Next Article in Journal
Effects of Temperature on the Fretting Wear Behavior of 2.25Cr-1Mo Tubes against Gr5C12 Rods
Next Article in Special Issue
Comparative Study of Pd/B4C X-ray Multilayer Mirrors Fabricated by Magnetron Sputtering with Kr and Ar Gas
Previous Article in Journal
Study on the Sulfuration Mechanism of Concrete: Microstructure and Product Analysis
Previous Article in Special Issue
A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of TiN Top and Bottom Electrodes on Atomic Layer Deposited Ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin Films
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 13
Issue 15
10.3390/ma13153387
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Low Temperature Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Nitride Using Hydrazine as the Nitrogen Source

by
Yong Chan Jung
1,
Su Min Hwang
1,
Dan N. Le
1,
Aswin L. N. Kondusamy
1,
Jaidah Mohan
1,
Sang Woo Kim
1,2,
Jin Hyun Kim
1,2,
Antonio T. Lucero
1,
Arul Ravichandran
1,
Harrison Sejoon Kim
1,
Si Joon Kim
3,
Rino Choi
2,
Jinho Ahn
4,
Daniel Alvarez
5,
Jeff Spiegelman
5 and
Jiyoung Kim
1,*
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea
4
Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
5
RASIRC Inc., 7815 Silverton Avenue, San Diego, CA 92126, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2020, 13(15), 3387; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153387
Submission received: 20 June 2020 / Revised: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 July 2020 / Published: 31 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Layer Deposition Technique in Material Science)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films were grown using thermal atomic layer deposition in the temperature range of 175–350 °C. The thin films were deposited using trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and hydrazine (N2H4) as a metal precursor and nitrogen source, respectively. Highly reactive N2H4, compared to its conventionally used counterpart, ammonia (NH3), provides a higher growth per cycle (GPC), which is approximately 2.3 times higher at a deposition temperature of 300 °C and, also exhibits a low impurity concentration in as-deposited films. Low temperature AlN films deposited at 225 °C with a capping layer had an Al to N composition ratio of 1:1.1, a close to ideal composition ratio, with a low oxygen content (7.5%) while exhibiting a GPC of 0.16 nm/cycle. We suggest that N2H4 as a replacement for NH3 is a good alternative due to its stringent thermal budget.

1. Introduction

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is one of the promising materials for electronic and optoelectronic devices due to its wide band gap structure (6.2 eV), high thermal conductivity (2.85 W/cm·K at 300 K), melting point (2750 °C), and large critical electric field (12 MV/cm) [1,2,3]. Additionally, using a highly thermal conductive material like AlN as a thermal spreader can result in enhanced thermal dissipation, which is highly beneficial in scaled devices [4,5,6]. These nitride deposition processes should be compatible with the thermal budget of back-end-of-line (BEOL) processes in conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication. A lower deposition temperature (<300 °C) is preferred and conformality over high-aspect ratio structures, commonly found in novel, complex device structures, is also desirable. Hence, the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is a forerunner among other deposition techniques that meets these specifications while providing excellent thickness controllability. Plasma-enhanced ALD (PEALD) provides the plasma radicals required to push the boundaries of ALD reactions towards a lower temperature but sensitive substrates can suffer from plasma-induced damage [7]. PEALD has a relatively poor conformal deposition on complicated 3D nano-structures compared to thermal ALD.
Currently, AlN ALD using ammonia (NH3) and trimethyl aluminum (TMA) results in an incomplete reaction at temperatures below 300 °C [8]. High-temperature ALD above 450 °C is required in order to achieve a vigorous reaction with methyl groups (–CH3) and the complete removal of by-products in the ALD process using NH3 and TMA [8]. One way of circumventing this issue is by introducing a more reactive nitrogen source than NH3. From this perspective, hydrazine (N2H4) can be used as a replacement for NH3 as the N–N bond in N2H4 (~167 kJ/mol) is weak when compared to the N–H bond (~386 kJ/mol) in NH3 [9]. The molecular structure of N2H4 is as shown in Figure 1 using a ball-stick model. Safety was a key concern while handling N2H4, but the newly available ultra-high purity anhydrous N2H4 source is compliant with the safety standard requirements and has also demonstrated the deposition of metal nitrides at low temperatures [10,11,12].
