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Volume 12
Issue 19
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Energies, Volume 12, Issue 19 (October-1 2019) – 215 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Froude-number scaling is a common experimental technique used in fire safety science. However, its limitations are not well defined. We identified these limits through physical and numerical modeling. Our findings relate the applicability of the method to flow turbulence and give guidance for a better setup of future experiments. View this paper.
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15 pages, 1377 KiB  
Article
Energy Use Efficiency Past-to-Future Evaluation: An International Comparison
by Chia-Nan Wang, Thi-Duong Nguyen and Min-Chun Yu
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3804; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193804 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2801
Abstract
Despite the many benefits that energy consumption brings to the economy, consuming energy also leads nations to expend more resources on environmental pollution. Therefore, energy efficiency has been proposed as a solution to improve national economic competitiveness and sustainability. However, the growth in [...] Read more.
Despite the many benefits that energy consumption brings to the economy, consuming energy also leads nations to expend more resources on environmental pollution. Therefore, energy efficiency has been proposed as a solution to improve national economic competitiveness and sustainability. However, the growth in energy demand is accelerating while policy efforts to boost energy efficiency are slowing. To solve this problem, the efficiency gains in countries where energy consumption efficiency is of the greatest concern such as China, India, the United States, and Europe, especially, emerging economies, is central. Additionally, governments must take greater policy actions. Therefore, this paper studied 25 countries from Asia, the Americas, and Europe to develop a method combining the grey method (GM) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) slack-based measure model (SMB) to measure and forecast the energy efficiency, so that detailed energy efficiency evaluation can be made from the past to the future; moreover, this method can be extended to more countries around the world. The results of this study reveal that European countries have a higher energy efficiency than countries in Americas (except the United States) and Asian countries. Our findings also show that an excess of total energy consumption is the main reason causing the energy inefficiency in most countries. This study contributes to policymaking and strategy makers by sharing the understanding of the status of energy efficiency and providing insights for the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Energy Use Efficiency)
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24 pages, 377 KiB  
Review
Biogas Upgrading: A Review of National Biomethane Strategies and Support Policies in Selected Countries
by Christopher Schmid, Thomas Horschig, Alexandra Pfeiffer, Nora Szarka and Daniela Thrän
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3803; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193803 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 7382
Abstract
Bioenergy contributes significantly towards the share of renewable energies, in Europe and worldwide. Besides solid and liquid biofuels, gaseous biofuels, such as biogas or upgraded biogas (biomethane), are an established renewable fuel in Europe. Although many studies consider biomethane technologies, feedstock potentials, or [...] Read more.
Bioenergy contributes significantly towards the share of renewable energies, in Europe and worldwide. Besides solid and liquid biofuels, gaseous biofuels, such as biogas or upgraded biogas (biomethane), are an established renewable fuel in Europe. Although many studies consider biomethane technologies, feedstock potentials, or sustainability issues, the literature on the required legislative framework for market introduction is limited. Therefore, this research aims at identifying the market and legislative framework conditions in the three leading biomethane markets in Europe and compare them to the framework conditions of the top six non-European biomethane markets. This study shows the global status and national differences in promoting this renewable energy carrier. For the cross-country comparison, a systematic and iterative literature review is conducted. The results show the top three European biomethane markets (Germany, United Kingdom, Sweden) and the six non-European biomethane markets (Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States of America), pursuing different promotion approaches and framework conditions. Noteworthy cross-national findings are the role of state-level incentives, the tendency to utilise biomethane as vehicular fuel and the focus on residues and waste as feedstock for biomethane production. Presenting a cross-country comparison, this study supports cross-country learning for the promotion of renewable energies like biomethane and gives a pertinent overview of the work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A4: Bio-Energy)
23 pages, 15836 KiB  
Article
Static Geological Modelling with Knowledge Driven Methodology
by Jun Li, Xiaoying Zhang, Bin Lu, Raheel Ahmed and Qian Zhang
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3802; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193802 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7321
Abstract
Geological modelling is an important topic of oil and gas exploration and production. A new knowledge driven methodology of geological modelling is proposed to address the problem of “hard data” limitation and modelling efficiency of the conventional data driven methodology. Accordingly, a new [...] Read more.
Geological modelling is an important topic of oil and gas exploration and production. A new knowledge driven methodology of geological modelling is proposed to address the problem of “hard data” limitation and modelling efficiency of the conventional data driven methodology. Accordingly, a new geological modelling software (DMatlas) (V1.0, Dimue, Wuhan, China) has been developed adopting a grid-free, object-based methodology. Conceptual facies models can be created for various depositional environments (such as fluvial, delta and carbonates). The models can be built largely based on geologists’ understandings with “soft data” such as outcrops analysis and geological maps from public literatures. Basic structures (fault, folds, and discrete fracture network) can be easily constructed according to their main features. In this methodology, models can be shared and re-used by other modelers or projects. Large number of model templates help to improve the modelling work efficiency. To demonstrate the tool, two case studies of geological modelling with knowledge driven methodology are introduced: (1) Suizhong 36-1 field which is a delta depositional environment in Bohai basin, China; (2) a site of the north Oman fracture system. The case studies show the efficiency and reliability within the new methodology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
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24 pages, 2832 KiB  
Article
Optimal Preventive Maintenance of Wind Turbine Components with Imperfect Continuous Condition Monitoring
by Ahmed Raza and Vladimir Ulansky
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3801; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193801 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3960
Abstract
Among the different maintenance techniques applied to wind turbine (WT) components, online condition monitoring is probably the most promising technique. The maintenance models based on online condition monitoring have been examined in many studies. However, no study has considered preventive maintenance models with [...] Read more.
