Using Spatial Information Technologies as Monitoring Devices in International Watershed Conservation along the Senegal River Basin of West Africa
Abstract
:Introduction
Aims, Organization and Objectives,
Overview of Study Area
Study Area
Methods
Step 1: Data Acquisition
Step 2: Geo Spatial Data Acquisition and Processing
The Analysis of Environmental Change
Temporal Analysis of Change
Spatial Analysis of Change
The Analysis of Water Use and Climatic Variability in the Basin
Water Use in the Region
Climatic Variability and Discharges
The Impacts of Development
Positive Effects through Irrigation Agriculture and Hydro-Development
Negative Environmental Impacts
Management Framework and Mitigation Efforts
Focus on Benefits and the Avoidance of Conflicts
Provision of Infrastructure and Basin Needs
Encouragement for Stakeholder Participation
Restoration of Lost Livelihoods and the Ecosystem
Management of Extreme Hydrological Events
Discussions
Recommendations
Encourage the Adoption of Geospatial Information System
Mitigate The Recurrent Environmental Hazards In The Basin
Integrate Nature Protection Principles in Water and Hydroelectric Projects
Develop Regional Environmental Information System
Provide More Funding For Multinational Projects In The Basin
Conclusion
References
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Surface area of the Basin | 300,000km2 | |
Annual Precipitation | 600mm/year | |
Annual runoff Bakel Station | ||
Before | 1985 | 698m3/s |
After | 1985 | 412m3/s |
Annual Discharge Bakel Station | ||
Before | 1985 | 863m3/s |
After | 1985 | 416m3/s |
Physical Attributes | Mali | Mauritania | Senegal | Guinea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface area (km2) | National | 1,246,574 | 1,030,700 | 97,000 | 245,857 |
Basin | 155,000 | 75,500 | 27,500 | 1,000 | |
% of Basin | 53 | 26 | 10 | 11 | |
Rainfall annual average | National | 850 | 290 | 800 | 2,200 |
Basin | 300 to 700 | 80 to 400 | 150 to 450 | 1,200 to 2000 | |
Temperature | National average | 29 | 28 | 29 | 26 |
Basin mn and max | 15 to 42 | 18 to 43 | 17 to 40 | 10 to 33 |
Socio-economic indicators | Senegal River Basin | Mali | Mauritania | Senegal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population (million inhabitants) | 35 | 11 | 3 | 10 |
Annual Growth Rate (%) | 3 | 2.97 | 2.9 | 2.8 |
Urbanization rate (%) | NA | 41 | 53 | 51 |
Farmland area | 823,000 | NA | NA | NA |
Irrigated Land (ha) national total | NA | 78,630 | 49,2004 | 71,400 |
Part in Basin | 4,000 | 44,449 | 67,830 | |
Cattle × 1,000 units | 2,700 | 6,427 | 1,394 | 2,927 |
Sheep and goats | 4,500 | 15,986 | 10,850 | 8,330 |
Fish catch | 26,000 to 47,000 | 100,000 | 520,000 | 395,000 |
Classes | Area (ha) in 1979 | Area (ha) in 1987 | Area (ha) in 1999 | % change (1979–1987) | % change (1987–1999) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waterbodies | 90,000 | 100,750 | 105,000 | 11.9 | 4.2 |
Forest | 120,140 | 110,600 | 113,400 | −8.6 | 2.5 |
Shrubs | 92,660 | 70,250 | 60,950 | −24.2 | 13.2 |
Agriculture | 83,080 | 91,140 | 92,050 | 9.7 | 0.9 |
Bare Areas | 82,530 | 92,070 | 93,010 | 11.6 | 1.0 |
Settlement | 72,000 | 75,600 | 76,000 | 5.0 | 0.5 |
Sector | Mali | Mauritania | Senegal |
---|---|---|---|
Agriculture | 1319 | 1499 | 1251 |
Domestic Use | 27 | 101 | 68 |
Industry | 14 | 29 | 41 |
Total | 1360 | 1630 | 1360 |
Per Capita (m3/year) | 161 | 923 | 201 |
Period | Rainy Season (m3/s) | Dry Season (m3/s) |
---|---|---|
1951–1999 | 1538 | 138 |
1951–1971 | 2247 | 172 |
1972–1999 | 1007 | 112 |
1972–1990 | 993 | 71 |
1991–1999 | 1036 | 201 |
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Merem, E.C.; Twumasi, Y.A. Using Spatial Information Technologies as Monitoring Devices in International Watershed Conservation along the Senegal River Basin of West Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2008, 5, 464-476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph5050464
Merem EC, Twumasi YA. Using Spatial Information Technologies as Monitoring Devices in International Watershed Conservation along the Senegal River Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2008; 5(5):464-476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph5050464
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerem, Edmund C., and Yaw A. Twumasi. 2008. "Using Spatial Information Technologies as Monitoring Devices in International Watershed Conservation along the Senegal River Basin of West Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 5, no. 5: 464-476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph5050464
APA StyleMerem, E. C., & Twumasi, Y. A. (2008). Using Spatial Information Technologies as Monitoring Devices in International Watershed Conservation along the Senegal River Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 5(5), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph5050464