Sex Differences in Suicide Incident Characteristics and Circumstances among Older Adults: Surveillance Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System—17 U.S. States, 2007–2009
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source: The National Violent Death Reporting System
2.2. Variables and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestThe author declares no conflict of interest. The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
References and Notes
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Male | Female | Total | Rate Ratio | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | No. | % | Rate | No. | % | Rate | No. | % | Rate | M:F |
Age group (years) | ||||||||||
60–64 | 1,404 | 28.1 | 25.5 | 419 | 37.3 | 7.0 | 1,823 | 29.8 | 15.9 | 3.6 |
65–69 | 962 | 19.2 | 24.2 | 253 | 22.5 | 5.6 | 1,215 | 19.8 | 14.3 | 4.3 |
70–74 | 772 | 15.4 | 25.6 | 153 | 13.6 | 4.1 | 925 | 15.1 | 13.8 | 6.2 |
75–79 | 767 | 15.3 | 32.2 | 121 | 10.8 | 3.7 | 888 | 14.5 | 15.8 | 8.7 |
80–84 | 587 | 11.7 | 35.9 | 95 | 8.5 | 3.6 | 682 | 11.1 | 15.9 | 10.0 |
85+ | 512 | 10.2 | 44.8 | 82 | 7.3 | 3.1 | 594 | 19.7 | 15.5 | 14.5 |
Total | 5,004 | 100 | 28.3 | 1,123 | 100 | 4.9 | 6,127 | 100 | 15.1 | 5.8 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 4,647 | 92.9 | 31.7 | 1,048 | 93.3 | 5.6 | 5,695 | 93.0 | 17.1 | 5.7 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 167 | 3.3 | 9.8 | 19 | 1.7 | § | 186 | 3.0 | 4.3 | § |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 57 | 1.1 | 14.2 | 35 | 3.1 | 7.1 | 92 | 1.5 | 10.3 | 2.0 |
American Indian/Alaskan Native | 28 | 0.6 | 18.3 | 10 | 0.9 | § | 38 | 0.6 | 11.0 | § |
Hispanic | 102 | 2.0 | 14.4 | 11 | 1.0 | § | 113 | 1.9 | 7.1 | § |
Other/Unknown | 3 | 0.1 | § | 0 | 0.0 | § | 3 | 0.0 | § | § |
Total | 5,004 | 100 | 28.3 | 1,123 | 100 | 4.9 | 6,127 | 100 | 15.1 | 5.8 |
Marital Status¶ | ||||||||||
Married | 2,537 | 50.7 | NR | 393 | 35.0 | NR | 2,930 | 47.8 | NR | NR |
Never Married | 331 | 6.6 | NR | 54 | 4.8 | NR | 385 | 6.3 | NR | NR |
Widowed | 951 | 19.0 | NR | 354 | 31.5 | NR | 1,305 | 21.3 | NR | NR |
Divorced | 1,054 | 21.1 | NR | 284 | 25.3 | NR | 1,338 | 21.8 | NR | NR |
Married, but Separated | 7 | 0.1 | NR | 2 | 0.2 | NR | 9 | 0.1 | NR | NR |
Single, not otherwise specified | 21 | 0.4 | NR | 8 | 0.7 | NR | 29 | 0.5 | NR | NR |
Unknown | 103 | 2.1 | NR | 28 | 2.5 | NR | 131 | 2.1 | NR | NR |
Total | 5,004 | 100 | NR | 1,123 | 100 | NR | 6,127 | 100 | NR | NR |
Method | ||||||||||
Firearm | 3,907 | 78.1 | 22.1 | 424 | 37.8 | 1.9 | 4,331 | 70.7 | 10.7 | 11.6 |
Sharp instrument | 90 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 29 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 119 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
Blunt instrument | 7 | 0.1 | § | 0 | 0.0 | § | 7 | 0.1 | § | § |
Poisoning | 368 | 7.4 | 2.1 | 462 | 41.1 | 2.0 | 830 | 13.5 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation | 500 | 10.0 | 2.8 | 145 | 12.9 | 0.6 | 645 | 10.5 | 1.6 | 4.7 |
Explosive | 1 | 0.0 | § | 0 | 0.0 | § | 1 | 0.0 | § | § |
Fall | 44 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 25 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 69 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 2.0 |
Drowning | 44 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 24 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 68 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 2.0 |
Fire/Burns | 3 | 0.1 | § | 5 | 0.4 | § | 8 | 0.1 | § | § |
Motor vehicle including buses, motorcycles and other transport vehicles | 21 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.6 | § | 28 | 0.4 | 0.1 | § |
Other | 13 | 0.3 | § | 1 | 0.1 | § | 14 | 0.3 | § | § |
Unknown | 6 | 0.1 | § | 1 | 0.1 | § | 7 | 0.1 | § | § |
Total | 5,004 | 100 | 28.3 | 1,123 | 100 | 4.9 | 6,127 | 100 | 15.1 | 5.8 |
Location | ||||||||||
House | 4,175 | 83.4 | 23.6 | 951 | 84.7 | 4.2 | 5,126 | 83.7 | 12.7 | 5.6 |
Street/road, sidewalk, alley | 115 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 16 | 1.4 | § | 131 | 2.1 | 0.3 | § |
Motor vehicle | 84 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 18 | 1.6 | § | 102 | 1.7 | 0.3 | § |