Among the different maintenance techniques applied to wind turbine (WT) components, online condition monitoring is probably the most promising technique. The maintenance models based on online condition monitoring have been examined in many studies. However, no study has considered preventive maintenance models with incorporated probabilities of correct and incorrect decisions made during continuous condition monitoring. This article presents a mathematical model of preventive maintenance, with imperfect continuous condition monitoring of the WT components. For the first time, the article introduces generalized expressions for calculating the interval probabilities of false positive, true positive, false negative, and true negative when continuously monitoring the condition of a WT component. Mathematical equations that allow for calculating the expected cost of maintenance per unit of time and the average lifetime maintenance cost are derived for an arbitrary distribution of time to degradation failure. A numerical example of WT blades maintenance illustrates that preventive maintenance with online condition monitoring reduces the average lifetime maintenance cost by 11.8 times, as compared to corrective maintenance, and by at least 4.2 and 2.6 times, compared with predetermined preventive maintenance for low and high crack initiation rates, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maintenance Management of Wind Turbines)
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13 pages, 4775 KiB  
Article
High Reduction Efficiencies of Adsorbed NOx in Pilot-Scale Aftertreatment Using Nonthermal Plasma in Marine Diesel-Engine Exhaust Gas
by Takuya Kuwahara, Keiichiro Yoshida, Tomoyuki Kuroki, Kenichi Hanamoto, Kazutoshi Sato and Masaaki Okubo
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3800; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193800 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2888
Abstract
An efficient NOx reduction aftertreatment technology for a marine diesel engine that combines nonthermal plasma (NTP) and NOx adsorption/desorption is investigated. The aftertreatment technology can also treat particulate matter using a diesel particulate filter and regenerate it via NTP-induced ozone. In [...] Read more.
An efficient NOx reduction aftertreatment technology for a marine diesel engine that combines nonthermal plasma (NTP) and NOx adsorption/desorption is investigated. The aftertreatment technology can also treat particulate matter using a diesel particulate filter and regenerate it via NTP-induced ozone. In this study, the NOx reduction energy efficiency is investigated. The investigated marine diesel engine generates 1 MW of output power at 100% engine load. NOx reduction is performed by repeating adsorption/desorption processes with NOx adsorbents and NOx reduction using NTP. Considering practical use, experiments are performed for a larger number of cycles compared with our previous study; the amount of adsorbent used is 80 kg. The relationship between the mass of desorbed NOx and the energy efficiency of NOx reduction via NTP is established. This aftertreatment has a high reduction efficiency of 71% via NTP and a high energy efficiency of 115 g(NO2)/kWh for a discharge power of 12.0 kW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma Processes for Renewable Energy Technologies)
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18 pages, 4671 KiB  
Article
An Enhanced Method to Assess MPC Performance Based on Multi-Step Slow Feature Analysis
by Linyuan Shang, Yanjiang Wang, Xiaogang Deng, Yuping Cao, Ping Wang and Yuhong Wang
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3799; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193799 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2574
Abstract
Due to the wide application of model predictive control (MPC) in industrial processes, the assessment of MPC performance is essential to ensure product quality and improve energy efficiency. Recently, the slow feature analysis (SFA) algorithm has been successfully applied to assess the performance [...] Read more.
Due to the wide application of model predictive control (MPC) in industrial processes, the assessment of MPC performance is essential to ensure product quality and improve energy efficiency. Recently, the slow feature analysis (SFA) algorithm has been successfully applied to assess the performance of MPC. However, the disadvantage of the traditional SFA-based predictable index is that it can only extract one-step predictable information in the monitored variables. In order to better mine the predictable information contained in the monitored variables with large lag, an enhanced method to assess MPC performance based on multi-step SFA (MSSFA) is proposed. Based on the relationship between the slowness of slow features (SFs) and data predictability, an MSSFA model SFA(τ) is built through extending the temporal derivatives of the SFs from one step to multiple steps to extract multi-step predictable information in the monitored variables, which is used to construct a multi-step predictable index. Then, the predictable information in the SFs is further extracted for enhancing the multi-step predictable index to improve its sensitivity to performance changes. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified through two process simulation examples. Full article
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16 pages, 2577 KiB  
Review
Large Photovoltaic Power Plants Integration: A Review of Challenges and Solutions
by Nouha Mansouri, Abderezak Lashab, Dezso Sera, Josep M. Guerrero and Adnen Cherif
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3798; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193798 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6618
Abstract
Renewable energy systems (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, are providing increasingly larger shares of power generation. PV systems are the fastest growing generation technology today with almost ~30% increase since 2015 reaching 509.3 GWp worldwide capacity by the end of 2018 [...] Read more.
Renewable energy systems (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, are providing increasingly larger shares of power generation. PV systems are the fastest growing generation technology today with almost ~30% increase since 2015 reaching 509.3 GWp worldwide capacity by the end of 2018 and predicted to reach 1000 GWp by 2022. Due to the fluctuating and intermittent nature of PV systems, their large-scale integration into the grid poses momentous challenges. This paper provides a review of the technical challenges, such as frequency disturbances and voltage limit violation, related to the stability issues due to the large-scale and intensive PV system penetration into the power network. Possible solutions that mitigate the effect of large-scale PV system integration on the grid are also reviewed. Finally, power system stability when faults occur are outlined as well as their respective achievable solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of PV in Distribution Networks)
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14 pages, 4628 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Effect of Interfacial Heat Transfer on Performance of Thermoelectric Generators
by Gen Li, Zhongcheng Wang, Feng Wang, Xiaozhong Wang, Shibo Li and Mingsuo Xue
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193797 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3096
Abstract
The application of thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems in waste heat recovery has attracted more and more attention. In this work, the effect of interfacial heat transfer on the performance of TEG module was experimentally and numerically investigated. Three kinds of thermal greases with [...] Read more.
