Measuring the Failure of Planning and Its Impact on Sustainable Travel in Dublin, Ireland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Policy Context and Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Data
3.2. Descriptive Analysis
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Characteristics of the Sample
Year Built | ||||
N | % | Number of Houses Built per Annum | ||
1919–1970 | 182,786 | 36 | 3584 | |
1971–1995 | 196,603 | 39 | 8192 | |
1996–2000 | 49,102 | 10 | 12,276 | |
2001–2006 | 76,828 | 15 | 15,366 | |
Total | 505,319 | 100 | ||
Mode of Transport | ||||
N | % | Average Distance (KM) | Average Travel Time (minutes) | |
Walk | 70,080 | 13 | 2.17 | 19 |
Cycle | 20,602 | 4 | 5.48 | 22 |
Bus | 76,816 | 14 | 9.51 | 43 |
Rail | 39,534 | 7 | 13.47 | 45 |
Motorcycle | 6607 | 1 | 10.84 | 25 |
Car-Driver | 260,754 | 49 | 11.24 | 31 |
Car-Passenger | 19,997 | 4 | 9.75 | 28 |
Lorry/Van | 19,239 | 4 | 13.91 | 35 |
Other means | 1028 | 0 | - | - |
Work from home | 8218 | 2 | - | - |
NA | 9354 | 2 | - | - |
Total | 532,219 | 100 | - | - |
4.2. Characteristics of the Housing Location
4.3. Characteristics of the Households
5. Conclusions
Year Built | Before 1919 | 1919–1940 | 1941–1960 | 1961–1970 | 1971–1980 | 1981–1990 | 1991–1995 | 1996–2000 | 2001–2006 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Bus Stops | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
None | 9655 | 24 | 9463 | 28 | 18,372 | 31 | 12,754 | 26 | 21,020 | 22 | 12,224 | 19 | 6587 | 17 | 8459 | 17 | 17,267 | 22 |
1–5 stops | 16,189 | 41 | 15,347 | 45 | 25,840 | 44 | 18,471 | 37 | 34,559 | 37 | 20,927 | 33 | 11,047 | 28 | 13,263 | 27 | 19,104 | 25 |
6–10 stops | 8286 | 21 | 6555 | 19 | 11,413 | 19 | 12,919 | 26 | 24,043 | 25 | 16,168 | 26 | 9921 | 25 | 9232 | 19 | 20,005 | 26 |
11–20 stops | 4314 | 11 | 1898 | 6 | 3250 | 5 | 4764 | 10 | 7830 | 8 | 6864 | 11 | 5480 | 14 | 4719 | 10 | 7965 | 10 |
20+ stops | 1353 | 3 | 514 | 2 | 457 | 1 | 972 | 2 | 6960 | 7 | 6702 | 11 | 6271 | 16 | 13,429 | 27 | 12,487 | 16 |
Total | 39,797 | 100 | 33,777 | 100 | 59,332 | 100 | 49,880 | 100 | 94,412 | 100 | 62,885 | 100 | 39,306 | 100 | 49,102 | 100 | 76,828 | 100 |
Average | 5.35 | 4.17 | 4.0 | 5.16 | 6.01 | 7.19 | 8.56 | 9.6 | 8.11 | |||||||||
Rail Available | ||||||||||||||||||
No | 27,762 | 70 | 25,521 | 76 | 49,454 | 83 | 42,101 | 84 | 77,555 | 82 | 50,194 | 80 | 29,802 | 76 | 38,929 | 79 | 61,634 | 80 |
Yes | 12,035 | 30 | 8,256 | 24 | 9,878 | 17 | 7,779 | 16 | 16,857 | 18 | 12,691 | 20 | 9,504 | 24 | 10,173 | 21 | 15,194 | 20 |
Total | 39,797 | 100 | 33,777 | 100 | 59,332 | 100 | 49,880 | 100 | 94,412 | 100 | 62,885 | 100 | 39,306 | 100 | 49,102 | 100 | 76,828 | 100 |
Density of Housing Units | ||||||||||||||||||
Less than 1000 per km2 | 2140 | 5 | 1361 | 4 | 1674 | 3 | 3475 | 7 | 9145 | 10 | 7018 | 11 | 4680 | 12 | 7001 | 14 | 23,094 | 30 |
1001–3000 per km2 | 5064 | 13 | 5830 | 17 | 11,812 | 20 | 12,139 | 24 | 29,761 | 32 | 25,233 | 40 | 11,783 | 30 | 10,701 | 22 | 17,265 | 22 |