Abdulagatov et al. recently demonstrated AlN deposition by thermal ALD using tris(diethylamido)aluminum (III) (TDEAA) and hydrazine in the deposition temperature range from 150 to 280 °C [13]. Growth rates of 1.23, 1.16, and 1.72 Å/cycle were reported at 150, 200, and 280 °C, respectively. The higher growth rate observed at 280 °C was mainly attributed to the organo-metallic precursor decomposition and hence a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reaction mechanism was suspected for observing such a high growth rate. Additionally, it was also demonstrated that the impurity, such as carbon and oxygen content, in nitride film deposited using hydrazine was comparable or lower when compared to films deposited using NH3 [13,14].
Previous studies revealed that the growth rate of AlN is less than 0.04 nm/cycle by thermal ALD at temperatures below 400 °C using TMA and NH3 [13]. Furthermore, TMA starts to decompose at higher temperatures (above 377 °C) [15] and reduces the film quality of AlN [16,17]. In order to deposit high-quality AlN with a reasonable growth rate at low temperatures, it is essential to adopt highly reactive precursors, such as hydrazine, into the ALD process. In this paper, we successfully demonstrate AlN films deposition by thermal ALD at low temperatures. Ultra-pure anhydrous N2H4 and TMA were used to deposit AlN thin films in the temperature range from 175 to 350 °C, with the feasibility of AlN deposition using an Al ALD precursor of TMA. As a comparison, the growth rate and surface roughness of AlN films deposited by thermal ALD using TMA and NH3 are also presented.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Film Deposition

ALD AlN was deposited using TMA and N2H4 as the Al precursor and nitrogen source, respectively. The films were deposited using home-built ALD system with a hollow-cathode plasma source (Meaglow Ltd., Thunder Bay, Canada) provision to generate plasma. This ALD system has been used for deposition of various nitride films using thermal ALD or PEALD processes [18,19,20,21]. The stainless-steel chamber wall was heated to ~120 °C and the precursor delivery lines were maintained at 90 °C to avoid condensation. The precursors were maintained at room temperature. For the ALD process, p-type Si (100) substrates (Silicon Valley Microelectronics, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a resistivity of 3–10 Ω·cm were dipped in 100:1 diluted HF solution to remove native oxide. After blowing with N2, the substrates were directly transferred to the process chamber. During this ex situ process, re-oxidation of the silicon surface was negligible to cause interdiffusion of oxygen into AlN films [22]. After loading the substrates, the chamber was pumped down to 10−6 Torr using a turbomolecular pump to reduce adventitious contaminants introduced during the substrate transfer. The process pressure was maintained at 0.5 Torr with continuous flow of Ar carrier gas. The representative time sequence of one cycle of the ALD process condition was set to be: TMA pulse (0.1 s)–Ar purge (15 s)–N2H4 pulse (0.1 s)–Ar purge (120 s), as shown in Figure 2. The deposition temperature was varied between 175 and 350 °C. For comparison, all samples in this study were deposited using 100 cycles.
In the case of material characterization of AlN grown at 225 °C, 4 nm-thick silicon nitride (SiNx) was deposited as a capping layer in order to prevent the surface oxidation in air. The SiNx capping layer was subsequently deposited at 410 °C using hexachlorodisilane (Si2Cl6) and N2H4 in the same chamber without breaking the vacuum.

2.2. Film Characterization

The thickness and refractive index (R.I.) of AlN thin films were measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE, M-2000DI, J.A. Woolam, Lincoln, NE, USA) and the values were fit using the spectra measured at 3 different angles (55°, 65°, and 75°). The chemical composition and bonding states of AlN thin films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS analysis was performed using a PHI VersaProbe II (ULVAC-PHI, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan) equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (EPhoton = 1486.6 eV). To remove surface contaminants, Ar gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) sputtering with a beam energy of 1 kV and the cluster size of 2500 atoms was employed. The elemental composition of the films was calculated based on the peak area and atomic sensitivity factor [23]. Surface roughness of AlN films was determined by atomic force microscope (AFM) (Veeco Multimode V. Non-contact AFM, Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA).