The application of thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems in waste heat recovery has attracted more and more attention. In this work, the effect of interfacial heat transfer on the performance of TEG module was experimentally and numerically investigated. Three kinds of thermal greases with thermal conductivities of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 W/(m∙K) were used as thermal interface materials (TIMs) to improve interfacial heat transfer at different external pressures ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa. The open-circuit voltage, output power, and thermal interfacial resistance were measured at different experimental conditions. It was found that the performance of the TEG module can be greatly improved by using thermal greases as TIMs. The open-circuit voltages increased from 1.73 to either 3.07, 3.4, or 3.57 V with k = 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 W/(m∙K) thermal greases respectively used as TIMs when the temperature difference was 60 °C and external pressure was 0.1 MPa. However, the performance of the TEG was slightly affected by external pressure when thermal greases used as TIMs. The open-circuit voltages were 3.07, 3.13, 3.17, and 3.20 V at external pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 MPa when the temperature difference ΔT = 60 °C and k = 2.0 W/(m∙K) thermal greases were used as TIMs. Full article
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16 pages, 5519 KiB  
Article
An Effective Energy Management Strategy Based on Mine-Blast Optimization Technique Applied to Hybrid PEMFC/Supercapacitor/Batteries System
by Ahmed M. Nassef, Ahmed Fathy and Hegazy Rezk
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3796; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193796 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2474
Abstract
An effective energy management strategy based on the mine-blast optimization (MBA) technique was proposed in this paper to optimally manage the energy in a hybrid power system. The hybrid system was composed of fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. Such system was employed to [...] Read more.
An effective energy management strategy based on the mine-blast optimization (MBA) technique was proposed in this paper to optimally manage the energy in a hybrid power system. The hybrid system was composed of fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. Such system was employed to supply highly fluctuated load. The results of the proposed strategy were compared with previously employed strategies such as fuzzy logic control (FLC), state machine control strategy (SMCS), and equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). The comparison was carried out in terms of the hydrogen fuel economy and the overall efficiency as the key factors. The resulting responses of the proposed MBA-based management strategy indicate that its performance is the best among the other strategies of SMCS, FLC, and ECMS in both the hydrogen fuel economy and overall efficiency. Full article
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21 pages, 5119 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Downhole Perforation Pressure for a Deepwater Well
by Qiao Deng, Hui Zhang, Jun Li, Xuejun Hou and Binxing Zhao
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3795; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193795 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3533
Abstract
During the production of deepwater wells, downhole perforation safety is one of the key technical problems. The perforation fluctuating pressure is an important factor in assessing the wellbore safety threat. Due to difficulty in describing the downhole perforation pressure by using the existing [...] Read more.
During the production of deepwater wells, downhole perforation safety is one of the key technical problems. The perforation fluctuating pressure is an important factor in assessing the wellbore safety threat. Due to difficulty in describing the downhole perforation pressure by using the existing empirical correlations, a prediction model based on data fitting of a large number of numerical simulations has been proposed. Firstly, a numerical model is set up to obtain the dynamic data of downhole perforation, and the exponential attenuation model of perforation pressure in the wellbore is established. Secondly, a large number of numerical simulations have been carried out through orthogonal test design. The results reveal that the downhole perforation pressure is logarithmic to the total charge quantity, increases linearly to the wellbore initial pressure, shows an exponential relationship with downhole effective volume for perforation, and has a power relationship with the thickness of casing and cement as well as formation elastic modulus. Thirdly, the prediction of perforation peak pressure at different positions along the wellbore agrees well with the field measurement within a 10% error. Finally, the results of this study have been applied in the field case, and an optimization scheme for deepwater downhole perforation safety has been put forward. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Unconventional Reservoirs)
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14 pages, 33130 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Airfoil Leading Edge Radius on the Aerodynamic Performance of H-Rotor Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
by Chenguang Song, Guoqing Wu, Weinan Zhu, Xudong Zhang and Jicong Zhao
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193794 - 8 Oct 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3874
Abstract
This paper numerically investigates the effects of airfoil leading edge radius on the aerodynamic characteristics of H-rotor Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). 10 modified airfoils are generated by changing the leading edge radius of the base NACA 0015 airfoil from 1%c [...] Read more.
This paper numerically investigates the effects of airfoil leading edge radius on the aerodynamic characteristics of H-rotor Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). 10 modified airfoils are generated by changing the leading edge radius of the base NACA 0015 airfoil from 1%c to 9%c, respectively. A 2D unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is established and validated with the previously published experimental data. The power, torque, and flow field characteristics of the rotors are analyzed. The results indicate that the maximum and minimum power coefficient at the optimum tip speed ratio (TSR) are obtained for the LE-5%c and LE-1%c model, respectively. The best aerodynamic characteristics are determined by the LE-5%c model below the optimum TSR and the LE-3%c model beyond the optimum TSR. The torque characteristics and pressure distribution for the single blades with different airfoil leading edge radius show an obvious difference in the upwind region and a very small difference in the downwind region. Moreover, the airfoil leading edge radius influences the strength, region, and diffusion rate of the vortices, being the main reason for the observed differences in instantaneous torque coefficient and power coefficient. The vortices of the LE-1%c model are stronger, larger, and diffuse slower than those of the LE-2%c and LE-5%c model at the optimum TSR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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15 pages, 3517 KiB  
Article
A Novel Machine Learning-Based Short-Circuit Current Prediction Method for Active Distribution Networks
by Xiang Zheng, Huifang Wang, Kuan Jiang and Benteng He
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3793; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193793 - 7 Oct 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3070
Abstract
The traditional mechanism models used in short-circuit current calculations have shortcomings in terms of accuracy and speed for distribution systems with inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs). Faced with this issue, this paper proposes a novel data-driven short-circuit current prediction method for active distribution systems. [...] Read more.
