The Mental Health Outcomes of Drought: A Systematic Review and Causal Process Diagram
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Climate Change and Drought
1.2. Drought Health Effects
1.3. Characterization of Exposure
1.4. Characterization of Health Outcomes
1.5. Sub-Acute Disasters and Mental Health
1.6. Objectives
- Systematically review the existing literature concerning drought and mental health outcomes.
- Use systematic review results to develop a causal process diagram depicting the pathways linking drought and mental health outcomes.
- Examine risk and protective factors associated with drought exposure and mental health outcomes, including the coping mechanisms used by populations experiencing drought.
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Causal Process Diagrams
Characteristic | No. of Eligible Studies | Percent of Total | Percent of Subcategory | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Study Type | Original research | 53 | 65% | - |
Quantitative methods | 24 | - | 45% | |
Qualitative methods | 21 | - | 40% | |
Mixed methods | 8 | - | 15% | |
Historic case studies | 8 | 10% | - | |
Program/Policy analyses | 5 | 6% | - | |
Review articles | 16 | 20% | - | |
Study Location | United States | 7 | 9% | - |
Other developed countries | 58 | 71% | - | |
Australia | 52 | - | 90% | |
Canada | 6 | - | 10% | |
New Zealand | 1 | - | 2% | |
United Kingdom | 1 | - | 2% | |
Developing countries | 10 | 12% | - | |
Bolivia | 2 | - | 20% | |
Botswana | 1 | - | 10 % | |
Brazil | 1 | - | 10% | |
Ethiopia | 1 | - | 10% | |
India | 4 | - | 40% | |
Iran | 1 | - | 10% | |
Not location specific | 7 | 9% | - | |
Publication Date | Articles published 2005 or later | 72 | 90% | - |
Articles published 1996–2004 | 6 | 7% | - | |
Articles published 1995 or earlier | 4 | 5% | - |
3.3. Vulnerabilities, Protective Factors, and Coping Strategies
Vulnerable Characteristics | Protective Factors | Coping Mechanisms |
---|---|---|
Rural or remote population (32) Farming or agriculture dependent population (22) Indigenous population (6) Perceived stigma associated with mental health issues (12) Lack of knowledge surrounding mental health issues and availability of services (11) Previous mental health issues or other adverse life events (5) Exposure to an extended period, more intense or severe drought (5) | Social support, social capital and sense of community belonging (15) Shared knowledge and community preparedness regarding availability and access to services (6) Mental health literacy (2) Government assistance and initiatives in place (6) | Employing practical solutions and active methods, including planning for the future (7) Psychological methods, including positive thinking, acceptance and reframing of the problem (4) Utilizing social support and talking about the problem (3) Distracting oneself from the problem; taking a break (2) Turning to religion (3) Alcohol and substance use (8) Denial and avoidance of the problem (3) |
4. Discussion
4.1. Application of the Causal Process Diagram
4.1.1. Prevention Planning
Broad Category | Component of Diagram/Table | Data | Available from |
---|---|---|---|
Distal Exposure | Drought | Palmer drought severity and crop moisture indices for the US | National Weather Service/NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction |
Drought | GIS and tabular data for drought severity the United States | United States Drought Monitor | |
Secondary and Intermediate Exposures | Declined crop production, crop failure and livestock loss | Various datasets pertaining to crop production, food prices, and farm economies | United States Department of Agriculture |
Declined crop production, crop failure and livestock loss | Agricultural data searchable by commodity, location or time period | United States Department of Agriculture | |
Migration | Changing population counts in rural and urban areas | United States Census | |
Employment and financial constraints/depressed economy | Unemployment and labor force statistics | Bureau of Labor Statistics | |
Employment and financial constraints/depressed economy | Poverty data | United States Census | |
Children do not attend school | School enrollment data | United States Census | |
Protective Factors and Coping Strategies | Social support | Data on available mental health treatment and levels of emotional support available | Health Indicators Warehouse—Department of Health and Human Services |
Alcohol and Substance Use | Data on alcohol and illicit drug usage | Health Indicators Warehouse - Department of Health and Human Services | |
Outcomes | Mental Health | Data on anxiety, depression, conduct and panic disorders | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
Mental Health | Data on mental health disorders, suicide attempts and deaths | Health Indicators Warehouse—Department of Health and Human Services | |
Mental Health | Data on depressive disease, anxiety, suicide, domestic violence | Emergency department records | |
Mental Health | Suicide as cause of death data | National Violent Death Reporting System—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
4.1.2. Public Health Programming
4.1.3. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
4.1.4. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Vins, H.; Bell, J.; Saha, S.; Hess, J.J. The Mental Health Outcomes of Drought: A Systematic Review and Causal Process Diagram. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 13251-13275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013251
Vins H, Bell J, Saha S, Hess JJ. The Mental Health Outcomes of Drought: A Systematic Review and Causal Process Diagram. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(10):13251-13275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013251
Chicago/Turabian StyleVins, Holly, Jesse Bell, Shubhayu Saha, and Jeremy J. Hess. 2015. "The Mental Health Outcomes of Drought: A Systematic Review and Causal Process Diagram" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 10: 13251-13275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013251