3. Results and Discussion

The ALD deposition of AlN using TMA and N2H4 followed by sequentially pulsing the reactants, followed by flushing out the reaction by-products using Ar between the self-limited surface reactions. To get the ALD process condition, self-limited growth per cycle (GPC) characteristics were examined by increasing N2H4 pulse and purge time, as shown in Figure 3a,b. With the increased N2H4 pulse and purge time, the growth rate saturated at a constant level as expected in the ideal ALD process. An increase of purging time (300 s or longer) might be inappropriate for the ALD process due to the feasibility, hence we set the pulse and purge time of N2H4 for AlN deposition process to 0.1 s and 120 s, respectively. Meanwhile, the R.I. of film at wavelength of 633 nm was slightly larger (<0.1) as the pulse and purge time increased. This variation was not sufficient to argue that the stoichiometry of the deposited films has changed. In addition, it was confirmed that the AlN thin films deposited by the thermal ALD process had an amorphous nature, as confirmed by XRD analysis. The density of the thin films deposited at 350 °C confirmed through X-ray reflectometry analysis was 2.9 g/cm3, which is about 10% lower value compared to the reference value of bulk crystalline AlN of 3.26 g/cm3. The unit cell dimensions of the hexagonal structure of wurtzite AlN were reported as a = 3.1151 Å, b = 3.1151 Å, and c = 4.9880 Å [24]. Therefore, a relatively larger GPC is expected than when the crystalline AlN is grown.
Figure 4 shows the temperature dependence of the film growth rate from 175 to 350 °C. To obtain the GPC of each point in Figure 4, the AlN films were deposited using 100 ALD cycles. The growth rate increased linearly with increasing deposition temperature, where the GPC was 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, and 0.32 nm/cycle at 175, 225, 300 and 350 °C, respectively. In an ideal ALD process, the constant GPC can be achieved at temperatures high enough to avoid precursor condensation and satisfy perceptible reactivity between the precursor and substrate, but sufficiently low to prevent precursor decomposition and desorption of chemisorbed species from the surface [25,26]. Nevertheless, the GPC can still be varied with temperature while maintaining self-limiting growth due to the temperature dependence of the reactive sites on the surface and the reaction mechanism of the precursor itself [26]. Our observation confirmed that co-adsorption of TMA and N2H4 was self-limiting by forming a monolayer at substrate temperature <350 °C, while above this temperature reaction was rapid and formed a thick film of AIN. Consequently, the CVD effect became significant and an increase of GPC could be observed [16,17] as deposition temperature is up to 350 °C. It is also worth noting that the ALD window of AlN using TMA is narrow in earlier studies [27,28]. Furthermore, the growth rate of thermal ALD-AlN films from TMA and NH3 was inconsistent in previous reports. For example, Tian et al. reported the growth rate of AlN films was 0.01 nm/cycle at 375 °C [27], while Kim et al. deposited AlN films in the temperature range from 265 to 335 °C with a growth rate of 0.02–0.16 nm/cycle [29]. Unfortunately, in the case of AlN deposited using NH3 in a thermal ALD process, the sub-angstrom (less than 0.5 Å) growth rate was too low for accurate comparison. On the other hand, the deposition rates observed in our study using N2H4 were much larger than those reported earlier for thermal ALD AlN using TMA and NH3. To suppress changes from equipment difference, we deposited AlN using NH3 as the nitrogen source in the same ALD reactor. As a result, it was confirmed that the deposition rates at 300 °C increased by 2.3 times with N2H4.
The R.I. of the AlN film at wavelength of 633 nm was extracted from the SE. The SE data were fit using the Cauchy model, which is widely used for semiconductor materials [30]. The R.I. of the AlN film increases with increasing deposition temperature except at 175 °C. It is suspected that the higher R.I. at 175 °C can be attributed by hydrogen species inside the film. Due to the relatively low temperature, the remaining N–H bonds from N2H4 are dominant after ligand exchange with TMA, resulting in the lower GPC results [31]. The R.I. of AlN film deposited at 350 °C is 1.98, which is close to the reported values of high-quality AlN films [32,33,34].
XPS measurements were performed to investigate chemical bonding states of AlN thin films. Figure 5 shows XPS analysis results of AlN films deposited for 100 ALD cycles at 225 and 300 °C. AlN films, when exposed to air, react with oxygen and water to form an aluminum oxide film [34]. As mentioned in the experimental section, we deposited SiNx on AlN film grown at 225 °C to prevent the ambient oxidation of the nitride film deposited below 225 °C. It was an inevitable choice to passivate with the SiNx film, because ex-situ chemical analysis was impossible owing to the oxidation being too active in the air. The O 1s peak for the AlN films deposited at 225 °C with and without capping layer is depicted in Supplementary Materials (Figure S1). It showed that 4 nm-thick SiNx capping layer provides effective barrier to oxidation of AlN surface. Nevertheless, it was indicated that the peak at 532.4 eV is assigned to Al–O bonds in the AlN films, and these oxygen impurities in both films were considered the natural characteristics of the AlN films [35,36,37]. It is worth noting that the capping layer should be thin enough to avoid significant signal attenuation from the sample and there should be no interfacial reaction with the sample [38,39,40]. Meanwhile AlN films deposited at 300 °C do not have any capping layer, which may result in higher O content in the films compared to the films deposited at 225 °C with a capping layer. It should be noted that the peak positions from the AlN film with the capping layer were calibrated using the Si 2p peak at 99.4 eV, which comes from the Si substrate. In the case of AlN films without capping, the peak positions were calibrated with Al 2p peak at 74.3 eV, the calibrated peaks from the AlN films aforementioned. All narrow scans were deconvoluted for more accurate analysis of the chemical bonding status, such as metal oxide and metal nitrides. Both the Al 2p and N 1s peaks were slightly asymmetric, indicating the presence of different bonding features associated with nitrogen in the AlN thin films.