The traditional mechanism models used in short-circuit current calculations have shortcomings in terms of accuracy and speed for distribution systems with inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs). Faced with this issue, this paper proposes a novel data-driven short-circuit current prediction method for active distribution systems. This method can be used to accurately predict the short-circuit current flowing through a specified measurement point when a fault occurs at any position in the distribution network. By analyzing the features related to the short-circuit current in active distribution networks, feature combination is introduced to reflect the short-circuit current. Specifically, the short-circuit current where IIDGs are not connected into the system is treated as the key feature. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified using the IEEE 34-node test system. The requirement of the sample sizes for distribution systems of different scale is further analyzed by using the additional IEEE 13-node and 69-node test systems. The applicability of the proposed method in large-scale distribution network with high penetration of IIDGs is verified as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)
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20 pages, 3923 KiB  
Article
Flexible Options for Greenhouse Gas-Emitting Energy Producer
by Andrey Krasovskii, Nikolay Khabarov, Ruben Lubowski and Michael Obersteiner
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3792; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193792 - 7 Oct 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3044
Abstract
The reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) constitutes part of the international climate agreements and contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals. This research is motivated by the risks associated with the future CO2 price uncertainty in the context of [...] Read more.
The reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) constitutes part of the international climate agreements and contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals. This research is motivated by the risks associated with the future CO2 price uncertainty in the context of the offsetting of carbon emissions by regulated entities. The research asked whether it is possible to reduce these financial risks. In this study, we consider the bilateral interaction of a REDD supplier and a greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting energy producer in an incomplete emission offsets market. Within this setting, we explore an innovative financial instrument—flobsion—a flexible option with benefit-sharing. For the quantitative assessment, we used a research method based on a two-stage stochastic technological portfolio optimization model established in earlier studies. First, we obtain an important result that the availability of REDD offsets does not increase the optimal emissions of the electricity producer under any future CO2 price realization. Moreover, addressing concerns about a possible “crowding–out” effect of REDD-based offsets, we demonstrate that the emissions and offsetting cost will decrease and increase, respectively. Second, we demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed instrument by analyzing flobsion contracts with respect to the benefit-sharing ratio and strike price within the risk-adjusted supply and demand framework. Finally, we perform a sensitivity analysis with respect to CO2 price distributions and the opportunity costs of the forest owner supplying REDD offsets. Our results show that flobsion’s flexibility has advantages compared to a standard option, which can help GHG-emitting energy producers with managing their compliance risks, while at the same time facilitating the development of REDD programs. In this study we limited our analysis to the case of the same CO2 price distributions foreseen by both parties; the flobsion pricing under asymmetric information could be considered in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Emission Reduction—Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Carbon Offset)
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18 pages, 2042 KiB  
Article
A Novel Real-Time Mechanism Modeling Approach for Turbofan Engine
by Qianjing Chen, Jinquan Huang, Muxuan Pan and Feng Lu
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3791; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193791 - 7 Oct 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3056
Abstract
Nonlinear component level model (NCLM) is a widely used model for aeroengines. However, it requires iterative calculation and is, therefore, time-consuming, which restricts its real-time application. This study aims at developing a simplified real-time modeling approach for turbofan engines. A mechanism modeling approach [...] Read more.
Nonlinear component level model (NCLM) is a widely used model for aeroengines. However, it requires iterative calculation and is, therefore, time-consuming, which restricts its real-time application. This study aims at developing a simplified real-time modeling approach for turbofan engines. A mechanism modeling approach is proposed based on linear models to avoid the iterative calculation in NCLM so as to effectively reduce the computational complexity. Linear local models, of which the outputs are the solution of the balance equations in NCLM, are established at the ground operating points and are combined into a linear parameter varying (LPV) state-space model. Then, the model is extended throughout the full flight envelope in a polytopic expression and is integrated with the flow path calculation to obtain satisfactory real-time performance. In order to ensure the accuracy of the integrated model, the upper bound of convergence residual of the iteration is strictly set and consideration on the interpolation method is taken. The simulation results demonstrate that the integrated model requires much less computational resources than the NCLM does. Meanwhile, it maintains an acceptable accuracy performance and, therefore, is suitable for real-time application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section I: Energy Fundamentals and Conversion)
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15 pages, 4919 KiB  
Article
Effect of Vertical Metal Plate on Transfer Efficiency of the Wireless Power Transfer System
by Lantao Huang, Jiahao Zou, Yihan Zhou, Yan Hong, Jing Zhang and Zinan Ding
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3790; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193790 - 7 Oct 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3307
Abstract
Power transfer efficiency is an important issue in wireless power transfer (WPT). In actual applications, the WPT system may be exposed to a complex electromagnetic environment. The metal which is inevitably or accidentally close to the system will impact the power transfer efficiency. [...] Read more.
Power transfer efficiency is an important issue in wireless power transfer (WPT). In actual applications, the WPT system may be exposed to a complex electromagnetic environment. The metal which is inevitably or accidentally close to the system will impact the power transfer efficiency. Most previous research has aimed at the effect of the metallic sheet paralleled to the resonant coil. This paper focuses on the effect of the metallic plate perpendicular to the resonant coils. Firstly, based on the theoretical analysis, a simulation model is setup using COMSOL Multiphysics. The efficiencies of the double-coils magnetic resonant WPT system with the presence of the parallel and vertical aluminum plate are studied comparatively. Efficiency improvement is observed with the vertical plate while the reduction appeared with the presence of the parallel plate. The vertical metallic plate has shown a magnetic field shielding effect according to the magnetic field distribution. It can reduce the radial magnetic field and enhance the axial magnetic field. Then, the effects of the position and size of the vertical plate are studied. It is found that the transfer efficiency has a preferable improvement when the vertical aluminum plate with a larger size is placed between the resonant coils and near outer edge of the windings. Finally, the experiment is carried out to verify the effect of the vertical aluminum plate on the WPT system. Full article
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15 pages, 5629 KiB  
Article
Optimization Design of Injection Strategy for Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Process in Heterogeneous Reservoir under Low Oil Prices
by Hong He, Yuqiu Chen, Qun Yu, Xianli Wen and Haocheng Liu
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3789; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193789 - 7 Oct 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3621
Abstract
Surfactant–polymer (SP) flooding has significant potential to enhance oil recovery after water flooding in mature reservoirs. However, the economic benefit of the SP flooding process is unsatisfactory under low oil prices. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the chemical costs and improve SP [...] Read more.
