Comparison of Toxic Metal Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk between Cultured and Wild Fish Captured from Honghu City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.3. Sample Digestion and Analysis
2.4. Health Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Trace Element Distributions in Muscle of Cultured and Wild Fish
3.2. Trace Element Distributions in Different Tissues of Cultured and Wild Fish
3.3. Comparison of Health Risk Assessment for Cultured and Wild Fish
3.4. Comparison of the Maximum Allowable Fish Daily Consumption Limit for Cultured and Wild Fish
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fish Species | Pi | MPI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | ||
Crucian carp | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0957 | 0.0136 | 0.2518 | 0.2788 | 0.0977 |
Grass carp | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1884 | 0.0204 | 0.5688 | 0.4786 | 0.1798 |
Carp | 0.0000 | 0.0260 | 0.0513 | 0.0114 | 0.1900 | 0.6478 | 0.0921 |
Catfish | 0.0000 | 0.0720 | 0.0705 | 0.0133 | 0.9316 | 0.2976 | 0.1269 |
Fish Species | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultured | Crucian carp | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1913 | 0.6797 | 0.1259 | 13.94 |
Grass carp | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.3767 | 1.018 | 0.2844 | 23.93 | |
Mean | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2840 | 0.8489 | 0.2052 | 18.94 | |
Wild | Crucian carp | 0.0000 | 0.0087 | 3.357 | 0.3829 | 0.0938 | 15.31 |
Grass carp | 0.0000 | 0.0032 | 0.5369 | 0.4502 | 0.0111 | 17.29 | |
Mean | 0.0000 | 0.0060 | 1.947 | 0.4166 | 0.0525 | 16.30 | |
LOD * | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.1 | |
Chinese standard [51,52] | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 50 | 0.5 | 50 |
Species | Nation | Lake/River | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild | China | Honghu Lake | 0.0000 | 0.0060 | 1.947 | 0.4166 | 0.0525 | 16.30 | This study |
Cultured | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2840 | 0.8489 | 0.2052 | 18.94 | |||
Wild | China | Poyang Lake | 0.0275 | 0.0045 | 0.2510 | 0.4165 | 0.0505 | 7.785 | [30] |
Taihu Lake | 0.6300 | 0.4740 | 1.1820 | 1.1160 | 5.8140 | 81.3 | [53] | ||
Yangtze River | 0.0145 | 0.1120 | 0.1750 | 0.9800 | 0.5700 | 6.800 | [54] | ||
0.5640 | 0.1605 | 0.6255 | 1.3875 | 1.4865 | 35.57 | [53] | |||
Cultured | China | Huizhou | - | - | 0.1592 | 0.1520 | 0.0606 | 5.140 | [55] |
Korea | - | - | 0.033 | - | - | 0.069 | - | [56] | |
Bangladesh | - | 0.332 | 0.017 | 0.193 | - | 0.593 | - | [57] | |
Malaysia | - | 0.7967 | 0.0297 | - | 0.21 | 0.0137 | 3.7 | [58] | |
Wild | Korea | - | - | 0.0000 | 0.10 | 1.15 | 0.0000 | 6.18 | [59] |
Cultured | - | - | 0.0000 | 0.51 | 0.96 | 0.0000 | 6.92 | ||
Wild | Aegean Sea | - | - | 0.11 | 0.37 | 1.31 | 0.48 | 14.38 | [28] |
Cultured | - | - | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 7.53 |
Trace Elements | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultured | Muscle | Mean concentration (mg/kg) | 0 | 0 | 0.284 | 0.8489 | 0.2051 | 18.94 |