Figure 5a shows the comparison of the Al 2p peaks for the AlN films deposited at 225 and 300 °C. Deconvolution of the Al 2p spectrum gives rise to two peaks, one at 74.3 eV, which corresponds to Al in Al–N, and the other at 75.2 eV, which corresponds to the BE of Al–O bonds. The values of these peaks are comparable with the previously reported spectra for AlN films [28,41,42]. As shown in Figure 5a, mainly Al–N bonds and ignorable Al–O bonds were observed. In the same way, the N 1s spectrum was deconvoluted with two peaks as described in Figure 5b. It showed one main peak centered at a BE of 397.4 eV, corresponds to N in Al–N, and the other at 398.6 eV, corresponds to the BE of unbounded nitrogen [43].
There is a concern regarding the source of unbounded nitrogen observed in the film. We suggest that the unbounded nitrogen came from incompletely reacted N2H4 without breaking the N–N bond, which remains after reaction with TMA due to low deposition temperature. This hypothesis is also supported by the decrease in GPC with increase in N2H4 purge time, as shown in Figure 3b. The composition distribution of the AlN films was also analyzed. This elemental analysis for the AlN films is described in Table 1 which shows that the surface composition consists of aluminum, nitrogen and oxygen, as expected. The surface composition analysis of sputtered film requires attention to interpret due to the preferential Ar ion sputtering effect [42]. Due to the unbroken N–N bonds of N2H4, it is supposed that the Al:N ratio is 1:1; however, the ratio increased over 1:1 with higher nitrogen concentration. The total [N]/[Al] ratio of the AlN film deposited at 225 and 300 °C was 1.1 and 1.2, respectively. Although this difference is small, N 1s spectra clearly indicates the AlN film deposited at 225 °C shows higher unbounded nitrogen content. The decrement of [N]/[N–Al] ratio from 0.34 to 0.15 with increasing deposition temperature may suggest that the films deposited at higher deposition temperature have larger R.I., i.e., high density. Nevertheless, the AlN thin film deposited at 225 °C showed an Al:N ratio of 1:1.1, which meant that stoichiometric AlN was successfully deposited.
For more precise comparison of the growth rate, we conducted ALD of AlN using different techniques, using the same ALD reactor. As shown in Figure 6, the growth rates of tALD N2H4, PEALD NH3, and tALD NH3 were 0.16, 0.15, and 0.03 nm/cycle at 225 °C and 0.25, 0.24, and 0.11 nm/cycle at 300 °C, respectively. When using N2H4 as the nitrogen source, the growth rates were 5.3 and 2.3 times higher than when deposited by tALD using NH3 at 225 and 300 °C, respectively. In addition, the growth rate of AlN deposited by tALD N2H4 was comparable with that of AlN deposited by PEALD NH3.
Figure 7 shows the surface morphology of AlN thin films grown by thermal ALD using two different nitrogen sources, N2H4 and NH3. The root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of the films were measured by AFM and their values were 0.64 and 0.72 nm for AlN films deposited using 100 cycles, using N2H4 and NH3 as the nitrogen source, respectively. There is no degradation of surface roughness with N2H4 despite the higher growth rate, which makes N2H4 an attractive nitrogen source in semiconductor fabrication.

4. Conclusions

Deposition of low-temperature AlN through thermal ALD has been demonstrated. Optical and chemical characterization has been performed to get an accurate assessment of the quality of the deposited AlN films. Thicknesses and R.I.s of the films were analyzed using SE. A growth rate of 0.16 nm/cycle and R.I. of 1.74 was obtained at the very low temperature of 225 °C. A high growth rate can be achieved compared to NH3 as the nitrogen source due to the high reactivity of N2H4. XPS results showed an Al:N ratio of 1:1.1 and few impurities in the films.