Surfactant–polymer (SP) flooding has significant potential to enhance oil recovery after water flooding in mature reservoirs. However, the economic benefit of the SP flooding process is unsatisfactory under low oil prices. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the chemical costs and improve SP flooding efficiency to make SP flooding more profitable. Our goal was to maximize the incremental oil recovery of the SP flooding process after water flooding by using the equal chemical consumption cost to ensure the economic viability of the SP flooding process. Thus, a systematic study was carried out to investigate the SP flooding process under different injection strategies by conducting parallel sand pack flooding experiments to optimize the SP flooding design. Then, the comparison of the remaining oil distribution after water flooding and SP flooding under different injection strategies was studied. The results demonstrate that the EOR efficiency of the SP flooding process under the alternating injection of polymer and surfactant–polymer (PASP) is higher than that of conventional simultaneous injection of surfactant and polymer. Moreover, as the alternating cycle increases, the incremental oil recovery increases. Based on the analysis of fractional flow, incremental oil recovery, and remaining oil distribution when compared with the conventional simultaneous injection of surfactant and polymer, the alternating injection of polymer and surfactant–polymer (PASP) showed better sweep efficiency improvement and recovered more remaining oil trapped in the low permeability zone. Thus, these findings could provide insights into designing the SP flooding process under low oil prices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhanced Oil Recovery 2020)
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18 pages, 3459 KiB  
Review
Energy Savings from Feedback Systems: A Meta-Studies’ Review
by Paolo Zangheri, Tiago Serrenho and Paolo Bertoldi
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3788; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193788 - 6 Oct 2019
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6750
Abstract
In order to achieve the goal of the Paris Agreement and reduce energy consumption there is the need for a behavior change in energy end-users. Many studies have demonstrated that by delivering to energy users customized feedback on their energy consumption it can [...] Read more.
In order to achieve the goal of the Paris Agreement and reduce energy consumption there is the need for a behavior change in energy end-users. Many studies have demonstrated that by delivering to energy users customized feedback on their energy consumption it can encourage a change in their behavior and support investments in energy efficiency and sustainable energy use. However, the resulting impact on energy consumption can vary largely depending on how, when, and to whom the feedback is delivered. This paper aims to provide an updated overview of the energy savings for the main energy consumptions in residential buildings associated with different types of feedback and against some key determinants, i.e., geographical area, time period, type of medium. This analysis is based on a comprehensive literature review of over 70 studies. Based on the review the paper draws conclusions relevant for policymakers and stakeholders interested in developing feedback strategies and tools for their wide applications. The paper focuses also on the ongoing process implementing the EU Energy Efficiency Directive articles related to billing and metering, which will enable more proactive consumer feedback. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electricity Demand Side Management)
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21 pages, 5281 KiB  
Article
Towards the Development of Syngas/Biomethane Electrolytic Production, Using Liquefied Biomass and Heterogeneous Catalyst
by Ana Gonçalves, Jaime Filipe Puna, Luís Guerra, José Campos Rodrigues, João Fernando Gomes, Maria Teresa Santos and Diogo Alves
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3787; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193787 - 6 Oct 2019
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3434
Abstract
This paper presents results on the research currently being carried out with the objective of developing new electrochemistry-based processes to produce renewable synthetic fuels from liquefied biomass. In the current research line, the gas mixtures obtained from the typical electrolysis are not separated [...] Read more.
This paper presents results on the research currently being carried out with the objective of developing new electrochemistry-based processes to produce renewable synthetic fuels from liquefied biomass. In the current research line, the gas mixtures obtained from the typical electrolysis are not separated into their components but rather are introduced into a reactor together with liquefied biomass, at atmospheric pressure and different temperatures, under acidified zeolite Y catalyst, to obtain synthesis gas. This gaseous mixture has several applications, like the production of synthetic 2nd generation biofuel (e. g., biomethane, biomethanol, bio-dimethyl ether, formic acid, etc.). The behaviour of operational parameters such as biomass content, temperature and the use of different amounts of acidified zeolite HY catalyst were investigated. In the performed tests, it was found that, in addition to the synthesis gas (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide), methane was also obtained. Therefore, this research is quite promising, and the most favourable results were obtained by carrying out the biomass test at 300 °C, together with 4% of acidified zeolite Y catalyst, which gives a methane volumetric concentration equal to 35%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Biodiesel, Methanol and Methane Production and Air Quality Improvement)
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21 pages, 25081 KiB  
Article
High-efficiency Bidirectional Buck–Boost Converter for Residential Energy Storage System
by Seok-Hyeong Ham, Yoon-Geol Choi, Hyeon-Seok Lee, Sang-Won Lee, Su-Chang Lee and Bongkoo Kang
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3786; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193786 - 6 Oct 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4716
Abstract
This paper proposes a bidirectional dc–dc converter for residential micro-grid applications. The proposed converter can operate over an input voltage range that overlaps the output voltage range. This converter uses two snubber capacitors to reduce the switch turn-off losses, a dc-blocking capacitor to [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a bidirectional dc–dc converter for residential micro-grid applications. The proposed converter can operate over an input voltage range that overlaps the output voltage range. This converter uses two snubber capacitors to reduce the switch turn-off losses, a dc-blocking capacitor to reduce the input/output filter size, and a 1:1 transformer to reduce core loss. The windings of the transformer are connected in parallel and in reverse-coupled configuration to suppress magnetic flux swing in the core. Zero-voltage turn-on of the switch is achieved by operating the converter in discontinuous conduction mode. The experimental converter was designed to operate at a switching frequency of 40–210 kHz, an input voltage of 48 V, an output voltage of 36–60 V, and an output power of 50–500 W. The power conversion efficiency for boost conversion to 60 V was ≥98.3% in the entire power range. The efficiency for buck conversion to 36 V was ≥98.4% in the entire power range. The output voltage ripple at full load was <3.59 Vp.p for boost conversion (60 V) and 1.35 Vp.p for buck conversion (36 V) with the reduced input/output filter. The experimental results indicate that the proposed converter is well-suited to smart-grid energy storage systems that require high efficiency, small size, and overlapping input and output voltage ranges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)
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18 pages, 6144 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Mist Flow Cooling by Using V-Shaped Broken Ribs
by Kuan-Tzu Huang and Yao-Hsien Liu
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3785; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193785 - 6 Oct 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2508
Abstract
Substantial heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by cooling with air/water mist flow because of droplet impingement and liquid film/fragment evaporation on the heated surface, which leads to a high heat-removal rate. An experimental investigation was conducted in a square channel with continuous [...] Read more.
