Disparities in Children’s Blood Lead and Mercury Levels According to Community and Individual Socioeconomic Positions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Socioeconomic Position Indicators
2.3. Blood Lead and Mercury Measurements
2.4. Confounders and Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Variable | Male | Female | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Children | GM * (ug/dL) | Range | Percentiles | Number of Children | GM * (ug/dL) | Range | Percentiles | ||||||||||
(ug/dL) | 5th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 95th | (ug/dL) | 5th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 95th | ||||||
Total | 1136 | 1.73 † | 0.02–9.26 | 0.72 | 1.33 | 1.85 | 2.48 | 3.55 | 1145 | 1.56 | 0.02–6.83 | 0.62 | 1.22 | 1.65 | 2.25 | 3.31 | |
Enrolled year | 2005 | 447 | 1.83 ‡ | 0.29–7.67 | 0.71 | 1.37 | 1.97 | 2.58 | 3.56 | 423 | 1.78 † | 0.10–6.83 | 0.71 | 1.38 | 1.92 | 2.48 | 3.55 |
2006 | 689 | 1.68 | 0.02–9.26 | 0.74 | 1.31 | 1.75 | 2.39 | 3.51 | 722 | 1.45 | 0.02–6.51 | 0.57 | 1.15 | 1.54 | 2.07 | 3.07 | |
Age at enrollment (years) | 6 | 213 | 1.79 ‡ | 0.04–7.67 | 0.77 | 1.33 | 1.96 | 2.46 | 3.51 | 238 | 1.62 ‡ | 0.24–6.83 | 0.63 | 1.25 | 1.68 | 2.27 | 3.37 |
7 | 733 | 1.68 | 0.02–9.26 | 0.67 | 1.29 | 1.79 | 2.40 | 3.51 | 718 | 1.51 | 0.02–6.51 | 0.58 | 1.19 | 1.60 | 2.22 | 3.24 | |
8 | 190 | 1.90 | 0.45–6.29 | 0.81 | 1.51 | 1.94 | 2.65 | 3.63 | 189 | 1.71 | 0.10–4.97 | 0.81 | 1.35 | 1.79 | 2.34 | 3.55 | |
Residential area | Urban | 385 | 1.70 ‡ | 0.27–6.29 | 0.75 | 1.31 | 1.78 | 2.37 | 3.25 | 372 | 1.50 † | 0.10–6.51 | 0.62 | 1.17 | 1.55 | 2.08 | 3.15 |
Industrial | 433 | 1.66 | 0.02–9.26 | 0.58 | 1.25 | 1.79 | 2.48 | 3.61 | 434 | 1.47 | 0.02–4.74 | 0.49 | 1.19 | 1.61 | 2.28 | 3.24 | |
Rural | 318 | 1.90 | 0.42–7.67 | 0.83 | 1.45 | 2.00 | 2.58 | 3.57 | 339 | 1.75 | 0.23–6.83 | 0.71 | 1.39 | 1.82 | 2.45 | 3.51 | |
Household income (×103KRW/month) ‡ | <2000 | 379 | 1.91 † | 0.02–9.26 | 0.77 | 1.45 | 2.06 | 2.65 | 3.83 | 398 | 1.67 ‡ | 0.04–6.83 | 0.67 | 1.29 | 1.73 | 2.33 | 3.38 |
2000–2999 | 418 | 1.62 | 0.04–4.45 | 0.65 | 1.27 | 1.76 | 2.36 | 3.37 | 406 | 1.56 | 0.02–4.30 | 0.62 | 1.22 | 1.72 | 2.29 | 3.18 | |
≥3000 | 339 | 1.70 | 0.26–5.29 | 0.69 | 1.28 | 1.75 | 2.42 | 3.56 | 341 | 1.45 | 0.05–6.51 | 0.56 | 1.13 | 1.53 | 2.07 | 3.07 | |
Educational attainment of father (years) | <12 | 47 | 2.30 ‡ | 0.83–9.26 | 1.01 | 1.69 | 2.40 | 3.06 | 5.04 | 57 | 1.93 ‡ | 0.31–4.98 | 0.47 | 1.41 | 2.27 | 2.89 | 4.03 |
12 | 494 | 1.72 | 0.02–5.29 | 0.65 | 1.33 | 1.90 | 2.48 | 3.50 | 479 | 1.58 | 0.03–6.83 | 0.63 | 1.26 | 1.70 | 2.27 | 3.24 | |
>12 | 521 | 1.67 | 0.04–5.01 | 0.75 | 1.28 | 1.76 | 2.38 | 3.38 | 547 | 1.49 | 0.02–6.51 | 0.61 | 1.16 | 1.57 | 2.15 | 3.22 | |
Deprivation index § | ≤1.00 | 694 | 1.76 | 0.02–9.26 | 0.66 | 1.34 | 1.93 | 2.57 | 3.64 | 698 | 1.57 | 0.02–6.83 | 0.56 | 1.23 | 1.72 | 2.36 | 3.37 |