In summary, stable AlN thin films were successfully grown while the material parameters were comparable to those of aluminum nitride films deposited using NH3. In addition, the rapid deposition rate at low temperatures demonstrates the potential of the nitrogen source to replace NH3.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/15/3387/s1, Figure S1: High resolution O 1s XPS spectra of (a) AlN deposited at 225 °C w/ and w/o capping layer and (b) AlN deposited at 225 °C w/ capping layer and deposited at 300 °C w/o capping layer.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.C.J.; methodology, Y.C.J., S.M.H., and A.T.L.; validation, Y.C.J., S.M.H., and H.S.K.; formal analysis, Y.C.J., S.M.H., A.L.N.K., D.A., and J.K.; investigation, D.N.L., A.L.N.K., S.W.K., J.H.K., D.A., and J.K.; resources, Y.C.J. and J.K.; data curation, Y.C.J., D.N.L., A.L.N.K., and A.R.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.C.J.; writing—review and editing, Y.C.J., J.M., A.R., H.S.K., S.J.K., R.C., J.A., D.A., and J.K.; visualization, Y.C.J.; supervision, R.C., D.A., J.S., and J.K.; project administration, J.K.; funding acquisition, D.A., J.S., R.C., J.A., and J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by RASIRC Inc. This work was also partially supported by Brain Pool Program through NRF by the Ministry of Science and ICT in Korea (No. 2019H1D3A2A01101691) and the MOTIE (Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy) in Korea under the Fostering Global Talents for Innovative Growth Program (P0008750) supervised by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge RASIRC Inc. for providing the ultrapure anhydrous hydrazine.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Slack, G.A.; Tanzilli, R.A.; Pohl, R.O.; Vandersande, J.W. The Intrinsic Thermal Conductivity of AIN. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1987, 48, 641–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Zhang, Z.; Gao, B.; Fang, Z.; Wang, X.; Tang, Y.; Sohn, J.; Wong, H.S.P.; Wong, S.S.; Lo, G.Q. All-Metal-Nitride RRAM Devices. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2015, 36, 29–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Xiong, C.; Pernice, W.H.P.; Sun, X.; Schuck, C.; Fong, K.Y.; Tang, H.X. Aluminum Nitride as a New Material for Chip-Scale Optomechanics and Nonlinear Optics. New J. Phys. 2012, 14, 095014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Kuo, P.K.; Auner, G.W.; Wu, Z.L. Microstructure and thermal conductivity of epitaxial AlN thin films. Thin Solid Films 1994, 253, 223–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Park, M.-H.; Kim, S.-H. Thermal conductivity of AlN thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2012, 15, 6–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Xu, R.L.; Rojo, M.M.; Islam, S.M.; Sood, A.; Vareskic, B.; Katre, A.; Mingo, N.; Goodson, K.E.; Xing, H.G.; Jena, D.; et al. Thermal conductivity of crystalline AlN and the influence of atomic-scale defects. J. Appl. Phys. 2019, 126, 185105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Knoops, H.C.M.; Faraz, T.; Arts, K.; Kessels, W.M.M. Status and Prospects of Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2019, 37, 030902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Puurunen, R.L.; Lindblad, M.; Rootc, A.; Krausea, A.O.I. Successive Reactions of Gaseous Trimethylaluminium and Ammonia on Porous Alumina. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2001, 3, 1093–1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Huheey, J.E. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed.; Harper and Row: New York, NY, USA, 1983; p. A30. [Google Scholar]
  10. Alvarez, D.; Spiegelman, J.; Andachi, K.; Holmes, R.; Raynor, M.; Shimizu, H. Enabling Low Temperature Metal Nitride ALD Using Ultra-High Purity Hydrazine: ET/ID: Enabling Technologies and Innovative Devices. In Proceedings of the 2017 28th Annual SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA, 15–18 May 2017; pp. 426–430. [Google Scholar]
