Enhanced Optimization of Composite Laminates: Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms with Improved Ply-Stacking Sequences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material Methods
2.1. Mechanical Analysis of the General Problem
2.2. Design Recommendations
3. Optimization of Design Statement
- Design variables: the ply orientation such as (θk=1,…, N).
- Objectives: minimizing the total number of plies (N); minimizing the total weight of the laminate; minimizing the inverse reserve factor; and minimizing the total deformation load multiplier.
- Constraints: the inverse reserve factor is (IRF < 1) and total deformation load multiplier (DLM > 1).
- Fixed parameters: the material, specimen dimensions, boundary conditions, and ply angle discretization is 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°.
3.1. Optimization Methodology
3.2. Geometrical Model and Analysis
3.3. Manufacturing of Composite Laminate
3.4. Fracture Analysis of Bidirectional Laminate 2 and 3 ([0–90/±45/0–90], [+45/−45/0])
4. Results and Discussion
5. Reliability of Current Work
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gibson, R.F. Principles of Composite Material Mechanics, 4th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, R.M. Mechanics of Composite Materials; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Baker, A.A. Composite Materials for Aircraft Structures; AIAA Ed.: Reston, VA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Bismarck, A.; Mishra, S.; Lampke, T. Plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005; Volume 1, pp. 37–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohanty, A.K.; Misra, M.; Hinrichsen, G. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and bio composites: An overview. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2000, 276–277, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faruk, O.; Bledzki, A.K.; Fink, H.P. Bio composites reinforced with natural fibers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37, 1552–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thakur, V.K.; Thakur, M.K.; Raghavan, P.; Kessler, M.R. Progress in green polymer composites from lignin for multifunctional applications: A review. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2014, 2, 1072–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddy, N.; Yang, Y. Biofibers from agricultural byproducts for industrial applications. Trends Biotechnol. 2009, 27, 479–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Venkataraman, S.; Haftka, R.T. Structural optimization: What has Moore’s Law done for us? In Proceedings of the 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Denver, CO, USA, 22–25 April 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Michalewicz, Z.; Dasgupta, D.; Le Riche, R.G.; Schoenauer, M. Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Engineering Problems. Comput. Ind. Eng. 1996, 30, 851–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.; Haftka, R.T.; Akgün, M.A.; Todoroki, A. Permutation genetic algorithm for stacking sequence design of composite laminates. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 2000, 186, 357–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grosset, L.; Venkataraman, S.; Haftka, R.T. Genetic Optimization of Two-Material Composite Laminates. In Proceedings of the 16th ASC Technical Meeting, Blacksburg, Virginia, 9 September 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, M.; Smith, R.E. A technique for the multiobjective optimisation of laminated composite structures using genetic algorithms and finite element analysis. Compos. Struct. 2003, 62, 123–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lanzi, L.; Giavotto, V. Post-buckling optimization of composite stiffened panels: Computations and experiments. Compos. Struct. 2006, 73, 208–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pelletier, J.L.; Vel, S.S. Multiobjective optimization of fiber reinforced composite laminates for strength, stiffness and minimal mass. Comput. Struc. 