Saline Extract from Moringa oleifera Leaves Has Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects in Mouse Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of M. oleifera Leaf Extract (MoLE)
2.2. Characterization of MoLE by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
2.3. Characterization of MoLE Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
2.4. Investigation of MoLE for Hemagglutinating Activity (Lectin)
2.5. Determination of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity
2.6. Isolation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and Evaluation of the Effect of MoLE on Lymphocyte Viability
2.7. Investigation of MoLE for Hemolytic Activity
2.8. In Vivo Assays
2.8.1. Animals
2.8.2. Acute Oral Toxicity
2.8.3. Measurement of Antioxidant Enzyme Levels
2.8.4. Evaluation of MoLE on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Mice
Elevated plus Maze (EPM) Test
Forced Swimming Test
Tail Suspension Test
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein (mg/mL) | HA (Titer−1) | SHA | TIA (U/mg) | STIA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MoLE | 8.12 | 16 | 1.97 | 9.81 | 54.5 |
Treatment | Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Weight (g) | Food Consumption (g) | Water Consumption (mL) | |
Control | 36.45 ± 2.58 | 13.04 ± 1.23 | 25.11 ± 2.24 |
MoLE | 37.33 ± 3.02 | 14.10 ± 1.10 | 24.16 ± 2.08 |
Parameter | Control | MoLE (2000 mg/kg) |
---|---|---|
Red cells (106/mm3) | 5.21 ± 0.58 | 5.74 ± 0.39 |
Hematocrit (%) | 34.23 ± 2.09 | 35.69 ± 3.34 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.11 ± 0.26 | 14.10 ± 0.24 |
Mean corpuscular volume (%) | 46.45 ± 3.98 | 43.70 ± 4.55 |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (%) | 16.52 ± 1.31 | 16.34 ± 1.15 |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%) | 36.10 ± 3.16 | 37.28 ± 3.22 |
Leukocytes (103/mm3) | 7.65 ± 0.56 | 7.34 ± 0.45 |
Segmented (%) | 68.89 ± 4.66 | 72.25 ± 5.74 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 27.94 ± 1.35 | 26.03 ± 1.74 |
Monocytes (%) | 3.43 ± 0.30 | 3.33 ± 0.35 |
Basophils (%) | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.05 |
Eosinophils (%) | 1.34 ± 0.19 | 1.38 ± 0.18 |
Parameter | Control | MoLE (2000 mg/kg) |
---|---|---|
Albumin (g/dL) | 39.19 ± 3.76 | 38.75 ± 3.65 |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 67.32 ± 4.51 | 68.57 ± 4.75 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 89.10 ± 4.31 | 90.04 ± 5.79 |
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 13.24 ± 0.45 | 13.52 ± 0.45 |
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 12.44 ± 0.41 | 12.17 ± 0.42 |
Total protein (g/dL) | 70.26 ± 5.14 | 71.33 ± 5.48 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.34 ± 0.05 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 4.57 ± 0.50 | 4.42 ± 0.39 |
Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.42 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.09 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 70.65 ± 6.34 | 74.84 ± 6.11 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 90.12 ± 7.53 | 92.35 ± 8.20 |
Treatment | Parameter | ||
---|---|---|---|
Malondialdehyde (nM/mg of Protein) | Superoxide Dismutase (U/mg of Protein) | Catalase (nM/mg of Protein) | |
Control | 6.19 ± 0.52 | 10.12 ± 1.25 | 3.10 ± 0.15 |
MoLE | 6.10 ± 0.43 | 10.27 ± 1.12 | 3.17 ± 0.26 |
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Fidelis, K.R.; Alves, R.R.d.V.; Patriota, L.L.d.S.; Coelho, L.C.B.B.; Ferreira, M.R.A.; Soares, L.A.L.; Oliveira, A.M.d.; Napoleão, T.H.; Paiva, P.M.G. Saline Extract from Moringa oleifera Leaves Has Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects in Mouse Models. Nutraceuticals 2024, 4, 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4010005
Fidelis KR, Alves RRdV, Patriota LLdS, Coelho LCBB, Ferreira MRA, Soares LAL, Oliveira AMd, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG. Saline Extract from Moringa oleifera Leaves Has Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects in Mouse Models. Nutraceuticals. 2024; 4(1):65-81. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleFidelis, Kleber Ribeiro, Robson Raion de Vasconcelos Alves, Leydianne Leite de Siqueira Patriota, Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso Coelho, Magda Rhayanny Assunção Ferreira, Luiz Alberto Lira Soares, Alisson Macário de Oliveira, Thiago Henrique Napoleão, and Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva. 2024. "Saline Extract from Moringa oleifera Leaves Has Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects in Mouse Models" Nutraceuticals 4, no. 1: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4010005