  11. Wolf, S.; Edmonds, M.; Sardashti, K.; Clemons, M.; Park, J.H.; Yoshida, N.; Dong, L.; Nemani, S.; Yieh, E.; Holmes, R. Low-Temperature Amorphous Boron Nitride on Si0.7Ge0.3(001), Cu, and HOPG from Sequential Exposures of N2H4 and BCl3. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 439, 689–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Hwang, S.M.; Pena, L.F.; Kim, H.S.; Kondusamy, A.L.N.; Qin, Z.; Jung, Y.C.; Veyan, J.-F.; Alvarez, D.; Spiegelman, J.; Kim, J. Vapor-phase Surface Cleaning of Electroplated Cu Films Using Anhydrous N2H4. ECS Trans. 2019, 92, 265–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Abdulagatov, A.I.; Ramazanov, S.M.; Dallaev, R.S.; Murliev, E.K.; Palchaev, D.K.; Rabadanov, M.K.; Abdulagatov, I.M. Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Nitride Using Tris(Diethylamido)Aluminum and Hydrazine or Ammonia. Russ. Microelectron. 2018, 47, 118–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Abdulagatov, A.I.; Amashaev, R.R.; Ashurbekova, K.N.; Ashurbekova, K.N.; Rabadanov, M.K.; Abdulagatov, I.M. Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Nitride and Oxynitride on Silicon Using Tris(dimethylamido)aluminum, Ammonia, and Water. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 2018, 88, 1699–1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Mayer, T.M.; Rogers, J.W.; Michalske, T.A. Mechanism of Nucleation and Atomic Layer Growth of AlN on Si. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 641–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Liu, S.; Peng, M.; Hou, C.; He, Y.; Li, M.; Zheng, X. PEALD-Grown Crystalline AlN Films on Si(100) with Sharp Interface and Good Uniformity. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2017, 12, 279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Riihela, D.; Ritala, M.; Matero, R.; Leskela, M.; Jokinen, J.; Haussalo, P. Low Temperature Deposition of AlN Films by an Alternate Supply of Trimethyl Aluminum and Ammonia. Chem. Vap. Depos. 1996, 2, 277–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Meng, X.; Kim, H.S.; Lucero, A.T.; Hwang, S.M.; Lee, J.S.; Byun, Y.C.; Kim, J.; Hwang, B.K.; Zhou, X.; Young, C. Hollow Cathode Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride Using Pentachlorodisilane. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 14116–14123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Meng, X.; Lee, J.; Ravichandran, A.; Byun, Y.C.; Lee, J.G.; Lucero, A.T.; Kim, S.J.; Ha, M.W.; Young, C.D.; Kim, J. Robust SiNx/GaN MIS-HEMTs With Crystalline Interfacial Layer Using Hollow Cathode PEALD. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2018, 39, 1195–1198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Kim, H.S.; Meng, X.; Kim, S.J.; Lucero, A.T.; Cheng, L.; Byun, Y.-C.; Lee, J.S.; Hwang, S.M.; Kondusamy, A.L.N.; Wallace, R.M.; et al. Investigation of the Physical Properties of Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposited Silicon Nitride as Etch Stopper. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 44825–44833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Hwang, S.M.; Kondusamy, A.L.N.; Qin, Z.; Kim, H.S.; Meng, X.; Kim, J.; Hwang, B.K.; Zhou, X.; Telgenhoff, M.; Young, J. Hollow Cathode Plasma (HCP) Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride (SiNx) Thin Films Using Pentachlorodisilane (PCDS). ECS Trans. 2019, 89, 63–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Zazzera, L.A.; Moulder, J.F. XPS and SIMS Study of Anhydrous HF and UV/Ozone-Modified Silicon (100) Surfaces. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1989, 136, 484–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Moulder, J.F.; Stickle, W.F.; Sobol, P.E.; Bomben, K.D. Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, 2nd ed.; Perkin-Elmer Corporation: Minnesota, MN, USA, 1992; pp. 252–253. [Google Scholar]
  24. Paterson, W.G.; Onyszhuk, M. Co-ordination compounds of hydrazine Part 2.:The Interaction of Trimethylborane and Trimethylaluminum with Hydrazine. Can. J. Chem. 1961, 39, 2324–2329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. George, S.M. Atomic layer deposition: An overview. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 111–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Sønsteby, H.H.; Yanguas-Gil, A.; Elam, J.W. Consistency and Reproducibility in Atomic Layer Deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2020, 38, 020804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Tian, L.; Ponton, S.; Benz, M.; Crisci, A.; Reboud, R.; Giusti, G.; Volpi, F.; Rapenne, L.; Vallee, C.; Pons, M.; et al. Aluminum Nitride Thin Films Deposited by Hydrogen Plasma Enhanced and Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2018, 347, 181–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Banerjee, S.; Aarnink, A.A.; Kruijs, R.; Kovalgin, A.Y.; Schmitz, J. PEALD AlN: Controlling growth and film crystallinity. Phys. Status Solidi C 2015, 12, 1036–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kim, Y.; Kim, M.S.; Yun, H.J.; Ryu, S.Y.; Choi, B.J. Effect of Growth Temperature on AlN Thin Films Fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition. Ceram. Int. 2018, 44, 17447–17452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Khoshman, J.M.; Kordesch, M.E. Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of amorphous aluminum nitride and indium nitride thin films. Phys. Status Solidi C 2005, 2, 2821–2827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Tzou, A.