2006, 84, 2065–2080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cutolo, A.; Carotenuto, A.R.; Palumbo, S. Stacking sequences in composite laminates through design optimization. Meccanica 2021, 56, 1555–1574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogunleye, R.O.; Rusnakova, S.; Zaludek, M.; Emebu, S. The Influence of Ply Stacking Sequence on Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Laminates. Polymers 2022, 14, 5566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thanh, N.; Huynh, J.L. Optimal thickness distribution design for blending composite laminates using buckling factor prediction. Compos. Struct. 2024, 327, 117693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viquerat, A.D. A continuation-based method for finding laminated composite stacking sequences. Compos. Struct. 2020, 238, 111872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, X.; Wang, M.; Yi, B.; Li, J.; Wu, H.; Jiang, S. Optimization design of stacking sequence and material distribution for variable thickness hybrid composite structure based on improved stacking sequence table. Compos. Struct. 2023, 307, 116641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faria, A.R. Buckling optimization and anti-optimization of composite plates: Uncertain loading combinations. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 2002, 53, 719–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, R.M. Mechanics of Composite Materials; CRC Press Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2015; ISBN 9781560327127. [Google Scholar]
- Adams; Daniel, F.; Ronald, A.A. Understanding Mechanics of Composite Materials; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Barbero, E.J. Introduction to Composite Materials Design, 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rama, A.; Mohan, R.; Arvind, N. A scatter search algorithm for stacking sequence optimization of laminated composites. Compos. Struct. 2005, 70, 383–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laurin, F.; Carrere, N.; Maire, J.F. A multi-scale progressive failure approach for composite laminates based on thermodynamic viscoelastic and damage models. Compos. Part A 2007, 38, 198–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramesh, K.; Wojciech, S.; Michał, S. Article Ansys-Based Evaluation of Natural Fiber and Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Composites. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Y.J.; Yan, H.G.; Liu, Z.M. Buckling optimization of hybrid-fiber multilayer sandwich cylindrical shells under external lateral pressure. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1996, 56, 1349–1353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prasanth, K.C. Optimal design of composite cylindrical shells subject to compression buckling strength. Multidiscip. Model. Mater. Struct. 2023, 19/5, 829–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tennyson, R.C.; Hansen, J.S. Optimum design for buckling of laminated cylinders, collapse. In The Buckling of Structures in Theory and Practice; Thompson, J.M.T., Hunt, G.W., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Chapter 5—Design and Analysis. In Military-Handbook-17-3F; AREA CMPS: Glendale, CA, USA, 2017; pp. 68–71.
- Basem, E.; Tawfik, H.L.; Ahmed, E.; Tarek, E. Weight reduction and strengthening of marine hatch covers by using composite materials. Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. 2017, 9, 185–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deb, K. Multi-Objective Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Coello, C.; Carlos, A. Evolutionary algorithms for solving multi-objective problems. In Genetic and Evolutionary Computation; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Lairedj, A.; Bouazza, M.; Amara, K.; Chabani, A. Behaviors of simply supported cross-ply rectangular symmetric laminates plates with consideration of prebuckling in-plane deformation. Acta Mech. Slovaca 2015, 19, 6–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gopalan, V.; Suthenthiraveerappa, V.; David, J.S.; Subramanian, J.; Annamalai, A.R.; Jen, C.