 | 9.7 ± 1.2 9.4 ± 0.6 | −0.944 −2.032 | 0.345 0.042 | 0.39 5.829 0.039 | 0.03 0.360 0.563 |
PDW (μm3) | CEG CG | 12.2 ± 2.0 12.0 ± 1.0 | 11.5 ± 2.0 11.3 ± 0.7 | −1.472 −2.023 | 0.141 0.043 | 0.52 9.983 0.012 | 0.00 0.027 0.873 |
PCT (%) | CEG CG | 0.2 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 | −0.863 −0.962 | 0.388 0.336 | 0.00 0.057 0.816 | 0.16 1.761 0.217 |
Parameters | Group | Pre-Core Exercise | Post-Core Exercise | Z | p | Time Interaction ηp2/F/p | Group × Time Interaction ηp2/F/p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TG (mg/dL) | CEG CG | 109.7 ± 56.4 184.1 ± 72.3 | 161.5 ± 84.4 108.3 ± 45.8 | −1.992 −2.023 | 0.046 0.043 | 0.06 0.574 0.468 | 0.64 16.212 0.003 |
HDL (mg/dL) | CEG CG | 49.4 ± 17.8 46.3 ± 10.0 | 51.6 ± 22.9 50.9 ± 11.1 | −0.736 −2.023 | 0.462 0.043 | 0.41 6.383 0.032 | 0.08 0.817 0.390 |
LDL (mg/dL) | CEG CG | 67.1 ± 19.1 60.0 ± 26.3 | 72.0 ± 23.6 78.8 ± 15.0 | −1.153 −2.023 | 0.249 0.043 | 0.57 12.289 0.007 | 0.32 4.292 0.068 |
CK (IU/L) | CEG CG | 361.5 ± 161.5 232.0 ± 151.2 | 368.6 ± 229.6 168.8 ± 56.7 | −0.105 −0.674 | 0.917 0.500 | 0.01 0.105 0.753 | 0.01 0.166 0.693 |
CK-MB (IU/L) | CEG CG | 16.9 ± 9.2 13.9 ± 3.6 | 13.5 ± 6.0 11.5 ± 3.9 | −1.153 −1.214 | 0.249 0.225 | 0.33 4.518 0.062 | 0.01 0.160 0.752 |
LDH (IU/L) | CEG CG | 170.3 ± 26.5 165.0 ± 5.5 | 177.0 ± 15.9 170.8 ± 22.1 | −1.153 −0.405 | 0.249 0.686 | 0.12 1.228 0.297 | 0.00 0.006 0.940 |
MaxVO2 | CEG CG | 14.7 ± 4.8 14.7 ± 7.3 | 21.1 ± 8.1 19.8 ± 6.7 | −2.201 −2.023 | 0.028 0.043 | 0.70 21.413 0.001 | 0.02 0.253 0.627 |
NT-pro-BNP (ng/L) | CEG CG | 537.0 ± 208.3 749.5 ± 483.3 | 549.4 ± 199.3 733.3 ± 459.0 | −0.734 −0.135 | 0.463 0.893 | 0.00 0.004 0.951 | 0.02 0.230 0.643 |
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Kurtoğlu, A.; Konar, N.; Akçınar, F.; Alotaibi, M.H.; Elkholi, S.M. The Response of the Amputee Athlete Heart to Chronic Core Exercise: A Study on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters, and N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Medicina 2024, 60, 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050784
Kurtoğlu A, Konar N, Akçınar F, Alotaibi MH, Elkholi SM. The Response of the Amputee Athlete Heart to Chronic Core Exercise: A Study on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters, and N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Medicina. 2024; 60(5):784. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050784
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurtoğlu, Ahmet, Nurettin Konar, Faruk Akçınar, Madawi H. Alotaibi, and Safaa M. Elkholi. 2024. "The Response of the Amputee Athlete Heart to Chronic Core Exercise: A Study on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters, and N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide" Medicina 60, no. 5: 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050784