Commercial/Retail Area | 27 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | § | 29 | 0.4 | 0.1 | § |
Industrial or construction area | 17 | 0.3 | § | 0 | 0.0 | § | 17 | 0.3 | § | § |
Office building | 15 | 0.3 | § | 1 | 0.1 | § | 16 | 0.3 | § | § |
Parking lot/public garage | 53 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 6 | 0.5 | § | 59 | 1.0 | 0.1 | § |
Abandoned house/warehouse | 5 | 0.1 | § | 0 | 0.0 | § | 5 | 0.1 | § | § |
Sports/athletic area | 68 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 6 | 0.5 | § | 74 | 1.2 | 0.2 | § |
Hospital or medical facility | 24 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 14 | 1.2 | § | 38 | 0.6 | 0.1 | § |
Supervised residential facility | 16 | 0.3 | § | 8 | 0.7 | § | 24 | 0.4 | 0.1 | § |
Location | ||||||||||
Farm | 27 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.4 | § | 31 | 0.5 | 0.1 | § |
Jail/prison/detention facility | 10 | 0.2 | § | 0 | 0.0 | § | 10 | 0.2 | § | § |
Natural area (field, river, beach, woods) | 143 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 24 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 167 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 8.0 |
Hotel/Motel | 47 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 16 | 1.4 | § | 63 | 1.0 | 0.2 | § |
Railroad tracks | 8 | 0.2 | § | 3 | 0.3 | § | 11 | 0.2 | § | § |
Other | 94 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 15 | 1.3 | § | 109 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 7.2 |
Unknown | 76 | 1.5 | § | 39 | 3.5 | § | 115 | 1.9 | 0.3 | § |
Total | 5,004 | 100 | 28.3 | 1,123 | 100 | 4.9 | 6,127 | 100 | 15.1 | 5.8 |
Place of Death | ||||||||||
Hospital inpatient | 301 | 6.0 | 1.7 | 121 | 10.8 | 0.5 | 422 | 6.9 | 1.0 | 3.4 |
ED/outpatient | 266 | 5.3 | 1.5 | 60 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 326 | 5.3 | 0.8 | 7.5 |
Dead on arrival | 86 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 15 | 1.3 | § | 101 | 1.6 | 0.2 | § |
Hospice facility | 12 | 0.2 | § | 1 | 0.1 | § | 13 | 0.2 | § | § |
Nursing home/long term care facility | 45 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.6 | § | 52 | 0.8 | 0.1 | § |
Decedent’s home | 3,472 | 69.4 | 19.7 | 769 | 68.5 | 2.1 | 4,241 | 69.2 | 10.5 | 9.4 |
Other injury site (not decedent’s home) | 744 | 14.9 | 4.2 | 138 | 12.3 | 0.5 | 882 | 14.4 | 2.2 | 8.4 |
Unknown | 78 | 1.6 | § | 12 | 1.1 | § | 90 | 105 | § | § |
Total | 5,004 | 100 | 28.3 | 1,123 | 100 | 4.9 | 6,127 | 100 | 15.1 | 5.8 |
Male | Female | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Poison | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
Alcohol only | 10 | 2.7 | 10 | 2.2 | 20 | 2.4 |
Prescription drugs only | 159 | 43.2 | 297 | 64.3 | 456 | 54.9 |
Over the counter drugs only | 25 | 6.8 | 49 | 10.6 | 74 | 8.9 |
Carbon monoxide/other gas only | 118 | 32.1 | 35 | 7.6 | 153 | 18.4 |
Alcohol and prescription drugs | 9 | 2.4 | 9 | 1.9 | 18 | 2.2 |
Prescription and over the counter drugs | 8 | 2.2 | 18 | 3.9 | 26 | 3.1 |
Other specified substance | 15 | 4.1 | 11 | 2.4 | 26 | 3.1 |
Other combination of substances | 3 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.6 | 8 | 0.9 |
Unknown | 21 | 5.7 | 30 | 6.5 | 51 | 6.1 |
Total | 368 | 100 | 462 | 100 | 830 | 100 |
Male | Female | Total | p-value | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tested | Positive | Tested | Positive | Tested | Positive | ||||||||
Toxicology variable | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)† | 3,012 | 60.2 | 602 | 20.0 | 743 | 66.2 | 139 | 18.7 | 3,755 | 61.3 | 741 | 19.7 | 0.755 |
Alcohol ≤ 0.08 g/dL† | 213 | 35.4 | 62 | 44.6 | 275 | 37.1 | - | ||||||
Alcohol > 0.08 g/dL† | 353 | 58.6 | 69 | 49.6 | 422 | 57.0 | - | ||||||
Alcohol Positive–Level Unknown | 36 | 6.0 | 8 | 5.8 | 44 | 5.9 | - | ||||||
Amphetamines | 1,659 | 33.2 | 21 | 1.3 | 503 | 44.8 | 3 | 0.6 | 2,162 | 35.3 | 24 | 1.1 | 0.401 |
Antidepressants | 1,532 | 30.6 | 284 | 18.5 | 486 | 43.3 | 219 | 45.1 | 2,018 | 32.9 | 503 | 24.9 | < 0.001 |
Cocaine | 1,675 | 33.5 | 19 | 1.1 | 538 | 47.9 | 2 | 0.4 | 2,213 | 36.1 | 21 | 0.9 | 0.351 |
