Nutritional Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Selected Marine Macro-Algae Species of Sri Lanka
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Seaweed Sample Collection
2.2. Proximate Analysis
2.2.1. Determination of Moisture Content
2.2.2. Determination Dry Matter and Ash
2.2.3. Determination of Crude Protein
2.2.4. Determination of Crude Fat
2.3. Determination of Crude Fiber
2.4. Preparation of Crude Ethanol Extract of the Samples
2.5. Antioxidant Assays
2.5.1. Total Phenolic Content
2.5.2. DPPH Assay
2.5.3. ABTS Assay
2.5.4. FRAP Assay
2.6. Trace Elements and Heavy Metal Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Analysis
3.2. Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Trace Elements and Heavy Metal Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seaweed Species | Voucher No. | Type | Collected Location | Location Coordinates | Collected Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gelidiopsis variabilis | SW1 | R | South Bar, Mannar | N 8°97′13″, E 79°88′06″ | 31 August 2016 |
Pterocladiella caerulescens | SW2 | R | Madiha, Matara | N 5°56′11″, E 80°30′56″ | 25 September 2016 |
Gracilaria corticata | SW3 | R | Wellamadama, Matara | N 5°94′26″, E 80°56′74″ | 26 September 2016 |
Caulerpa racemosa | SW4 | G | |||
Ulva rigida | SW5 | G | Madiha, Matara | N 5°56′11″, E 80°30′56″ | 25 September 2016 |
Codium tomentosum | SW6 | G | Madiha, Matara | N 5°56′11″, E 80°30′56″ | 25 September 2016 |
Cladophora herpestica | SW7 | G | Madiha, Matara | N 5°56′11″, E 80°30′56″ | 25 September 2016 |
Sargassum crassifolium | SW8 | B | Madiha, Matara | N 5°56′11″, E 80°30′56″ | 25 September 2016 |
Sargassum cinereum | SW9 | B | Erukkalampiddy, Mannar | N 9°2′27″, E 79°52′43″ | 30 August 2016 |
Turbinaria ornata | SW10 | B | South Bar, Mannar | N 8°97′13″, E 79°88′06″ | 31 August 2016 |
Padina antillarum | SW11 | B | Wellamadama, Matara | N 5°94′26″, E 80°56′74″ | 25 September 2016 |
Types of Seaweed | Sample No. | MC% (FW) | Ash% (DW) | Crude Protein% (DW) | Crude Fat% (DW) | Crude Fiber% (DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gelidiopsis variabilis | R1 | 91.31 | 16.69 ± 0.00 g | 13.66 ± 0.04 d | 1.46 ± 0.09 cd | 9.94 ± 0.13 c |
Pterocladiella caerulescens | R2 | 87.36 | 22.58 ± 0.19 fc | 22.58 ± 0.39 ab | 2.09 ± 0.14 bc | 10.49 ± 0.04 d |
Gracilaria corticata | R3 | 85.68 | 35.20 ± 0.17 a | 19.43 ± 0.27 b | 2.68 ± 0.09 b | 18.73 ± 0.39 a |
Caulerpa racemosa | G1 | 92.89 | 26.78 ± 0.04 dc | 18.61 ± 0.82 bc | 0.54 ± 0.66 c | 12.33 ± 0.08 c |
Ulva rigida | G2 | 80.84 | 20.26 ± 0.11 cf | 23.67 ± 0.73 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 c | 11.64 ± 0.31 cd |
Codium tomentosum | G3 | 91.80 | 21.43 ± 0.73 c | 13.85 ± 0.48 d | 1.31 ± 0.23 cd | 10.66 ± 0.39 d |
Cladophora herpestica | G4 | 93.76 | 28.18 ± 0.61 d | 17.53 ± 1.90 bc | 3.89 ± 0.40 a | 15.42 ± 0.26 b |