3001–6000 per km2 | 11,908 | 30 | 13,263 | 39 | 32,459 | 55 | 27,284 | 55 | 48,216 | 51 | 24,518 | 39 | 16,295 | 41 | 24,797 | 51 | 26,932 | 35 |
6001–9000 per km2 | 11,552 | 29 | 10,191 | 30 | 10,850 | 18 | 5928 | 12 | 6397 | 7 | 4630 | 7 | 3947 | 10 | 3963 | 8 | 6151 | 8 |
9001–12,000 per km2 | 7524 | 19 | 2397 | 7 | 2059 | 3 | 855 | 2 | 632 | 1 | 1079 | 2 | 1605 | 4 | 1267 | 3 | 2342 | 3 |
12,001+ per km2 | 1609 | 4 | 735 | 2 | 478 | 1 | 199 | 0 | 261 | 0 | 407 | 1 | 996 | 3 | 1373 | 3 | 1044 | 1 |
Total | 39,797 | 100 | 33,777 | 100 | 59,332 | 100 | 49,880 | 100 | 94,412 | 100 | 62,885 | 100 | 39,306 | 100 | 49,102 | 100 | 76,828 | 100 |
Average | 6356 | 5444 | 4722 | 4109 | 3593 | 3435 | 4060 | 4047 | 3288 | |||||||||
Number of Cars per Household | ||||||||||||||||||
One | 14,462 | 37 | 12,879 | 39 | 22,526 | 38 | 16,463 | 33 | 30,128 | 32 | 22,480 | 36 | 13,241 | 34 | 16,495 | 34 | 31,380 | 41 |
Two | 11,397 | 29 | 11,211 | 34 | 20,897 | 36 | 19,966 | 40 | 37,627 | 40 | 24,399 | 39 | 16,335 | 42 | 20,754 | 43 | 28,519 | 38 |
Three or more | 3741 | 10 | 3424 | 10 | 6587 | 11 | 7621 | 15 | 18,021 | 19 | 8587 | 14 | 3870 | 10 | 4162 | 9 | 4334 | 6 |
None | 9575 | 24 | 5856 | 18 | 8758 | 15 | 5409 | 11 | 7846 | 8 | 6889 | 11 | 5511 | 14 | 7249 | 15 | 11,617 | 15 |
Total | 39,175 | 100 | 33,370 | 100 | 58,768 | 100 | 49,459 | 100 | 93,622 | 100 | 62,355 | 100 | 38,957 | 100 | 48,660 | 100 | 75,850 | 100 |
Average | 1.33 | 1.47 | 1.54 | 1.76 | 1.90 | 1.69 | 1.58 | 1.54 | 1.40 |
Year built | Before 1919 | 1919–1940 | 1941–1960 | 1961–1970 | 1971–1980 | 1981–1990 | 1991–1995 | 1996–2000 | 2001–2006 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Male | 21,665 | 54 | 18,183 | 54 | 32,254 | 54 | 27,439 | 55 | 51,977 | 55 | 33,686 | 54 | 21,450 | 55 | 26,965 | 55 | 40,348 | 53 |
Female | 18,132 | 46 | 15,594 | 46 | 27,078 | 46 | 22,441 | 45 | 42,435 | 45 | 29,199 | 46 | 17,856 | 45 | 22,137 | 45 | 36,480 | 47 |
Total | 39,797 | 100 | 33,777 | 100 | 59,332 | 100 | 49,880 | 100 | 94,412 | 100 | 62,885 | 100 | 39,306 | 100 | 49,102 | 100 | 76,828 | 100 |
Age | ||||||||||||||||||
15–24 | 4040 | 10 | 3795 | 11 | 7389 | 12 | 6373 | 13 | 15,384 | 16 | 10,021 | 16 | 4516 | 11 | 5641 | 11 | 9191 | 12 |
25–34 | 12,868 | 32 | 8744 | 26 | 13,929 | 23 | 12,273 | 25 | 22,999 | 24 | 15,850 | 25 | 13,105 | 33 | 21,514 | 44 | 45,704 | 59 |
35–44 | 9373 | 24 | 8254 | 24 | 15,038 | 25 | 11,593 | 23 | 15,319 | 16 | 13,779 | 22 | 12,798 | 33 | 15,295 | 31 | 15,853 | 21 |
45–54 | 8003 | 20 | 7795 | 23 | 14,574 | 25 | 9733 | 20 | 21,380 | 23 | 16,550 | 26 | 6827 | 17 | 5015 | 10 | 4326 | 6 |
55–64 | 4654 | 12 | 4390 | 13 | 7128 | 12 | 8034 | 16 | 17,860 | 19 | 6134 | 10 | 1856 | 5 | 1418 | 3 | 1495 | 2 |
65+ | 859 | 2 | 799 | 2 | 1274 | 2 | 1874 | 4 | 1470 | 2 | 551 | 1 | 204 | 1 | 219 | 0 | 259 | 0 |
Total | 39,797 | 100 | 33,777 | 100 | 59,332 | 100 | 49,880 | 100 | 94,412 | 100 | 62,885 | 100 | 39,306 | 100 | 49,102 | 100 | 76,828 | 100 |