Mixed tissues | 0 | 0.0124 | 0.1831 | 2.430 | 0.1154 | 42.63 | ||
Wild | Muscle | 0 | 0.0060 | 1.947 | 0.4166 | 0.0525 | 16.30 | |
Mixed tissues | 0.0126 | 0.0475 | 0.711 | 1.706 | 0.1809 | 48.68 | ||
RFD 1 (mg/kg/day) | 0.0003 | 0.001 | 1.5 | 0.04 | 0.004 | 0.3 | ||
Cultured | Muscle | THQ | 0 | 0 | 0.0002 | 0.0179 | 0.0434 | 0.0534 |
Mixed tissues | 0 | 0.0105 | 0.0001 | 0.0514 | 0.0244 | 0.1202 | ||
Wild | Muscle | 0 | 0.0050 | 0.0011 | 0.0088 | 0.0111 | 0.0459 | |
Mixed tissues | 0.0355 | 0.0402 | 0.0004 | 0.0361 | 0.0382 | 0.1372 | ||
Cultured | Muscle | CR | 0 | - | - | - | 1.47 × 10−6 | - |
Mixed tissues | 0 | - | - | - | 8.30 × 10−7 | - | ||
Wild | Muscle | 0 | - | - | - | 3.77 × 10−7 | - | |
Mixed tissues | 1.60 × 10−5 | - | - | - | 1.30 × 10−6 | - | ||
PTWI 2 (µg/kg) | 15 | 7 | 15 | 3500 | 25 | 7000 | ||
Cultured | Muscle | EWI (µg/kg) | 0 | 0 | 1.754 | 5.241 | 1.267 | 117 |
Mixed tissues | 0 | 0.0768 | 1.131 | 15.01 | 0.7124 | 263 | ||
Wild | Muscle | 0 | 0.0368 | 12.02 | 2.572 | 0.3238 | 101 | |
Mixed tissues | 0.0778 | 0.2933 | 4.390 | 10.53 | 1.117 | 301 | ||
Cultured | Muscle | EWI/PTWI | 0 | 0 | 11.69% | 0.15% | 5.07% | 1.67% |
Mixed tissues | 0 | 1.10% | 7.54% | 0.43% | 2.85% | 3.76% | ||
Wild | Muscle | 0 | 0.53% | 80.13% | 0.07% | 1.30% | 1.44% | |
Mixed tissues | 0.52% | 4.19% | 29.26% | 0.30% | 4.47% | 4.29% |
Food Ingestion Rate (FIR) Limitation (g/day) | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on target hazard quotients (THQ) | |||||||
Cultured fish | Muscle | / | / | 339,296 | 3027 | 1253 | 1018 |
Mixed tissues | / | 5162 | 526,225 | 1057 | 2227 | 452 | |
Wild fish | Muscle | / | 10,707 | 49,497 | 6168 | 4894 | 1183 |
Mixed tissues | 1529 | 1352 | 135,527 | 1506 | 1420 | 396 | |
Based on carcinogenic risk (CR) | |||||||
Cultured fish | Muscle | / | / | / | / | 3684 | / |
Mixed tissues | / | / | / | / | 6550 | / | |
Wild fish | Muscle | / | / | / | / | 14,396 | / |
Mixed tissues | 340 | / | / | / | 4178 | / | |
Based on estimated weekly intake (EWI) | |||||||
Cultured fish | Muscle | / | / | 465 | 36,284 | 1072 | 3253 |
Mixed tissues | / | 4950 | 721 | 12,673 | 1907 | 1445 | |
Wild fish | Muscle | / | 10,267 | 68 | 73,932 | 4190 | 3780 |
Mixed tissues | 10,475 | 1297 | 186 | 18,052 | 1216 | 1265 |
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Zhang, J.; Zhu, L.; Li, F.; Liu, C.; Qiu, Z.; Xiao, M.; Cai, Y. Comparison of Toxic Metal Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk between Cultured and Wild Fish Captured from Honghu City, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020334
Zhang J, Zhu L, Li F, Liu C, Qiu Z, Xiao M, Cai Y. Comparison of Toxic Metal Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk between Cultured and Wild Fish Captured from Honghu City, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020334
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jingdong, Liyun Zhu, Fei Li, Chaoyang Liu, Zhenzhen Qiu, Minsi Xiao, and Ying Cai. 2018. "Comparison of Toxic Metal Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk between Cultured and Wild Fish Captured from Honghu City, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020334