-P. Experimental and Numerical Analyses on the Buckling Characteristics of Woven Flax/Epoxy Laminated Composite Plate under Axial Compression. Polymers 2021, 13, 995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dash, P.; Singh, B.N. Buckling and post-buckling of laminated composite plates. Mech. Res. Commun. 2012, 46, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jančo, R. Numerical and exact solution of buckling load for beam on elastic foundation. In Sborník Vědeckých Prací Vysoké Školy Báňské-Technické Univerzity Ostrava; Technical University West Bohemia: Plzeň, Czech Republic, 2013; pp. 21–26. [Google Scholar]
- Shufrin, I.; Rabinovitch, O.; Eisenberger, M. Buckling of laminated plates with general boundary conditions under combined compression, tension, and shear—A semi-analytical solution. Thin-Walled Struct. 2008, 46, 925–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, C.H.; Lee, W.; Han, W.S.; Vautrin, A. Improved genetic algorithm for multidisciplinary optimization of composite laminates. Comput. Struct. 2008, 86, 1894–1903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadimehr, M.; Salemi, M.; Navi, B.R. Bending, buckling, and free vibration analysis of MSGT micro composite Reddy plate reinforced by FG-SWCNTs with temperature-dependent material properties under hydro-thermo-mechanical loadings using DQM. Compos. Struct. 2016, 138, 361–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- François-Xavier, I.; David, H.B.; Nicolas, C.; Jean-François, M. Multiobjective stacking sequence optimization for laminated composite structures. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2009, 69, 983–990. [Google Scholar]
E1 (GPa) | E2 (GPa) | ν12 | G12 (GPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
45 | 10 | 0.3 | 5 | |
Xt (MPa) | Xc (MPa) | Yt (MPa) | Yc (MPa) | Sc (MPa) |
780 | 480 | 31 | 10 | 60 |
Plies Quantity | Ply-Stacking Sequence | Inverse Reserve Factor (IRF) | Buckling Factor/Load Multiplier | Weight of the Laminate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
stacking sequenc | 24 | [907/458/08] | 0.1044 | 2.3960 | 5.73 × 10−6 |
25 | [453/−459/453/010] | 0.1115 | 2.5453 | 5.73 × 10−6 | |
27 | [04/903/4510/010] | 0.04075 | 4.6152 | 5.75 × 10−6 | |
Stacking sequence | 30 | [−458/90/45/−456/4511/03] | 0.0901 | 5.5743 | 5.88 × 10−6 |
34 | [02/−455/902/−458/4514/03] | 0.0582 | 6.4597 | 5.91 × 10−6 | |
45 | [06/459/−459/4515/06] | 0.0305 | 15.5221 | 5.83 × 10−6 | |
stacking sequence | 45 | [45/902/011/458 /04/9019] | 0.0818 | 10.4888 | 6.64 × 10−6 |
57 | [−459/4532/06/9010] | 0.0719 | 14.7583 | 6.61 × 10−6 | |
47 | [903/4518/−4510/06/9010] | 0.1236 | 10.0268 | 6.73 × 10−6 |
Plies Quantity | Ply-Stacking Sequence with Symmetric and Unbalanced Constraints and Homogeneity Constraints | Inverse Reserve Factor (IRF) | Buckling Factor/Load Multiplier | Weight of the Laminate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stacking sequence | 52 | [011/−4511/03/−4516/4511] | 0.0479 | 17.7556 | 6.12 × 10−6 |
45 | [−455/06/−45/04/9010/−4514/455] | 0.0698 | 12.1819 | 6.17 × 10−6 | |
36 | [907/457/902/03/−4512/455] | 0.0783 | 7.9316 | 6.17 × 10−6 | |
Stacking sequence | 26 | [−608/−305/307/06] | 0.1009 | 2.5155 | 5.73 × 10−6 |
25 | [−202/609/307/07] | 0.0889 | 2.6258 | 5.70 × 10−6 | |
27 | [304/904/−307/3012] | 0.0639 | 3.579 | 5.75 × 10−6 | |
Stacking sequence | 26 | [06/3014/06] s | 0.0333 | 4.6113 | 5.67 × 10−6 |
25 | [302/609/307/07] | 0.0889 | 2.6258 | 5.73 × 10−6 | |
37 | [602/05/607/07/−307/307/02] | 0.0607 | 7.1319 | 5.78 × 10−6 |
Fmax | dL (Fmax) | Tickness | Width | Area | σc | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | mm | mm | mm | mm2 | MPa | ||
Laminate 1 | SP 1 | 8370.988 | 1.528346 | 4.2 | 12.16 | 51.072 | 163.9056 |
SP 2 | 8074.094 | 1.665818 | 4.1 | 12.1 | 49.61 | 162.7513 | |
SP 3 | 6448.679 | 1.296282 | 4.15 | 12.12 | 50.298 | 128.2094 | |
SP 4 | 8430.247 | 1.685427 | 4.2 | 12.1 | 50.82 | 165.8844 | |
