Preparation and Characterization of Quartz-Reinforced Hybrid Composites Based on Unsaturated Polyester Resin from Post-Consumer PET Recyclate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of the Polymer Composites and Their Samples
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Morphological Characterization
2.3.2. Thermal Characterization
2.3.3. Mechanical Characterization
2.3.4. Surface Characterization
- —total surface free energy,
- —dispersive component of the surface free energy of the tested materials,
- —polar component of the surface free energy of the tested materials.
- —surface free energy of diiodomethane,
- —dispersive component of the diiodomethane surface free energy,
- —polar component of the diiodomethane surface free energy,
- —surface free energy of distilled water,
- —dispersive component of the distilled water surface free energy,
- —polar component of the distilled water surface free energy,
- —the value of the contact angle measured for diiodomethane,
- —the value of the contact angle measured for distilled water.
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measuring Liquid | Surface Tension, mJ·m−2 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Diiodomethane | 53.2 | 50.8 | 2.4 |
Distilled water | 72.8 | 21.8 | 51.0 |
Sample | 1, °C | 2, °C | 3, °C | 4, °C | Mass Change, % | Residual Mass 5, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pure UPR | 317.3 | 337.9 | 386.2 | 382.3; 519.4 | −85.04; −13.96 | --- |
UPR + Q5 | 316.1 | 337.7 | 386.0 | 383.3; 523.4 | −83.40; −11.47 | 4.87 |
UPR + Q10 | 316.1 | 338.1 | 386.3 | 383.5; 520.9 | −79.21; −11.07 | 9.24 |
UPR + Q20 | 317.5 | 338.8 | 388.7 | 383.8; 514.8 | −72.22; −10.05 | 16.61 |
UPR + Q40 | 325.4 | 345.9 | 397.2 | 384.0; 513.8 | −62.32; −9.01 | 28.58 |
Sample Name | 1, kJ·m−2 | HD2, °ShD | 3, GPa | 4, MPa | 5, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pure UPR | 8.059 | 72.1 | 3.66 ± 0.01 | 76.58 ± 4.34 | 2.12 ± 0.11 |
UPR + Q5 | 7.892 | 72.7 | 3.83 ± 0.01 | 93.20 ± 7.30 | 2.51 ± 0.21 |
UPR + Q10 | 5.898 | 73.4 | 3.97 ± 0.05 | 79.43 ± 4.03 | 1.91 ± 0.19 |
UPR + Q20 | 4.923 | 74.6 | 4.41 ± 0.08 | 74.40 ± 6.09 | 1.88 ± 0.08 |
UPR + Q40 | 4.133 | 75.3 | 5.26 ± 0.04 | 71.99 ± 0.46 | 1.41 ± 0.01 |
Sample Name | Droplet and Value of Contact Angle Measurement with Water | Droplet and Value of Contact Angle Measurement with Diiodomethane | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
pure UPR | 57.0° | 41.7° | ||
UPR + Q5 | 58.9° | 41.4° | ||
UPR + Q10 | 63.1° | 41.1° | ||
UPR + Q20 | 72.4° | 38.7° | ||
UPR + Q40 | 77.9° | 36.1° |
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Pączkowski, P.; Głogowska, K. Preparation and Characterization of Quartz-Reinforced Hybrid Composites Based on Unsaturated Polyester Resin from Post-Consumer PET Recyclate. Materials 2024, 17, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051116
Pączkowski P, Głogowska K. Preparation and Characterization of Quartz-Reinforced Hybrid Composites Based on Unsaturated Polyester Resin from Post-Consumer PET Recyclate. Materials. 2024; 17(5):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051116
Chicago/Turabian StylePączkowski, Przemysław, and Karolina Głogowska. 2024. "Preparation and Characterization of Quartz-Reinforced Hybrid Composites Based on Unsaturated Polyester Resin from Post-Consumer PET Recyclate" Materials 17, no. 5: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051116