Average | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 35 | 33 | |||||||||
Socio-Economic Grouping | ||||||||||||||||||
SEG1 | 7551 | 19 | 6087 | 18 | 9688 | 16 | 8567 | 17 | 14,688 | 16 | 11,000 | 17 | 8262 | 21 | 9786 | 20 | 15,001 | 20 |
SEG2 | 6614 | 17 | 3859 | 11 | 4912 | 8 | 3884 | 8 | 6066 | 6 | 5136 | 8 | 4383 | 11 | 5435 | 11 | 9092 | 12 |
SEG3 | 7110 | 18 | 5229 | 15 | 7691 | 13 | 6704 | 13 | 11,659 | 12 | 8428 | 13 | 6136 | 16 | 7370 | 15 | 12,135 | 16 |
SEG4 | 8686 | 22 | 8720 | 26 | 16,590 | 28 | 14,285 | 29 | 28,676 | 30 | 17,906 | 28 | 10,317 | 26 | 12,784 | 26 | 20,141 | 26 |
SEG5 | 2083 | 5 | 2739 | 8 | 6134 | 10 | 4961 | 10 | 11,196 | 12 | 6346 | 10 | 3125 | 8 | 4069 | 8 | 6044 | 8 |
SEG6 | 2384 | 6 | 2571 | 8 | 5608 | 9 | 4438 | 9 | 8694 | 9 | 5208 | 8 | 2466 | 6 | 3449 | 7 | 5314 | 7 |
SEG7 | 1261 | 3 | 1345 | 4 | 2686 | 5 | 1758 | 4 | 3442 | 4 | 2386 | 4 | 945 | 2 | 1451 | 3 | 2220 | 3 |
SEG8 | 1833 | 5 | 1534 | 5 | 2951 | 5 | 2626 | 5 | 4779 | 5 | 2840 | 5 | 1683 | 4 | 2135 | 4 | 2440 | 3 |
SEG9 | 156 | 0 | 86 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 77 | 0 | 176 | 0 | 108 | 0 | 61 | 0 | 71 | 0 | 116 | 0 |
SEG10 | 52 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 77 | 0 | 104 | 0 | 67 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 57 | 0 | 112 | 0 |
SEG11 | 2067 | 5 | 1576 | 5 | 2938 | 5 | 2503 | 5 | 4932 | 5 | 3460 | 6 | 1894 | 5 | 2495 | 5 | 4213 | 5 |
Total | 39,797 | 100 | 33,777 | 100 | 59,332 | 100 | 49,880 | 100 | 94,412 | 100 | 62,885 | 100 | 39,306 | 100 | 49,102 | 100 | 76,828 | 100 |
No. of People per Household | ||||||||||||||||||
1 | 6460 | 16 | 3624 | 11 | 4762 | 8 | 2947 | 6 | 4425 | 5 | 5174 | 8 | 3916 | 10 | 4556 | 9 | 10,626 | 14 |
2 | 12,260 | 31 | 8336 | 25 | 13,548 | 23 | 10,498 | 21 | 16,809 | 18 | 12,753 | 21 | 10,103 | 26 | 14,516 | 30 | 32,815 | 43 |
3+ | 20,749 | 53 | 21,526 | 64 | 40,497 | 69 | 36,062 | 73 | 72,174 | 77 | 44,251 | 71 | 25,035 | 64 | 29,787 | 61 | 33,072 | 43 |
Total | 39,469 | 100 | 33,486 | 100 | 58,807 | 100 | 49,507 | 100 | 93,408 | 100 | 62,178 | 100 | 39,054 | 100 | 48,859 | 100 | 76,513 | 100 |
Average | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.7 |
Acknowledgements
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McDonnell, S.; Caulfield, B. Measuring the Failure of Planning and Its Impact on Sustainable Travel in Dublin, Ireland. Energies 2011, 4, 727-740. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4050727
McDonnell S, Caulfield B. Measuring the Failure of Planning and Its Impact on Sustainable Travel in Dublin, Ireland. Energies. 2011; 4(5):727-740. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4050727
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcDonnell, Simon, and Brian Caulfield. 2011. "Measuring the Failure of Planning and Its Impact on Sustainable Travel in Dublin, Ireland" Energies 4, no. 5: 727-740. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4050727