Sargassum crassifolium | B1 | 89.02 | 31.18 ± 0.05 bc | 10.44 ± 0.51 c | 2.65 ± 0.01 b | 15.78 ± 0.11 b |
Sargassum cinereum | B2 | 88.02 | 12.96 ± 0.37 h | 8.30 ± 0.24 f | 2.47 ± 0.22 b | 17.46 ± 0.38 a |
Turbinaria ornata | B3 | 87.02 | 21.11 ± 0.12 c | 4.87 ± 0.85 g | 4.13 ± 0.12 a | 15.33 ± 0.56 b |
Padina antillarum | B4 | 87.97 | 33.39 ± 0.11 bc | 18.44 ± 0.51 bc | 2.33 ± 0.00 b | 16.32 ± 0.04 b |
Seaweed Type | Trace Metals | Heavy Metals | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Co | Ni | Mn | Cr | Al | Pb | As | Cd | |
P. caerulescens | 0.48 ± 0.15 c | 0.30 ± 0.00 e | 0.95 ± 0.02 c,d | 14.29 ± 0.1 d | 0.55 ± 0.02 e | 123.74 ± 3.87 h | 0.19 ± 0.03 d | 6.08 ± 0.04 f | 2.76 ± 0.03 b |
G. corticata | 1.85 ± 0.19 c | 0.37 ± 0.02 d | 0.95 ± 0.05 c,d | 53.41 ± 1.32 a | 1.17 ± 0.12 d | 246.69 ± 5.74 d | 0.32 ± 0.04 c | 7.33 ± 0.2 e | 3.67 ± 0.08 a |
C. racemosa | 1.95 ± 0.07 c | 0.66 ± 0.01 b | 5.88 ± 0.79 a | 34.58 ± 0.18 c | 4.17 ± 0.12 a | 453.29 ± 9.15 c | 0.58 ± 0.03 b | 5.90 ± 0.01 f | 3.66 ± 0.02 a |
U. rigida | 1.574 ± 0.05 c | 0.23 ± 0.01 f | 2.76 ± 0.048 b | 9.74 ± 0.176 e | 2.23 ± 0.159 b | 180.88 ± 2.28 f | 0.374 ± 0.025 c | 2.35 ± 0.027 g | 0.99 ± 0.006 e |
C. tomentosum | 0.50 ± 0.08 c | 0.16 ± 0.00 g | 1.43 ± 0.02 c,d | 9.70 ± 0.20 e | 1.93 ± 0.09 c | 214.59 ± 7.06 e | 0.35 ± 0.02 c | 18.50 ± 0.34 d | 0.59 ± 0.01 f |
S. crassifolium | 0.25 ± 0.04 c | 0.25 ± 0.00 f | 0.70 ± 0.01 d | 7.54 ± 0.07 f | 0.68 ± 0.02 e | 152.93 ± 2.98 g | 0.14 ± 0.01 d | 36.91 ± 0.13 a | 2.13 ± 0.01 c |
S. cinereum | 442.34 ± 20.94 a | 1.57 ± 0.04 a | 1.6 ± 0.03 c | 49.3 ± 0.58 b | 1.9 ± 0.04 c | 562.13 ± 6.47 a | 1.21 ± 0.07 a | 30.99 ± 0.3 c | 1.34 ± 0.02 d |
T. ornata | 37.77 ± 2.47 b | 0.54 ± 0.01 c | 0.99 ± 0.06 c,d | 9.14 ± 0.09 e | 1.68 ± 0.13 c | 477.43 ± 4.49 b | 0.33 ± 0.01 c | 33.66 ± 0.07 b | 1.04 ± 0.01 e |
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Warnasooriya, V.; Gunawardena, S.; Weththasinghe, P.; Jayawardana, B.; Qader, M.; Liyanage, R. Nutritional Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Selected Marine Macro-Algae Species of Sri Lanka. Nutraceuticals 2024, 4, 50-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4010004
Warnasooriya V, Gunawardena S, Weththasinghe P, Jayawardana B, Qader M, Liyanage R. Nutritional Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Selected Marine Macro-Algae Species of Sri Lanka. Nutraceuticals. 2024; 4(1):50-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarnasooriya, Viraji, Sadhisha Gunawardena, Pabodha Weththasinghe, Barana Jayawardana, Mallique Qader, and Ruvini Liyanage. 2024. "Nutritional Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Selected Marine Macro-Algae Species of Sri Lanka" Nutraceuticals 4, no. 1: 50-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4010004