Substantial heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by cooling with air/water mist flow because of droplet impingement and liquid film/fragment evaporation on the heated surface, which leads to a high heat-removal rate. An experimental investigation was conducted in a square channel with continuous and broken V-shaped ribs. To generate a mist flow, micro droplets were introduced into the gas stream. The rib angle of attack was 45°, and the rib spacing-to-height ratios were 10 and 20. The air Reynolds number ranged from 7900 to 24,000, and the water-to-air volume flow ratio was less than 0.1%. The net heat inputs ranged from 1.1–3.1 W/cm2 and 3.4–9.4 W/cm2 for the air and mist flow cases, respectively. Because the deposited liquid fragments produced uneven temperature distribution on the heated surface, steady-state infrared thermography was used to visualize the heat transfer distribution. Two to seven times higher heat transfer was attained for the broken ribs when using the mist flow than when using air flow. This increase was mainly attributed to the broken structure, which facilitated liquid transport and enhanced liquid coverage. In addition, the broken ribs produced a smaller friction factor than continuous ribs. The broken structures were beneficial for higher thermal performance in the mist flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Heat Transfer in Energy Systems)
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21 pages, 6768 KiB  
Article
Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Soot and Ash from the Combustion of Peat Briquettes in Household Boilers
by Jana Růžičková, Marek Kucbel, Helena Raclavská, Barbora Švédová, Konstantin Raclavský, Michal Šafář and Pavel Kantor
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3784; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193784 - 5 Oct 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4102
Abstract
Soot and ash as residues from the combustion of peat briquettes were analysed by chemical and mineralogical methods. The study aimed to characterize combustion in domestic boilers of two different emission classes. Ten samples of soot deposited in exhausting ways of boilers were [...] Read more.
Soot and ash as residues from the combustion of peat briquettes were analysed by chemical and mineralogical methods. The study aimed to characterize combustion in domestic boilers of two different emission classes. Ten samples of soot deposited in exhausting ways of boilers were obtained (five of each emission class). The analyses of organic substances in soot were performed using a combination of the methods for the determination of elemental and organic forms of carbon with analytical pyrolysis. Pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (Py-GC/MS) allowed the identification of organic compounds belonging to twenty different groups. The major and minor elements in peat briquettes, char and soot, were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The identification of grains and the chemical character of soot was performed using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The mineral phases in ash were determined by X-ray diffraction. The behaviour of the inorganic elements in combustion products (ash and soot) was studied by means of an enrichment factor. The analytical results are used for characterizing the technological conditions of combustion. The soot deposits from the more advanced boilers with increased combustion temperature contain more organic compounds which indicate the highly carbonized cellulose (benzofurans and dibenzofurans). The increased combustion temperature is indicated by increased concentrations of heterocyclic and aliphatic nitrogen compounds, while the total concentrations of nitrogen in soot from boilers of both types are comparable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 19th IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (19th IEEE EEEIC))
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15 pages, 5876 KiB  
Article
Thermally Anisotropic Composites for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Building Envelopes
by Kaushik Biswas, Som Shrestha, Diana Hun and Jerald Atchley
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193783 - 5 Oct 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3259
Abstract
This article describes a novel application of thermal anisotropy for improving the energy efficiency of building envelopes. The current work was inspired by existing research on improved heat dissipation in electronics using thermal anisotropy. Past work has shown that thermally anisotropic composites (TACs) [...] Read more.
This article describes a novel application of thermal anisotropy for improving the energy efficiency of building envelopes. The current work was inspired by existing research on improved heat dissipation in electronics using thermal anisotropy. Past work has shown that thermally anisotropic composites (TACs) can be created by the alternate layering of two dissimilar, isotropic materials. Here, a TAC consisting of alternate layers of rigid foam insulation and thin, high-conductivity aluminum foil was investigated. The TAC was coupled with copper tubes with circulating water that acted as a heat sink and source. The TAC system was applied to a conventional wood-framed wall assembly, and the energy benefits were investigated experimentally and numerically. For experimental testing, large scale test wall specimens were built with and without the TAC system and tested in an environmental chamber under simulated diurnal hot and cold weather conditions. Component-level and whole building numerical simulations were performed to investigate the energy benefits of applying the TAC system to the external walls of a typical, single-family residential building. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Thermal Envelope)
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26 pages, 7481 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimisation-Based Tuning of Two Second-Order Sliding-Mode Controller Variants for DFIGs Connected to Non-Ideal Grid Voltage
by Ana Susperregui, Juan Manuel Herrero, Miren Itsaso Martinez, Gerardo Tapia-Otaegui and Xavier Blasco
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193782 - 5 Oct 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2846
Abstract
In this paper, a posteriori multi-objective optimisation (MOO) is applied to tune the parameters of a second-order sliding-mode control (2-SMC) scheme commanding the grid-side converter (GSC) of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) subject to unbalanced and harmonically distorted grid voltage. Two variants (i.e., [...] Read more.