>1.00 | 442 | 1.69 | 0.42–5.07 | 0.82 | 1.27 | 1.75 | 2.28 | 3.19 | 447 | 1.55 | 0.10–4.97 | 0.70 | 1.22 | 1.57 | 2.07 | 3.15 |
Variable | Male | Female | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Children | GM * (ug/dL) | Range | Percentiles | Number of Children | GM * (ug/dL) | Range | Percentiles | ||||||||||
(ug/dL) | 5th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 95th | (ug/dL) | 5th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 95th | ||||||
Total | 1136 | 2.07 | 0.09–12.67 | 0.53 | 1.45 | 2.27 | 3.47 | 5.21 | 1145 | 2.06 | 0.03–11.74 | 0.68 | 1.42 | 2.21 | 3.31 | 5.25 | |
Enrolled year | 2005 | 447 | 2.47 † | 0.11–11.20 | 0.70 | 1.94 | 2.79 | 3.88 | 5.20 | 423 | 2.56 † | 0.08–11.50 | 0.84 | 1.93 | 2.91 | 3.87 | 5.28 |
2006 | 689 | 1.84 | 0.09–12.67 | 0.47 | 1.28 | 1.93 | 3.04 | 5.21 | 722 | 1.82 | 0.03–11.74 | 0.61 | 1.23 | 1.88 | 2.81 | 4.87 | |
Age at enrollment (years) | 6 | 213 | 2.10 | 0.13–9.92 | 0.66 | 1.48 | 2.21 | 3.30 | 5.23 | 238 | 2.01 | 0.03–9.17 | 0.71 | 1.39 | 2.17 | 3.25 | 5.27 |
7 | 733 | 2.02 | 0.09–12.67 | 0.53 | 1.41 | 2.19 | 3.42 | 5.21 | 718 | 2.01 | 0.03–11.74 | 0.66 | 1.37 | 2.13 | 3.15 | 5.27 | |
8 | 190 | 2.23 | 0.12–7.32 | 0.43 | 1.57 | 2.64 | 3.74 | 5.10 | 189 | 2.36 | 0.08–11.50 | 0.71 | 1.78 | 2.78 | 3.67 | 5.25 | |
Residential area | Urban | 385 | 2.56 † | 0.12–12.67 | 0.80 | 1.93 | 2.82 | 3.91 | 5.86 | 372 | 2.56 † | 0.09–11.74 | 0.88 | 1.77 | 2.78 | 3.87 | 5.99 |
Industrial | 433 | 1.87 | 0.09–10.93 | 0.43 | 1.28 | 2.04 | 3.21 | 5.09 | 434 | 1.76 | 0.03–10.53 | 0.55 | 1.20 | 1.84 | 2.93 | 4.87 | |
Rural | 318 | 1.83 | 0.11–6.74 | 0.49 | 1.29 | 1.93 | 2.98 | 4.72 | 339 | 1.99 | 0.08–6.88 | 0.72 | 1.45 | 2.19 | 3.15 | 4.69 | |
Household income (×103KRW/month) ‡ | <2000 | 379 | 2.11 | 0.09–12.67 | 0.59 | 1.49 | 2.30 | 3.44 | 5.23 | 398 | 1.97 ‡ | 0.03–11.74 | 0.59 | 1.40 | 2.20 | 3.21 | 4.61 |
2000–2999 | 418 | 1.99 | 0.15–11.20 | 0.46 | 1.35 | 2.18 | 3.42 | 5.17 | 406 | 2.08 | 0.07–9.17 | 0.76 | 1.44 | 2.19 | 3.30 | 5.49 | |
≥3000 | 339 | 2.11 | 0.12–10.91 | 0.56 | 1.48 | 2.32 | 3.62 | 5.25 | 341 | 2.15 | 0.10–11.50 | 0.70 | 1.45 | 2.29 | 3.53 | 5.74 | |
Educational attainment of father (years) | <12 | 47 | 1.76 ‡ | 0.26–7.97 | 0.44 | 1.01 | 1.97 | 2.74 | 5.19 | 57 | 1.97 | 0.31–8.34 | 0.50 | 1.41 | 2.14 | 3.09 | 4.46 |
12 | 494 | 1.96 | 0.09–9.98 | 0.46 | 1.39 | 2.19 | 3.30 | 5.00 | 479 | 1.94 | 0.03–10.53 | 0.61 | 1.31 | 2.13 | 3.30 | 4.89 | |
>12 | 521 | 2.27 | 0.12–12.67 | 0.70 | 1.64 | 2.47 | 3.76 | 5.53 | 547 | 2.21 | 0.03–11.50 | 0.82 | 1.54 | 2.32 | 3.46 | 5.41 | |
Deprivation index § | ≤1.00 | 694 | 2.06 | 0.09–10.93 | 0.57 | 1.45 | 2.22 | 3.46 | 5.17 | 698 | 1.95 ‡ | 0.18–11.74 | 0.85 | 1.55 | 2.32 | 3.53 | 5.49 |
>1.00 | 442 | 2.08 | 0.11–12.67 | 0.46 | 1.45 | 2.31 | 3.47 | 5.55 | 447 | 2.25 | 0.03–10.53 | 0.59 | 1.34 | 2.14 | 3.18 | 4.99 |
