Arsenic Speciation and Extraction and the Significance of Biodegradable Acid on Arsenic Removal—An Approach for Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Soil Samples
2.2. Experimental Design
2.2.1. Sequential Extraction Protocol
2.2.2. Washing Experiments
2.3. Analytical Methods and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Characterizations
3.2. Sequential Extraction of Arsenic in Soil
3.3. Soil Washing Experiment Using Biodegradable Acids
3.3.1. Arsenic Extraction
3.3.2. Iron, Aluminum and Manganese Extraction
3.4. Arsenic Fraction after the Washing Experiment
4. Discussion
4.1. Toxicity Potential of Arsenic in Soil Samples
4.2. Effectiveness of Biodegradable Organic Acid in Arsenic Removal
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Most of the arsenic in the four investigated soils was bound with amorphous Fe, Mn (F3), and crystalline Al and iron (F4) and was in the exchangeable fraction (F2). The As content in the organic matter fraction (F5) ranged from 3–5% in all samples.
- (2)
- Biodegradable organic acids showed high potential for remediation the arsenic contaminated soil. However, the efficiency of As removal using the combination of 0.1 M ascorbic with 0.2 M oxalic and/or 0.2 M citric acids was better than the single acid (0.2 M oxalic and/or 0.2 M citric acid) extractions.
- (3)
- The results of extracted arsenic using the combination of 0.2 M oxalic acid and 0.1 M ascorbic acid solution suggested that this solution can effectively wash arsenic from soils associated with crystalline Fe oxides. In addition, the solution of 0.2 M citric and 0.1 M ascorbic acids can be applied to arsenic-contaminated soil, which has a low crystalline Fe oxide content in soil.
- (4)
- The amount of extracted arsenic under the effects of biodegradable acids was strongly correlated with the dissolution of iron and aluminum in soils.
- (5)
- The soils treated using biodegradable acids had low remaining concentrations of arsenic that are primarily contained in crystalline iron oxides and organic matter fractions.
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fraction | Reagents | Extraction Condition | Arsenic Form | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 0.05 M (NH4)2SO4 | 1:25 of soil to solution. 4-h shaking, 20 °C | Non-specifically bound | [23,24,26] |
F2 | 0.05 M (NH4)H2PO4 | 1:25 of soil to solution. 16-h shaking, 20 °C | Specifically bound | [23,24,26] |
F3 | 0.2 M NH4-Oxalate, pH = 3.25 | 1:25 of soil to solution. 6-h shaking in the dark, 20 °C | Amorphous iron, aluminum, manganese oxide bound | [23,24,26] |
F4 | 0.2 M NH4-Oxalate + 0.1 M Ascorbic acid; pH = 3.25 | 1:25 of soil to solution. 30 min occasional agitation, 96 °C | Crystalline iron | [23,24,26] |
F5 | H2O2 + HNO3 acid, pH = 2, 3.2 M NH4OAc in 20% HNO3 | 3-h occasional agitation at 85 °C | Organic matter and secondary sulfide bound | [37,38,39] |
Total As | HNO3 acid, H2O2 | Hot-plate, 110 °C | Total concentration of arsenic | [40] |
F6 | Total As—(F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5) | Residual |
Sample | Land Uses | Latitude | Longitude | pH | OC | CEC | Clay Content | Silt Content | Sand Content | Astot |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (cmol kg-1) | (%) | (µg/g) | |||||||
R | River bed | 20.34 | 106.39 | 6.92 | 1.03 | 13.2 | 5.5 | 49.3 | 45.2 | 31.0 |
C | Mangrove forest Soil | 20.25 | 106.57 | 6.98 | 0.70 | 11.0 | 18.1 | 47.8 | 34.1 | 27.4 |
T | Paddy soil | 20.27 | 106.45 | 6.88 | 1.50 | 11.4 | 25.3 | 58.1 | 16.6 | 16.8 |
S | Aquaculture farm | 20.25 | 106.55 | 6.52 | 1.20 | 16.0 | 26.2 | 44.4 | 29.4 | 17.5 |
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Nguyen Van, T.; Osanai, Y.; Do Nguyen, H.; Kurosawa, K. Arsenic Speciation and Extraction and the Significance of Biodegradable Acid on Arsenic Removal—An Approach for Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090990
Nguyen Van T, Osanai Y, Do Nguyen H, Kurosawa K. Arsenic Speciation and Extraction and the Significance of Biodegradable Acid on Arsenic Removal—An Approach for Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090990
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Van, Thinh, Yasuhito Osanai, Hai Do Nguyen, and Kiyoshi Kurosawa. 2017. "Arsenic Speciation and Extraction and the Significance of Biodegradable Acid on Arsenic Removal—An Approach for Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090990