Hydrogen-Assisted Aging Applied to Storage and Sealing Materials: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Prospects and Limitations of Hydrogen Energy in Terms of Aging
1.2. History of Hydrogen-Induced Aging
1.3. Impact of Operating Conditions on Hydrogen-Assisted Aging
1.4. Potential Reasons of Hydrogen-Assisted Aging
1.5. Potential Mechanism of Hydrogen-Induced Aging on Storage and Sealing Materials
2. Methods of Aging in a Hydrogen Environment
2.1. Thermal Aging
2.1.1. Mechanism of Thermal Aging
2.1.2. A Laboratory Test for Thermal Aging
2.2. Chemical Aging
2.2.1. Mechanism of Chemical Aging
2.2.2. The Laboratory Test for Chemical Aging
2.3. Mechanical Aging
2.3.1. Mechanism of Mechanical Aging
2.3.2. The Laboratory Test for Mechanical Aging
2.4. Mechanical–Chemical Aging
2.4.1. Mechanism of Mechanical–Chemical Aging
2.4.2. The Laboratory Test for Mechanical–Chemical Aging
2.5. Thermo-Mechanical Aging
2.5.1. Mechanism of Thermo-Mechanical Aging
2.5.2. Laboratory Test for Thermo-Mechanical Aging
3. Durability Analysis of Hydrogen Sealing and Storage Materials through Aging Tests
3.1. Durability Test Methods and Principles
3.2. Service Life of Storage and Sealing Material under Simultaneous Multiple Aging
4. Key Factors Affecting Aging under the Hydrogen Environment
4.1. Effects of Temperature
4.2. Effect of Pressure
4.3. Effects of Stress
4.4. Effects of Thermal Cycle
4.5. Effects of Environment
4.6. Effects of Alloying Elements
5. Research Gap Analysis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|
Energy content per unit mass | 120.4 MJ/kg | 51.6 MJ/kg | 43 MJ/kg |
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---|---|---|---|---|
The Flixborough disaster | England, 1974 28 killed, 36 injured | Cyclohexane plant leakage and gas cloud explosion | The chemical plant had a cyclohexane plant, where the reactor circuit leaked due to aging. As a result, a huge hydrocarbon gas cloud formed, which led to an explosion. | [11] |
The Humber Refinery explosion | England, 2001 2 injured | Pipe corrosion and rupture due to fouling problems and blockages from accumulated water | Steel pipe failure was the main reason behind the explosion. The steel pipe was coated with a passive layer of iron sulfide which was protecting it from corrosion. However, due to the aging, the protecting layer ruptured, and the pipe surface underwent corrosion. As a result, the thickness of the pipe was reduced to 0.3 mm from 7–8 mm and could not contain the internal pressure, causing it to burst. | [12] |
The Chevron refinery accident | USA, 2012 | Pipe rupture by aging due to sulfidation corrosion | The main reason for this accident was the wall thinning of the pipe due to aging, which led to a catastrophic pipe rupture. Sulfur compounds found in crude oil feed, such as hydrogen sulfide, react with steel piping and equipment to cause sulfidation corrosion. | [13] |
Muskingum Power Plant | USA, 2007 | Storage tank failure and hydrogen explosion | The disaster began with the premature failure of the ruptured disk on the storage tank because of aging. The pressurized gas then caused the vent system to fail, allowing hydrogen to escape and causing an explosion. | [14] |
Tesoro refinery | USA, 2010 | Heat exchanger damage and tubing rupture | The accident was the result of damage to the heat exchanger brought on by hydrogen aging at high temperatures, which led to carbon steel tubing being badly fractured and weakened, which in turn led to a rupture. | [15] |
Kashima Oil Refinery | Japan, 1982 5 casualties | High-pressure hydrogen aging and pipe deterioration | The explosion was caused by hydrogen aging under high pressure and high pressure in a hydrodesulfurization unit. Five casualties were caused by the gradual deterioration of the inner surface of a carbon steel pipe, which resulted in the discharge of process fluid after 12 years of operation. | [16] |
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Habib, A.K.M.A.; Sakib, A.N.; Mona, Z.T.; Bhuiyan, M.M.H.; Kazempoor, P.; Siddique, Z. Hydrogen-Assisted Aging Applied to Storage and Sealing Materials: A Comprehensive Review. Materials 2023, 16, 6689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206689
Habib AKMA, Sakib AN, Mona ZT, Bhuiyan MMH, Kazempoor P, Siddique Z. Hydrogen-Assisted Aging Applied to Storage and Sealing Materials: A Comprehensive Review. Materials. 2023; 16(20):6689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206689
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabib, A. K. M. Ahsanul, Ahmed Nazmus Sakib, Zarin Tasnim Mona, Md Monjur Hossain Bhuiyan, Pejman Kazempoor, and Zahed Siddique. 2023. "Hydrogen-Assisted Aging Applied to Storage and Sealing Materials: A Comprehensive Review" Materials 16, no. 20: 6689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206689