Heavy Metals | Risk of High Level of Heavy Metal | Adjusted for DI | Stratified by DI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less Deprived Community | More Deprived Community | p-Interaction | ||||||||||
N | OR | 95% CI | p-Trend † | N | OR | 95% CI | N | OR | 95% CI | |||
(≥Median/<Median) | (≥Median/<Median) | (≥Median/<Median) | ||||||||||
Lead | Household income (×103KRW/month) ‡ | |||||||||||
<2000 | 436/341 | 1.54 | 1.22–1.95 | 0.0003 | 245/170 | 1.20 | 0.88–1.63 | 191/171 | 1.88 | 1.26–2.79 | 0.4745 | |
2000–2999 | 409/415 | 1.23 | 0.99–1.54 | 272/242 | 1.04 | 0.79–1.38 | 137/173 | 1.52 | 1.02–2.26 | |||
≥3000 | 299/381 | 1.00 | Ref. | 223/240 | 1.00 | Ref. | 76/141 | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
Educational attainment of father (years) | ||||||||||||
<12 | 69/35 | 2.18 | 1.36–3.50 | 0.0112 | 37/22 | 1.40 | 0.76–2.59 | 32/13 | 2.88 | 1.27–6.53 | 0.1873 | |
12 | 499/474 | 1.10 | 0.91–1.34 | 328/270 | 0.96 | 0.75–1.23 | 171/204 | 1.14 | 0.82–1.59 | |||
>12 | 492/576 | 1.00 | Ref. | 321/328 | 1.00 | Ref. | 171/248 | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
Mercury | Household income(×103KRW/month) | |||||||||||
<2000 | 385/392 | 0.94 | 0.74–1.20 | 0.6347 | 201/214 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.37 | 184/178 | 1.14 | 0.76–1.72 | 0.2341 | |
2000–2999 | 401/423 | 0.95 | 0.76–1.20 | 236/278 | 0.91 | 0.68–1.21 | 165/145 | 1.26 | 0.84–1.91 | |||
≥3000 | 355/325 | 1.00 | Ref. | 241/222 | 1.00 | Ref. | 114/103 | 1.00 | Ref. | |||
Educational attainment of father (years) | ||||||||||||
<12 | 41/63 | 0.64 | 0.40–1.03 | 0.0304 | 24/35 | 0.79 | 0.42–1.48 | 17/28 | 0.85 | 0.38–1.91 | 0.8538 | |
12 | 462/511 | 0.85 | 0.70–1.04 | 291/307 | 1.01 | 0.79–1.31 | 171/204 | 0.88 | 0.63–1.24 | |||
>12 | 587/481 | 1.00 | Ref. | 333/316 | 1.00 | Ref. | 254/165 | 1.00 | Ref. |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lim, S.; Ha, M.; Hwang, S.-S.; Son, M.; Kwon, H.-J. Disparities in Children’s Blood Lead and Mercury Levels According to Community and Individual Socioeconomic Positions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 6232-6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606232
Lim S, Ha M, Hwang S-S, Son M, Kwon H-J. Disparities in Children’s Blood Lead and Mercury Levels According to Community and Individual Socioeconomic Positions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):6232-6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606232
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim, Sinye, Mina Ha, Seung-Sik Hwang, Mia Son, and Ho-Jang Kwon. 2015. "Disparities in Children’s Blood Lead and Mercury Levels According to Community and Individual Socioeconomic Positions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 6232-6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606232