-J.; Chu, K.-H.; Lin, I.-F.; Østreng, E.; Fang, Y.-S.; Wu, X.-P.; Wu, B.-W.; Shen, C.-H.; Shieh, J.-M.; Yeh, W.-K.; et al. AlN Surface Passivation of GaN-Based High Electron Mobility Transistors by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2017, 12, 315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. Shih, H.-Y.; Lee, W.-H.; Kao, W.-C.; Chuang, Y.-C.; Lin, R.-M.; Lin, H.-C.; Shiojiri, M.; Chen, M.-J. Low-temperature Atomic Layer Epitaxy of AlN Ultrathin Films by Layer-by-Layer, in-situ Atomic Layer Annealing. Sci. Rep. 2018, 7, 39717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Brunner, D. Optical Constants of Epitaxial AlGaN Films and Their Temperature Dependence. J. Appl. Phys. 1997, 82, 5090–5096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Özgür, Ü.; Webb-Wood, G.; Everitt, H.O.; Yun, F.; Morkoç, H. Systematic Measurement of AlxGa1−xN Refractive Indices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 4103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Ozgit-Akgun, C.; Goldenberg, E.; Okyay, A.K.; Biyikli, N. Hollow Cathode Plasma-assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of Crystalline AlN, GaN and AlxGa1−xN Thin Films at Low Temperatures. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 2123–2136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Rosenberger, L.; Baird, R.; McCullen, E.; Auner, G.; Shreve, G. XPS Analysis of Aluminum Nitride Films Deposited by Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy. Surf. Interface Anal. 2008, 40, 1254–1261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Zhang, J.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, H.; Wu, H.; Zhou, J.; Hu, L. Bipolar Resistive Switching Properties of AlN Films Deposited by Plasma-enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 315, 110–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Greczynski, G.; Petrov, I.; Greene, J.E.; Hultman, L. Al Capping Layers for Nondestructive X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analyses of Transition-metal Nitride Thin Films. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2015, 33, 05E101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Greczynski, G.; Primetzhofer, D.; Lu, J.; Hultman, L. Core-level Spectra and Binding Energies of Transition Metal Nitrides by Non-destructive X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Through Capping Layers. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 396, 347–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Muneshwar, T.; Cadien, K. Comparing XPS on Bare and Capped ZrN films Grown by Plasma Enhanced ALD: Effect of Ambient Oxidation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 435, 367–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Jokinen, J.; Haussalo, P.; Keinonen, J.; Ritala, M.; Riihela, D.; Leskela, M. Analysis of AlN Thin Films by Combining TOF-ERDA and NRB Techniques. Thin Solid Films 1996, 289, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Motamedi, P.; Cadien, K. XPS Analysis of AlN Thin Films Deposited by Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 315, 104–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Taborda, J.A.P.; Landazuri, H.R.; Londono, L.P.V. Correlation Between Optical, Morphological, and Compositional Properties of Aluminum Nitride Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition. IEEE Sens. J. 2016, 16, 359–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Materials 13 03387 g001 550
Figure 1. Ball stick model of hydrazine (N2H4) with N atoms and H atoms.
Figure 1. Ball stick model of hydrazine (N2H4) with N atoms and H atoms.
Materials 13 03387 g001
Materials 13 03387 g002 550
Figure 2. Schematic of atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycle for deposition of AlN using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and hydrazine (N2H4). One cycle of the ALD process condition is: TMA pulse (0.1 s)–Ar purge (15 s)–N2H4 pulse (0.1 s)–Ar purge (120 s).
Figure 2. Schematic of atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycle for deposition of AlN using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and hydrazine (N2H4). One cycle of the ALD process condition is: TMA pulse (0.1 s)–Ar purge (15 s)–N2H4 pulse (0.1 s)–Ar purge (120 s).
Materials 13 03387 g002
Materials 13 03387 g003 550
Figure 3. Saturation curves for the growth-per-cycle (GPC) for (a) hydrazine pulse and (b) purge time. The ALD process was performed at a substrate temperature of 300 °C. The refractive index (R.I.) at 633 nm of the deposited films was measured using spectroscopic ellipsometer after deposition.