In this paper, a posteriori multi-objective optimisation (MOO) is applied to tune the parameters of a second-order sliding-mode control (2-SMC) scheme commanding the grid-side converter (GSC) of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) subject to unbalanced and harmonically distorted grid voltage. Two variants (i.e., design concepts) of the same 2-SMC algorithm are assessed, which only differ in the format of their switching functions and which contain six and four parameters to be adjusted, respectively. A single set of parameters which stays valid for nine different operating regimes of the DFIG is also sought. As two objectives, related to control performances of grid active and reactive powers, are established for each operating regime, the optimisation process considers 18 objectives simultaneously. A six-parameter set derived in a previous work without applying MOO is taken as reference solution. MOO results reveal that both the six- and four-parameter versions can be tuned to overcome said reference solution in each and every objective, as well as showing that performances comparable to those of the six-parameter variant can be achieved by adopting the four-parameter one. Overall, the experimental results confirm the latter and prove that the performance of the reference parameter set can be significantly improved by using either of the six- or four-parameter versions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sliding Mode Control of Power Converters in Renewable Energy Systems)
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21 pages, 11264 KiB  
Article
An Electric Taxi Charging Station Planning Scheme Based on an Improved Destination Choice Method
by Ruifeng Shi, Jiahua Liu, Zhenhong Liao, Li Niu, Eke Ibrahim and Fang Fu
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3781; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193781 - 5 Oct 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3264
Abstract
The environmental crisis has prompted the development of electric vehicles as a green and environmentally friendly mode of travel. Since a reasonable layout of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations is the prerequisite for developing the EV industry, obtaining an optimal and efficient EV [...] Read more.
The environmental crisis has prompted the development of electric vehicles as a green and environmentally friendly mode of travel. Since a reasonable layout of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations is the prerequisite for developing the EV industry, obtaining an optimal and efficient EV charging station planning scheme is a key issue. Although the Chinese government has carried out a plan to build EV charging piles in residential and working places, it cannot properly fulfill the task of matching the charging needs for public transportation vehicles such as electric taxis (ETs). How to evaluate the performance of fast charging stations (FCSs) and how to help find the optimal ET charging station planning scheme are new challenges. In this paper, an improved destination selection model is proposed to simulate the ET operation system and to help find the optimal ET charging station size with statistical analysis based on the charging need prediction. A numerical case study shows that the proposed method can address ET charging behavior well and can help to statistically determine the size of each ET charging station, which should satisfy the constraints on the preset proportion of the ET charging service requests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)
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19 pages, 7009 KiB  
Article
Development of an Integrated Power Distribution System Laboratory Platform Using Modular Miniature Physical Elements: A Case Study of Fault Location
by Jinrui Tang, Binyu Xiong, Chen Yang, Cuilan Tang, Yang Li, Guoxing Su and Xinhao Bian
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3780; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193780 - 5 Oct 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3846
Abstract
The main shortcomings of the software-based power engineering education are a lack of physical understanding of phenomena and hands-on experience. Existing scaled-down analogous educational power system platforms cannot be widely used for experiments in universities due to the high cost, complicated operation, and [...] Read more.
The main shortcomings of the software-based power engineering education are a lack of physical understanding of phenomena and hands-on experience. Existing scaled-down analogous educational power system platforms cannot be widely used for experiments in universities due to the high cost, complicated operation, and huge size. An integrated power distribution system laboratory platform (PDSLP) using modular miniature physical elements is proposed in this paper. The printed circuit board (PCB) and microelectronic technology are proposed to construct each physical element. Furthermore, the constructed physical elements are used to set up an integrated PDSLP based on modular assembly technology. The size of the proposed cost-efficient PDSLP is significantly reduced, and the reliability of the proposed PDSLP can be improved greatly because the signal transmission path is shortened and a number of welding points are reduced. A PDSLP for fault location in neutral non-effectively grounded distribution systems (NGDSs) is selected as a typical experimental scenario and one scaled-down distribution network with three feeders is subsequently implemented and discussed. The measured zero-sequence currents by our proposed PDSLP when a single-phase earth fault occurred can reveal the true features of the fault-generated signals, including steady-state and transient characteristics of zero-sequence currents. They can be readily observed and used for students to design corresponding fault location algorithms. Modular renewable energy sources and other elements can be designed, implemented and integrated into the proposed platform for the laboratory education of the active distribution networks in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transient and Dynamic Simulations of Distribution Networks)
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25 pages, 4951 KiB  
Article
Alternative Methodology to Calculate the Directional Characteristic Settings of Directional Overcurrent Relays in Transmission and Distribution Networks
by José de Jesús Jaramillo Serna and Jesús M. López-Lezama
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3779; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193779 - 4 Oct 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5285
Abstract
When addressing the problem of calculating the settings for directional overcurrent elements, the focus is usually the determination of the pickup, time dial and operating characteristic, in order to ensure proper selectivity with adjacent protection elements, thus limiting the problem related to the [...] Read more.
When addressing the problem of calculating the settings for directional overcurrent elements, the focus is usually the determination of the pickup, time dial and operating characteristic, in order to ensure proper selectivity with adjacent protection elements, thus limiting the problem related to the settings calculation of the direction determination characteristic to the application of typical settings and general guidelines, which cannot provide a reliable measure of the suitability of such settings. The present article describes in detail an alternative methodology for determining these settings, based on a characterization of the power system where the directional protection is to be applied, through the performance of a detailed short-circuit sensitivity analysis. From this, an optimization problem is formulated and solved to obtain the main settings shaping the direction determination characteristic, and then, a series of variables are used to measure the performance of the obtained settings, and even to improve it. The obtained results show the advantages of the application of the proposed methodology over the traditional methodology, based on typical settings and general guidelines, pointing out the risks of using the later. Full article
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14 pages, 1840 KiB  
Article
A Protection System for Improved Ring-Bus DC Microgrids
by Zhiming Zhang, Qing Chen, Ranran Xie and Yi Zheng
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3778; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193778 - 4 Oct 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2515
Abstract
An improved system structure and a corresponding protection system are proposed in this paper, which aims at providing future DC microgrids with suitable protection ideas. At first, the ring-bus system is adjusted to balance the system control and protection and make the system [...] Read more.