Marijuana | 1,336 | 26.7 | 13 | 1.0 | 382 | 34.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 1,718 | 28.0 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.502 |
Opiates | 1,691 | 33.8 | 296 | 17.5 | 560 | 49.9 | 207 | 37.0 | 2,251 | 36.7 | 503 | 22.3 | < 0.001 |
Male | Female | Total | p-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associated circumstances | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Mental Health/Substance Abuse | |||||||
Current Depressed Mood | 1,879 | 44.5 | 392 | 40.6 | 2,271 | 43.8 | 0.027 |
Current Mental Health Problem | 1,490 | 35.3 | 561 | 58.1 | 2,051 | 39.5 | < 0.001 |
Current Mental Health Treatment¶ | 1,077 | 72.3 | 454 | 80.9 | 1,531 | 74.6 | < 0.001 |
Ever Treated for Mental Health Problem | 1,276 | 30.2 | 511 | 52.9 | 1,787 | 34.4 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol Problem | 415 | 9.8 | 80 | 8.3 | 495 | 9.5 | 0.140 |
Other Substance Abuse Problem | 100 | 2.4 | 48 | 5.0 | 148 | 2.9 | < 0.001 |
Interpersonal | |||||||
Intimate Partner Problem | 508 | 12.0 | 79 | 8.2 | 587 | 11.3 | < 0.001 |
Other Relationship Problem (non-intimate) | 230 | 5.4 | 89 | 9.2 | 319 | 6.1 | < 0.001 |
Suicide of Family Member or Friend within Past Five Years | 44 | 1.0 | 9 | 0.9 | 53 | 1.0 | 0.758 |
Other death of Family Member or Friend within Past Five Years | 399 | 9.5 | 92 | 9.5 | 491 | 9.5 | 0.944 |
Perpetrator of Interpersonal Violence within Past Month | 116 | 2.7 | 6 | 0.6 | 122 | 2.4 | < 0.001 |
Victim of Interpersonal Violence within Past Month | 4 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.1 | 0.937 |
Life Stressor | |||||||
Crisis in Past Two Weeks | 991 | 23.5 | 169 | 17.5 | 1,160 | 22.4 | < 0.001 |
Physical Health Problem | 2,267 | 53.7 | 417 | 43.2 | 2,684 | 51.7 | < 0.001 |
Job Problem | 216 | 5.1 | 24 | 2.5 | 240 | 406 | < 0.001 |
Recent Criminal Legal Problem | 172 | 4.1 | 13 | 1.3 | 185 | 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Non-criminal Legal Problem | 63 | 1.5 | 10 | 1.0 | 73 | 1.4 | 0.277 |
Financial Problem | 398 | 9.4 | 83 | 8.6 | 481 | 9.3 | 0.420 |
Suicide Event | |||||||
Left a Suicide Note | 1,352 | 30.2 | 407 | 42.1 | 1,759 | 33.9 | < 0.001 |
Disclosed Intent to Commit Suicide | 1,186 | 28.1 | 250 | 25.9 | 1,436 | 27.7 | 0.166 |
History of Suicide Attempt(s) | 358 | 8.5 | 237 | 24.5 | 595 | 11.5 | < 0.001 |
Males | Females | Total | p value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mental health problem | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Depression/Dysthymia | 1,204 | 80.8 | 444 | 79.1 | 1,648 | 80.4 | 0.351 |
Bipolar Disorder | 93 | 6.2 | 62 | 11.1 | 155 | 7.6 | < 0.001 |
Anxiety Disorder | 140 | 9.4 | 67 | 11.9 | 207 | 10.1 | 0.091 |
Schizophrenia | 23 | 1.5 | 15 | 2.7 | 38 | 1.9 | 0.091 |
PTSD¶ | 40 | 2.7 | 4 | 0.7 | 44 | 2.1 | 0.006 |
OCD◊◊ | 3 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.7 | 6 | 0.3 | 0.077 |
Eating Disorder | 2 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.1 | 0.816 |
Other | 89 | 6.0 | 34 | 6.1 | 123 | 6.0 | 0.849 |
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Karch, D. Sex Differences in Suicide Incident Characteristics and Circumstances among Older Adults: Surveillance Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System—17 U.S. States, 2007–2009. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 3479-3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083479
Karch D. Sex Differences in Suicide Incident Characteristics and Circumstances among Older Adults: Surveillance Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System—17 U.S. States, 2007–2009. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(8):3479-3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083479
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarch, Debra. 2011. "Sex Differences in Suicide Incident Characteristics and Circumstances among Older Adults: Surveillance Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System—17 U.S. States, 2007–2009" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 8: 3479-3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083479