SP 5 | 8500.917 | 1.414758 | 4.3 | 12.12 | 52.116 | 163.1153 | |
Laminate 2 | SP 6 | 5777.181 | 1.457818 | 3.2 | 12.1 | 38.72 | 149.204 |
SP 7 | 7716.452 | 1.647232 | 2.85 | 12.2 | 34.77 | 221.9284 | |
SP 8 | 8095.023 | 1.660723 | 3.15 | 12.5 | 39.375 | 205.5879 | |
SP 9 | 6228.349 | 1.396224 | 3.38 | 12.32 | 41.6416 | 149.5704 | |
SP 10 | 6576.884 | 1.312205 | 3.3 | 12.27 | 40.491 | 162.4283 | |
Laminate 3 | SP 11 | 5167.207 | 1.311693 | 3.55 | 12.25 | 43.4875 | 118.8205 |
SP 12 | 8106.793 | 1.792589 | 4.35 | 11.93 | 51.8955 | 156.2138 | |
SP 13 | 7709.107 | 1.501875 | 4.42 | 11.88 | 52.5096 | 146.8133 | |
SP 14 | 7708.057 | 1.421926 | 4.33 | 12.28 | 53.1724 | 144.9635 | |
SP 15 | 5532.686 | 1.176934 | 4.33 | 12.29 | 53.2157 | 103.9672 | |
Laminate 4 (Reference laminate) | SP 16 | 7868.818 | 1.75447 | 4.15 | 12.21 | 50.6715 | 155.2908 |
SP 17 | 7907.699 | 2.141184 | 4.14 | 12.12 | 50.1768 | 157.5967 | |
SP 18 | 6915.887 | 1.883853 | 4.31 | 12.19 | 52.5389 | 131.6337 | |
SP 19 | 7360.653 | 2.130509 | 3.94 | 12.18 | 47.9892 | 153.3814 | |
SP 20 | 4275.142 | 1.881446 | 3.87 | 12.08 | 46.7496 | 91.44767 |
Plies | Ply-Stacking Sequence | Inverse Reserve Factor | Buckling Load Factor | Critical Buckling Load | Laminate Weight | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(IRF-Ansys) | IRF CLT | Error | BLF Ansys | BLF CLT | Error | Ncr Ansys | Ncr CLT | Error | |||||
Ansys results | 24 | [(90)8/(45)8/(0)8] | 0.104 | 0.185 | 0.081 | 2.396 | 2.68 | 0.284 | 592 | 672 | 80 | 5.73 × 10−6 | |
25 | [(45)3/(−45)9 /(45)3/(0)10] | 0.111 | 0.300 | 0.189 | 2.545 | 2.73 | 0.185 | 636 | 684 | 48 | 5.73 × 10−6 | ||
27 | [(0)4/(90)3/(45)10/(0)10] | 0.040 | 0.084 | 0.044 | 4.615 | 2.73 | 1.885 | 1153 | 684 | 469 | 5.75 × 10−6 | ||
Optimized Plie-orientation results | Laminate 1 | 16 | [(90)6/(45)4/(0)6] | 0.176 | 0.165 | 0.011 | 4.772 | 2.73 | 2.042 | 1193 | 684 | 509 | 1.243 × 10−5 |
Laminate 2 | 16 | [(45)2/(−45)4/(45)2/(0)8] | 0.159 | 0.479 | 0.320 | 6.072 | 2.75 | 3.322 | 1518 | 689 | 829 | 1.243 × 10−5 | |
Laminate 3 | 16 | [(0)1/(90)2/(45)7/(0)6] | 0.106 | 0.107 | 0.011 | 6.369 | 2.85 | 3.519 | 1592 | 712 | 880 | 1.243 × 10−5 | |
Laminate 4 (Random orientation) | 16 | [(45)1/(−45)1/(90)2/(0)3/(90)2 /(0)3/(90)2/(45)1/(−45)1] | 0.180 | 0.086 | 0.094 | 4.540 | 2.69 | 1.85 | 1135 | 673 | 462 | 1.243 × 10−5 |
Inverse Reserve Factor | Buckling Load Factor | |
---|---|---|
Coefficient of Determination (Best Value = 1) | ||
Learning Points | 1 | 0.999 |
Cross-Validation on Learning Points | 0.892 | 0.994 |
Root Mean Square Error (Best Value = 0) | ||
Learning Points | 4.551 × 10−8 | 0.00048274 |
Verification Points | 3.6194 × 10−7 | 0.00039631 |
Cross-Validation on Learning Points | 0.033006 | 0.0014322 |
Relative Maximum Absolute Error (Best Value = 0%) | ||
Learning Points | 0 | 12.822 |
Verification Points | 0 | 2.0451 |
Cross-Validation on Learning Points | 242.51 | 55.837 |
Relative Average Absolute Error (Best Value = 0%) | ||
Learning Points | 0 | 1.1931 |
Verification Points | 0 | 2.0451 |
Cross-Validation on Learning Points | 13.993 | 4.3063 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kumpati, R.; Skarka, W.; Skarka, M.; Brojan, M. Enhanced Optimization of Composite Laminates: Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms with Improved Ply-Stacking Sequences. Materials 2024, 17, 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040887
Kumpati R, Skarka W, Skarka M, Brojan M. Enhanced Optimization of Composite Laminates: Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms with Improved Ply-Stacking Sequences. Materials. 2024; 17(4):887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040887
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumpati, Ramesh, Wojciech Skarka, Michał Skarka, and Miha Brojan. 2024. "Enhanced Optimization of Composite Laminates: Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms with Improved Ply-Stacking Sequences" Materials 17, no. 4: 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040887