An improved system structure and a corresponding protection system are proposed in this paper, which aims at providing future DC microgrids with suitable protection ideas. At first, the ring-bus system is adjusted to balance the system control and protection and make the system more conventional for the equipment expansion. In addition, based on this structure, a protection system is established. It consists of two parts, which are local protection and pilot centralized protection. The local protection is designed for protecting the vulnerable power electronic components in converters and the pilot protection is mainly proposed for the fault isolation. The combination between two parts makes the whole system overcome the contradiction between protection speed and reliability and the method also takes the protection suitability into consideration. Finally, all the methods are verified by the simulation system based on the PSCAD /EMTDC. Full article
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16 pages, 5317 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation and Prediction of BIPV Systems under Partial Shading Conditions Using Normalized Efficiency
by Chul-sung Lee, Hyo-mun Lee, Min-joo Choi and Jong-ho Yoon
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3777; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193777 - 4 Oct 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2884
Abstract
The performance of the Operable Building Integrated Photovoltaic (OBIPV) system applied to the building envelope to reduce the building energy consumption varies significantly depending on the operation method and influence of the surrounding environment. Therefore, optimization through performance monitoring is necessary to maximize [...] Read more.
The performance of the Operable Building Integrated Photovoltaic (OBIPV) system applied to the building envelope to reduce the building energy consumption varies significantly depending on the operation method and influence of the surrounding environment. Therefore, optimization through performance monitoring is necessary to maximize power generation of the system. This study used temperature-corrected normalized efficiency (NE*) to evaluate the power generation performance of the operation methods and predict that of the OBIPV system based upon the measured data. It was confirmed that power generation performance decreased when the photovoltaic (PV) operation angle changed, the system remaining the same. A decrease in power generation performance due to partial shading from an overhang was also observed. As a result of the power generation prediction for two months using NE*, the error of the measured values was found to be less than 3%. In addition, with or without any partial shading of the OBIPV system, its performance degradation was predicted with an annual electricity generation decrease by 36 kWh/yr (6.5%). Therefore, NE* can be used as an indicator for evaluating the power generation performance of PV systems, and to predict generation performance considering partial shading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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11 pages, 2346 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of a R-410A Reclamation Process Using Various Heat-Pump-Assisted Distillation Configurations
by Nguyen Van Duc Long, Thi Hiep Han, Dong Young Lee, Sun Yong Park, Byeng Bong Hwang and Moonyong Lee
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3776; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193776 - 4 Oct 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4434
Abstract
Distillation for R-410A reclamation from a waste refrigerant is an energy-intensive process. Thus, various heat pump configurations were proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of existing conventional distillation columns for separating R-410A and R-22. One new heat pump configuration combining a vapor compression [...] Read more.
Distillation for R-410A reclamation from a waste refrigerant is an energy-intensive process. Thus, various heat pump configurations were proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of existing conventional distillation columns for separating R-410A and R-22. One new heat pump configuration combining a vapor compression (VC) heat pump with cold water and hot water cycles was suggested for easy operation and control. Both advantages and disadvantages of each heat pump configuration were also evaluated. The results showed that the mechanical vapor recompression heat pump with top vapor superheating saved up to 29.5%, 100.0%, and 10.5% of the energy required in the condenser duty, reboiler duty, and operating cost, respectively, compared to a classical heat pump system, and 85.2%, 100.0%, and 60.8%, respectively, compared to the existing conventional column. In addition, this work demonstrated that the operating pressure of a VC heat pump could be lower than that of the existing distillation column, allowing for an increase in capacity of up to 20%. In addition, replacing the throttle valve with a hydraulic turbine showed isentropic expansion can decrease the operating cost by up to 20.9% as compared to the new heat pump configuration without a hydraulic turbine. Furthermore, the reduction in carbon dioxide emission was investigated to assess the environmental impact of all proposed sequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2019)
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20 pages, 2053 KiB  
Article
Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Healthcare Facilities in the United States
by Khaled Bawaneh, Farnaz Ghazi Nezami, Md. Rasheduzzaman and Brad Deken
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3775; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193775 - 4 Oct 2019
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 26577
Abstract
Healthcare facilities in the United States account for 4.8% of the total area in the commercial sector and are responsible for 10.3% of total energy consumption in this sector. The number of healthcare facilities increased by 22% since 2003, leading to a 21% [...] Read more.
Healthcare facilities in the United States account for 4.8% of the total area in the commercial sector and are responsible for 10.3% of total energy consumption in this sector. The number of healthcare facilities increased by 22% since 2003, leading to a 21% rise in energy consumption and an 8% reduction in energy intensity per unit of area (544.8 kWh/m2). This study provides an analytical overview of the end-use energy consumption data in healthcare systems for hospitals in the United States. The energy intensity of the U.S. hospitals ranges from 640.7 kWh/m2 in Zone 5 (very hot) to 781.1 kWh/m2 in Zone 1 (very cold), with an average of 738.5 kWh/m2. This is approximately 2.6 times higher than that of other commercial buildings. High energy intensity in the healthcare facilities, particularly in hospitals, along with energy costs and associated environmental concerns make energy analysis crucial for this type of facility. The proposed analysis shows that U.S. healthcare facilities have higher energy intensity than those of most other countries, especially the European ones. This necessitates the adoption of more energy-efficient approaches to the infrastructure and the management of healthcare facilities in the United States. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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