Direct Experience of Nature as a Predictor of Environmentally Responsible Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes Explain Only a Small Part of the Variance in Environmental Behaviors
1.2. Contemporary Research on Environmental Learning and Behavior Change
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population and Research Settings
2.2. Data Collection, Analysis, and Research Rationale
2.3. Instrumentation
3. Results
3.1. Validity and Reliability
3.2. Research Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Knowledge (Max: 42) | Attitudes (Max: 60) | Behaviors (Max: 55) | Gender (1 = Girl, 0 = Boy) | Academic Performance (GPA) | Past exposure to Environmental and Sustainability Education | Maternal Education Level | Outdoor Experience | Significant Life Experiences | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge (Max: 42) | Pearson Correlation | 1 | 0.462 ** | 0.230 ** | −0.058 | 0.508 ** | 0.210 * | 0.240 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.212 * |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.492 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.012 | ||
N | 141 | 131 | 135 | 141 | 135 | 139 | 140 | 129 | 141 | |
Attitude (Max: 60) | Pearson Correlation | 0.462 ** | 1 | 0.324 ** | 0.260 ** | 0.521 ** | 0.336 ** | 0.257 ** | 0.298 ** | 0.330 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 | ||
N | 0131 | 133 | 128 | 133 | 128 | 131 | 132 | 123 | 133 | |
Behaviors (Max: 55) | Pearson Correlation | 0.230 ** | 0.324 ** | 1 | 0.047 | 0.193 * | 0.308 ** | 0.101 | 0.359 ** | 0.272 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.587 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.241 | 0.000 | 0.001 | ||
N | 135 | 128 | 137 | 137 | 132 | 135 | 136 | 125 | 137 | |
Gender (1 = girl, 0 = boy) | Pearson Correlation | −0.058 | 0.260 ** | 0.047 | 1 | 0.212 * | 0.173 * | 0.007 | −0.222 * | 0.156 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.492 | 0.002 | 0.587 | 0.013 | 0.040 | 0.936 | 0.011 | 0.063 | ||
N | 141 | 133 | 137 | 143 | 137 | 141 | 142 | 131 | 143 | |
Academic performance (GPA) | Pearson Correlation | 0.508 ** | 0.521 ** | 0.193 * | 0.212 * | 1 | 0.350 ** | 0.331 ** | 0.083 | 0.333 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.357 | 0.000 | ||
N | 135 | 128 | 132 | 137 | 137 | 135 | 136 | 126 | 137 | |
Past exposure to environmental and sustainability education | Pearson Correlation | 0.210 * | 0.336 ** | 0.308 ** | 0.173 * | 0.350 ** | 1 | 0.230 ** | 0.166 | 0.193 * |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.060 | 0.022 | ||
N | 139 | 131 | 135 | 141 | 135 | 141 | 140 | 129 | 141 | |
Maternal education level | Pearson Correlation | 0.240 ** | 0.257 ** | 0.101 | 0.007 | 0.331 ** | 0.230 ** | 1 | −0.032 | 0.084 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.241 | 0.936 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.720 | 0.321 | ||
N | 140 | 132 | 136 | 142 | 136 | 140 | 142 | 130 | 142 | |
Outdoor experience | Pearson Correlation | 0.259 ** | 0.298 ** | 0.359 ** | −0.222 * | 0.083 | 0.166 | −0.032 | 1 | −0.003 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.357 | 0.060 | 0.720 | 0.971 | ||
N | 129 | 123 | 125 | 131 | 126 | 129 | 130 | 131 | 131 | |
Significant life experiences | Pearson Correlation | 0.212 * | 0.330 ** | 0.272 ** | 0.156 | 0.333 ** | 0.193 * | 0.084 | −0.003 | 1 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.063 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.321 | 0.971 | ||
N | 141 | 133 | 137 | 143 | 137 | 141 | 142 | 131 | 143 |
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Yanniris, C.; Gavrilakis, C.; Hoover, M.L. Direct Experience of Nature as a Predictor of Environmentally Responsible Behaviors. Forests 2023, 14, 2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112233
Yanniris C, Gavrilakis C, Hoover ML. Direct Experience of Nature as a Predictor of Environmentally Responsible Behaviors. Forests. 2023; 14(11):2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112233
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanniris, Constantinos, Costas Gavrilakis, and Michael L. Hoover. 2023. "Direct Experience of Nature as a Predictor of Environmentally Responsible Behaviors" Forests 14, no. 11: 2233. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112233