Figure 3. Saturation curves for the growth-per-cycle (GPC) for (a) hydrazine pulse and (b) purge time. The ALD process was performed at a substrate temperature of 300 °C. The refractive index (R.I.) at 633 nm of the deposited films was measured using spectroscopic ellipsometer after deposition.
Materials 13 03387 g003
Materials 13 03387 g004 550
Figure 4. Growth-per-cycle (GPC) of AlN thin films as a function of the deposition temperature and refractive index (R.I.) at the wavelength of 644 nm with different deposition temperatures for trimethylaluminum (TMA) and hydrazine (N2H4) precursors.
Figure 4. Growth-per-cycle (GPC) of AlN thin films as a function of the deposition temperature and refractive index (R.I.) at the wavelength of 644 nm with different deposition temperatures for trimethylaluminum (TMA) and hydrazine (N2H4) precursors.
Materials 13 03387 g004
Materials 13 03387 g005 550
Figure 5. High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (a) Al 2p, (b) N 1s, (c) O 1s, and (d) C 1s spectra of AlN thin film deposited at 225 and 300 °C.
Figure 5. High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (a) Al 2p, (b) N 1s, (c) O 1s, and (d) C 1s spectra of AlN thin film deposited at 225 and 300 °C.
Materials 13 03387 g005
Materials 13 03387 g006 550
Figure 6. Comparison of growth per cycle (GPC) of AlN thin films deposited using TMA and hydrazine (N2H4) and ammonia (NH3), as the metal precursor and nitrogen source, respectively. The AlN films were deposited by using thermal atomic layer deposition (tALD) and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) technique. It is also indicated that GPC of AlN thin films deposited using TDEAA and N2H4, as the metal precursor and nitrogen source [13].
Figure 6. Comparison of growth per cycle (GPC) of AlN thin films deposited using TMA and hydrazine (N2H4) and ammonia (NH3), as the metal precursor and nitrogen source, respectively. The AlN films were deposited by using thermal atomic layer deposition (tALD) and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) technique. It is also indicated that GPC of AlN thin films deposited using TDEAA and N2H4, as the metal precursor and nitrogen source [13].
Materials 13 03387 g006
Materials 13 03387 g007 550
Figure 7. Surface roughness of AlN thin films deposited using (a) hydrazine (N2H4) and (b) ammonia (NH3), as the nitrogen source. Root-mean-square (RMS) values of AlN thin films deposited using N2H4 and NH3 were 0.64 and 0.72 nm, respectively.
Figure 7. Surface roughness of AlN thin films deposited using (a) hydrazine (N2H4) and (b) ammonia (NH3), as the nitrogen source. Root-mean-square (RMS) values of AlN thin films deposited using N2H4 and NH3 were 0.64 and 0.72 nm, respectively.
Materials 13 03387 g007
Table
Table 1. Chemical composition of the AlN films deposited at 225 and 300 °C as determined by high resolution XPS analysis.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the AlN films deposited at 225 and 300 °C as determined by high resolution XPS analysis.
Deposition Temperature[Al] at.%[N] at.%[O] at.%[C] at.%[N]/[Al][N]/[N–Al]
225 °C44.847.77.5<d.l.11.10.34
300 °C40.649.410.0<d.l.11.20.15
1 Detection limit (d.l.).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Jung, Y.C.; Hwang, S.M.; Le, D.N.; Kondusamy, A.L.N.; Mohan, J.; Kim, S.W.; Kim, J.H.; Lucero, A.T.; Ravichandran, A.; Kim, H.S.; et al. Low Temperature Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Nitride Using Hydrazine as the Nitrogen Source. Materials 2020, 13, 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153387

AMA Style

Jung YC, Hwang SM, Le DN, Kondusamy ALN, Mohan J, Kim SW, Kim JH, Lucero AT, Ravichandran A, Kim HS, et al. Low Temperature Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Nitride Using Hydrazine as the Nitrogen Source. Materials. 2020; 13(15):3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153387

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung, Yong Chan, Su Min Hwang, Dan N. Le, Aswin L. N. Kondusamy, Jaidah Mohan, Sang Woo Kim, Jin Hyun Kim, Antonio T. Lucero, Arul Ravichandran, Harrison Sejoon Kim, and et al. 2020. "Low Temperature Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminum Nitride Using Hydrazine as the Nitrogen Source" Materials 13, no. 15: 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153387

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop